Note: Intro -- EVOLUTION OF VIRULENCE IN EUKARYOTIC MICROBES -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- PART I: GENERAL OVERVIEWS -- CHAPTER 1: POPULATION GENETICS AND PARASITE DIVERSITY -- CHAPTER 2: EVOLUTION OF MEIOSIS, RECOMBINATION, AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION INEUKARYOTIC MICROBES -- CHAPTER 3: PHYLOGENOMIC ANALYSIS -- CHAPTER 4: PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION OF VIRULENCE IN THE KINGDOM FUNGI -- PART II: POPULATION GENETICS AND EVOLUTIONARY APPROACHES -- CHAPTER 5: MALARIA: HOST RANGE, DIVERSITY, AND SPECIATION -- CHAPTER 6: FROM POPULATION GENOMICS TO ELUCIDATED TRAITS IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM -- CHAPTER 7: SELECTIVE SWEEPS IN HUMAN MALARIA PARASITES -- CHAPTER 8: EVOLUTION OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN FUNGI -- CHAPTER 9: DISCOVERY OF EXTANT SEXUAL CYCLES IN HUMAN PATHOGENIC FUNGI AND THEIR ROLES IN THE GENERATION OF DIVERSITY AND VIRULENCE -- CHAPTER 10: WORLDWIDE MIGRATIONS, HOST SHIFTS, AND REEMERGENCE OF PHYTOPHTHORA INFESTANS, THE PLANT DESTROYER -- CHAPTER 11: EXPERIMENTAL AND NATURAL EVOLUTION OF THE CRYPTOCOCCUS NEOFORMANS AND CRYPTOCOCCUS GATTII SPECIES COMPLEX -- CHAPTER 12: POPULATION GENETICS, DIVERSITY, AND SPREAD OF VIRULENCE IN TOXOPLASMA GONDII -- PART III: FORWARD AND REVERSE GENETIC SYSTEMS FOR DEFINING VIRULENCE -- CHAPTER 13: GENETIC CROSSES IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM: ANALYSIS OF DRUG RESISTANCE -- CHAPTER 14: GENETIC MAPPING OF VIRULENCE IN RODENT MALARIAS -- CHAPTER 15: GENETIC MAPPING OF ACUTE VIRULENCE IN TOXOPLASMA GONDII -- CHAPTER 16: VIRULENCE IN AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMES: GENETIC AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES -- CHAPTER 17: THE EVOLUTION OF ANTIGENIC VARIATION IN AFRICAN TRYPANOSOMES -- CHAPTER 18: ANTIGENIC VARIATION, ADHERENCE, AND VIRULENCE IN MALARIA -- CHAPTER 19: INVASION LIGAND DIVERSITY AND PATHOGENESIS IN BLOOD-STAGE MALARIA -- PART IV: COMPARATIVE "OMICS" APPROACHES TO DEFINING VIRULENCE. , CHAPTER 20: EVOLUTION OF VIRULENCE IN OOMYCETE PLANT PATHOGENS -- CHAPTER 21: EVOLUTION AND GENOMICS OF THE PATHOGENIC CANDIDA SPECIES COMPLEX -- CHAPTER 22: EVOLUTION OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA VIRULENCE -- CHAPTER 23: SEX AND VIRULENCE IN BASIDIOMYCETE PATHOGENS -- CHAPTER 24: EMERGENCE OF THE CHYTRID FUNGUS BATRACHOCHYTRIUM DENDROBATIDIS AND GLOBAL AMPHIBIAN DECLINES -- CHAPTER 25: IMPACT OF HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER ON VIRULENCE OF FUNGAL PATHOGENS OF PLANTS -- CHAPTER 26: EVOLUTION OF PLANT PATHOGENICITY IN FUSARIUM SPECIES -- CHAPTER 27: GENETIC, GENOMIC, AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES TO DEFINE VIRULENCE OF ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS -- CHAPTER 28: CRYPTOSPORIDIUM: COMPARATIVE GENOMICS AND PATHOGENESIS -- INDEX.