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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Berlin, Heidelberg :Springer Berlin / Heidelberg,
    Keywords: Ovum--Congresses. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (205 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9783662049600
    Series Statement: Ernst Schering Foundation Symposium Proceedings Series ; v.41
    DDC: 612.6/2
    Language: English
    Note: Ernst Schering Research Foundation Workshop 41 The Future of the Oocyte -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Editors and Contributors -- 1 Hormonal Control of Folliculogenesis: The Key to Successful Reproduction -- 2 Activation of Primordial Follicles -- 3 Follicular Development and Apoptosis -- 4 Delivery of the Oocyte from the Follicle to the Oviduct: A Time of Vulnerability -- 5 Phenotypic Effects of Knockout of Oocyte-Specific Genes -- 6 The Biochemistry of Oocyte Maturation -- 7 The Structural Basis of Oocyte-Granulosa Cell Communication -- 8 Ageing and Aneuploidy in Oocytes -- 9 Ovarian Infertility - Reasons and Treatment Paradigms -- 10 Can Stimulation Protocols Improve Oocyte Quality? -- 11 FF-MAS and Its Role in Mammalian Oocyte Maturation -- Subject Index -- Previous Volumes Published in This Series.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 178 (1988), S. 229-241 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Room temperature ; Visible light ; Preimplantation embryos ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Early cleavage stage embryos (day 1 p.c.) and morulae (day 3 p.c.) of rabbits were exposed to visible (standard) lighting (1600 lx) and room (standard) temperature (23°C) during a 24 h in-vitro culture. Control embryos were cultured in darkness at 37°C. Development was assessed by light and electron microscopy as well as by the cytochemical demonstration of glycogen. In day 1 and day 3 embryos standard temperature induced swelling of the SER and Golgi complex vesicles. Major changes in day 1 embryos consisted of smallish microtubules-like crystalloids, and in day 3 embryos of unusually large SER vesicles. In both embryonic ages cleavage rate and development was more retarded by standard temperature than by standard lighting. Standard lighting, however, led to distinct signs of degeneration and cell death. The mode of cell damage seemed to be different in light exposed early cleavage stages and morulae: In day 1 embryos cytoplasmic degeneration was predominant while the majority of cells in day 3 embryos died by apoptosis. Despite clear indications of cell damage, cleavage rate was not notably impaired compared with non-exposed controls. Glycogen increased during development from cleavage stages to early blastocysts. The distribution was not changed either by exposure to standard temperature nor by standard lighting. The results demonstrate that day 1 embryos were clearly more susceptible to lighting whereas day 3 embryos were more affected by temperature. The mode of damage exerted by both the physical environmental factors was different. Reduction to standard temperature interfered mainly with the organization of the cytoskeleton and intracellular transport of organelles, while exposure to standard lighting led to cell degeneration and death.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 172 (1985), S. 295-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Uteroglobin ; Rabbit ; Endometrium ; Immunoperoxidase ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Uteroglobin, the progesterone dependent pregnancy-characteristic endometrial protein in the rabbit, is found within the endometrial epithelium on the fourth and sixth day of pregnancy at the electron-microscopic level by use of the immunoperoxidase technique and a specific anti-uteroglobin serum from the sheep. As known from earlier studies, uteroglobin is the predominant protein synthesized of the endometrial secretion. In the present study, it is localized exclusively in the non-ciliated epithelial cells. A common route of secretory proteins within these cells is observed by uteroglobin labelling: rough endoplasmatic reticulum → Golgi complex → condensing vesicles → secretory products. Uteroglobin occurs in small vesicles on the trans-face of the Golgi complex, and in addition beneath the apical plasma membrane where it appears in membranebound vesicles, which apparently are extruded into the unterine lumen. Most of the uteroglobin is located in the luminal secretion. The distribution of intracellular uteroglobin is found only in cells of the basal endometrial gland, adjacent to the myometrium. The cytoplasm of uterine epithelial cells facing the cavum does not show uteroglobin reaction products.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Visible light ; Room temperature ; Pre-implantation embryos ; Rabbit ; TEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In a time course study (4–20 h) rabbit early cleavage stages (day 1 p.c.) and compacted morulae (day 3 p.c.) were exposed to visible light or room temperature (23° C), respectively. An 8 h light exposure of day 1 embryos caused alterations in nuclear morphology (lobulated nuclei, loss of nucleolar diffentiation), an increased electron density of the cytoplasm, and cellular fragmentation leading to a considerable degeneration of blastomeres (central clustering of organelles, loss of cell surface differentiation) after a 20 h exposure. Room temperature exposure (compacted Day 3 morulae) led to decompaction and a cleavage delay after 8 h. After 10 h, arrested metaphases occurred in all examined morulae. Even after 20 h at 23° C, day 3 embryos were at the decompacted morula stage, and showed metaphase-arrested blastomeres. The general morphology of the blastomeres was unaffected at this temperature, except for vacuolated serand cis-side vesicles of the Golgi complex at 8, 12 and 20 h, respectively.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Anatomy and embryology 183 (1991), S. 119-128 
    ISSN: 1432-0568
    Keywords: Uteroglobin ; Rabbit ; In vitro culture ; Immunocytochemistry ; Radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The purpose of this study was to investigate the localization and transport of uteroglobin in normal rabbit blastocysts (day 4-day 6 p.c.) and in those cultured for 6–48 h in vitro, using a specific radioimmunoassay and immunocytochemistry. The results of the radioimmunoassay showed that in day 4 p.c. blastocyst tissue (based on homogenate measurements) a significant decrease of the uteroglobin content started after only 6 h of culture in vitro. A significant concomitant rise of uteroglobin was observed in the culture medium after 12 h of in vitro culture. Using immunocytochemistry it was not possible to detect uteroglobin in any compartment of the non-cultured or in vitro cultured day 4 p.c. blastocysts. The efflux of uteroglobin down a concentration gradient was confirmed by the immunocytochemistry in non-cultured and in vitro cultured day 5 p.c. and day 6 p.c. blastocysts. Uteroglobin immunoreactions were mainly detected in non-cultured blastocysts (day 5 and 6 p.c.) in large vesicles of the trophoblast cells. In addition endocytotic vesicles at the inside of the apical membrane of trophoblast cells, some cell debris within the perivitelline space and the neozona were labelled. During in vitro culture of day 5 and 6 p.c. blastocysts, uteroglobin labelling in the coverings did not change. In non-cultured and cultured day 5 and 6 p.c. blastocysts neither the compartments of the embryoblast, the endoderm cells nor the blastocyst cavity showed any uteroglobin immunoreactions. After only 6 h of in vitro culture, uteroglobin immunoreactions were no longer found within the trophoblast cells. The reaction did not reappear during the course of in vitro culture