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Editors -- I: Fungal Branches on the Eukaryotic Tree of Life -- 1. The Fungal Tree of Life: From Molecular Systematics to Genome-Scale Phylogenies -- INTRODUCTION -- ZOOSPORIC FUNGI (Fig. 2) -- Cryptomycota/Microsporidia -- Blastocladiomycota -- Chytridiomycota -- ZYGOMYCETE FUNGI ( Fig. 3) -- Zoopagomycota -- Mucoromycota -- DIKARYA -- Ascomycota (Fig. 4) -- Basidiomycota (Fig. 5) -- Agaricomycotina -- SUMMARY -- References -- 2. Six Key Traits of Fungi: Their Evolutionary Origins and Genetic Bases -- INTRODUCTION -- THE EVOLUTION AND DE-EVOLUTION OF MULTICELLULARITY -- Polarized Growth and the Underlying Cellular Components -- The De-Evolution of the Multicellular Life Stage -- FUNGAL DIMORPHISM -- Molecular Mechanisms of Switching Between Yeast and Hyphal Stages -- Dimorphism Is Widespread among Fungi -- Plant Pathogenic Dimorphic Fungi -- FRUITING BODIES -- Diversity and Evolution of Fruiting Body Types -- Development of Fungal Fruiting Bodies -- The Genetic Bases of Fruiting Body Development -- PLANT CELL WALL DECOMPOSITION BY FUNGI -- The Diversity of Wood-Decay Types -- The Evolution of Decay-Related Enzyme Families -- The Cellular and Genetic Bases of Wood Decay -- SECONDARY METABOLISM -- Major Types of Secondary Metabolites -- The Evolution of Secondary Metabolism in Fungi -- MYCORRHIZAE -- Diversity of Mycorrhizal Types -- Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) -- Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) -- EVOLUTIONARY CONVERGENCE IN FUNGI -- References -- 3. What Defines the "Kingdom" Fungi? -- IN SEARCH OF A SYNAPOMORPHY FOR FUNGI -- NO SYNAPOMORPHY FOR THE FUNGI -- EVOLUTION AT THE DAWN OF FUNGI AND THE RISE OF FUNGAL PHENOTYPES -- OSMOTROPHY RESULTS IN PUBLIC GOODS INTERACTIONS AND SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATIONS -- WHY ARE FUNGI ECOLOGICALLY SUCCESSFUL?. , Older than Their Competitors -- Economic Coupling of Growth and Feeding -- INCREASED SAMPLING FURTHER CHALLENGES OUR UNDERSTANDING OF THE TREE OF LIFE -- Protistan Relatives of Fungi -- New Branches Near the Origin of Fungi -- Aquatic Environmental Sequencing and the Expansion of the Chytrid Branches -- Possible Fungal/Chytrid-Like Group Known as Basal Clone Group 1 -- Microsporidia -- Cryptomycota-Rozellomycota-Rozellida Rozellosporidia -- Aphelids -- PSEUDOPODIA FORMATION ACROSS THE DEEP BRANCHES OF THE FUNGI FURTHER CONFUSES THE FUNGI-PROTIST DISTINCTION -- CONCLUSION -- References -- 4. Fungal Diversity Revisited: 2.2 to 3.8 Million Species -- BACKGROUND -- EVIDENCE FROM PUBLICATION RATES OF NEW TAXA -- Numbers of Described Species -- Patterns in Taxon Discovery -- EVIDENCE FROM SPECIES RECOGNITION STUDIES -- EVIDENCE FROM EXTRAPOLATIONS BASED ON PLANT:FUNGUS RATIOS -- EVIDENCE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SEQUENCING TECHNIQUES -- WHERE ARE THE UNDESCRIBED FUNGI? -- Biodiversity Hot Spots -- Little-Explored Habitats -- Existing Reference Collections -- TOWARD A WORKING NUMBER OF GLOBAL FUNGAL SPECIES RICHNESS -- References -- 5. Microsporidia: Obligate Intracellular Pathogens Within the Fungal Kingdom -- INTRODUCTION -- MORPHOLOGY AND LIFE CYCLES -- PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE MICROSPORIDIA -- STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITON OF THE MICROSPORIDIAN SPORE -- STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE POLAR TUBE -- SUMMARY -- References -- II: Life of Fungi -- 6. Fungal Sex: The Ascomycota -- PHYLOGENY OF THE ASCOMYCETES -- SEX IN THE MODEL YEASTS -- Regulation of Cell Type Identity -- Pheromone Signaling in S. cerevisiae -- Pheromone Signaling in S. pombe -- Meiosis in S. cerevisiae -- Meiosis in S. pombe -- Mating Type Switching in Yeasts -- Evolution of Mating-Type Switching -- SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN CANDIDA SPECIES -- REWIRING CELL IDENTITY IN YEASTS. , PARASEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN CANDIDA -- HOMOTHALLIC MATING IN CANDIDA -- SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT IN FILAMENTOUS ASCOMYCETES -- Heterothallic Mating-Type Lociin Pezizomycotina -- Homothallic Mating in Pezizomycotina -- Heterologous Expression of MAT Genes -- The Search for Sex in "Asexual"Filamentous Ascomycetes -- MATING SIGNALING IN FILAMENTOUS ASCOMYCETES -- MAT Gene Functions -- Pheromones and Receptors -- Transcriptional Analysis of Mating -- ADDITIONAL ROLES FOR SEXUAL SIGNALING IN THE ASCOMYCETES -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 7. Fungal Sex: The Basidiomycota -- BREEDING SYSTEMS AND LIFESTYLES IN THE BASIDIOMYCOTA -- Diversity and Phylogenetic Relationships : Phylum Basidiomycota -- Sexual Development and Determination of Cell Type Identity -- MOLECULAR DETERMINANTS OF MATING TYPE -- The Pheromone/Receptor Sensing System -- Homeodomain Transcription Factors: The Second Compatibility Checkpoint -- BREEDING SYSTEMS IN THE BASIDIOMYCOTA -- Tetrapolar Systems: U. maydis and Other Smut Relatives -- Variation in Tetrapolar Systemsbeyond Ustilago/Sporisorium -- Tetrapolar Systems with Multiple Alleles in the Agaricomycetes -- Bipolar Breeding Systems: Genomic Changes and Evolutionary Considerations -- New Genome Sequencing Projects : What Can They Tell Us about MAT Gene Structure and Evolution? -- CONCLUSIONS -- GLOSSARY OF TERMS -- References -- 8. Fungal Sex: The Mucoromycota -- INTRODUCTION TO THE MUCOROMYCOTA -- STRUCTURE AND GENE CONTENT OF THE sex/MAT LOCUS -- ROLES OF THE SexM AND SexP HMG DOMAIN PROTEINS IN MATING -- THE EVOLUTION OF HOMOTHALLISM FROM HETEROTHALLIC ANCESTORS VIA REARRANGEMENTS OF THE sex LOCUS -- THE TRISPORIC ACID MATING PHEROMONES -- MENDELIAN AND CLASSICAL GENETICS -- POPULATION GENETICS -- SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE MUCORALES AND OTHER BASAL FUNGI -- CONCLUSIONS AND AREAS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH -- GLOSSARY. , References -- 9. Sex and the Imperfect Fungi -- INTRODUCTION -- EVIDENCE FOR SEXUAL POTENTIAL -- Population Genetics -- Mating-Type Genes -- Genome Studies -- Functionality of Sex-Related Genes -- Formation of Sex-Related Structures and Lichen Species Pairs -- DISCOVERY OF MATING AND SEXUAL REPRODUCTION-AND IMPLICATIONS -- Mating in C. albicans -- Sex in Aspergillus Species -- Sex in Penicillium Species -- Sex in Trichoderma and Other Genera -- Implications of the Discovery of Fungal Sex -- POTENTIAL FOR SEX IN OTHER ASEXUAL SPECIES-CONSIDERATIONS -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 10. Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Cell Fusion and Heterokaryon Formation in Filamentous Fungi -- INTRODUCTION -- SOMATIC FUSION IN FILAMENTOUS FUNGI AND ITS CONSEQUENCES: BENEFITS AND DETRIMENTS -- RECOGNITION, CELL FUSION, AND COLONY ESTABLISHMENT -- NONSELF RECOGNITION EVENTS ACTING PREFUSION -- NONSELF RECOGNITION MECHANISMS ACTING POSTFUSION -- Genetic Control and Molecular Characterization of Heterokaryon Incompatibility -- HI Determinants: at the Molecular Crossroad of Allo- and Xenorecognition -- CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OUTLOOK -- References -- 11. Cell Biology of Hyphal Growth -- INTRODUCTION -- REGULATION OF HYPHAL MORPHOGENESIS -- Spatial Regulation of Hyphal Morphogenesis -- Temporal Regulation of Hyphal Morphogenesis -- FUNGAL EXOCYTOSIS -- The Golgi and Its Regulation -- The Master Regulators of the Golgi : RABs, Arf1, and Their Regulators -- The Fungal SPK and Delivery of Cell Wall-Building Enzymes -- Myosin-Chitin Synthases in Apical Exocytosis -- FUNGAL ENDOCYTOSIS AND EE MOTILITY -- Fungal Endocytosis -- The Molecular Machinery for EE Motility -- Multiple Functions for Fungal EEs -- SEPTATION IN FUNGAL HYPHAE -- Septum Formation -- Communication and Differentiation of Hyphal Compartments -- The Mechanism of Septal Pore Closure. , CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- 12. The Fungal Cell Wall: Structure, Biosynthesis, and Function -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE -- Structural Organization and Cell Wall Layers -- Biofilms -- GENETICS, ENZYMOLOGY, AND BIOSYNTHESIS -- Biosynthesis of the Polysaccharides -- Core Polysaccharides : Chitin and β-(1,3) Glucan -- Biosynthesis of Mannan and Other Decorating Polysaccharides -- Melanin -- Cell Wall Proteins -- GPI proteins -- REGULATION AND SIGNALING -- The Cell Wall Salvage Response -- Regulation of Septation -- Regulation of Polarized Growth -- CELL WALL AS A TARGET -- Antifungal Target -- Target for Mammalian Immune System -- Target for the Plant Immune System -- Diagnostics and Immunotherapeutic Targets -- Diagnostic Antigens -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 13. Fungal Ecology: Principles and Mechanisms of Colonization and Competition by Saprotrophic Fungi -- INTRODUCTION -- COLONIZATION -- Arrival -- Entry and Establishment -- Community Development -- COMPETITION -- Antagonism at a Distance -- Mycoparasitism -- Larger-Scale Mycelia Interactions : Antagonistic Mechanisms -- CONCLUSIONS -- References -- 14. Long-Distance Dispersal of Fungi -- INTRODUCTION -- DEFINING FUNGAL LDD -- MEASURING LDD -- DISPERSAL VECTORS -- Wind -- Plants -- Oceans, Rivers, and Lakes -- Animals -- Humans -- MORPHOLOGICAL, BIOPHYSICAL, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES INFLUENCING LDD -- Spore Size and Shape -- A Spore's External Surface -- Do Spores "Clump?" -- The Physiological Hardiness of Spores -- Sporocarp Properties Influencing LDD -- UNKNOWN AND CONFOUNDING VARIABLES: FREQUENCY OF LDD, VICARIANCE, AND CHANGING PATTERNS OF HUMAN-MEDIATED DISPERSAL -- CONCLUSIONS: UNANSWERED QUESTIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- References -- 15. The Mycelium as a Network -- INTRODUCTION -- THE BUILDING BLOCKS FOR NETWORK CONSTRUCTION. , Growth at the Hyphal Tip.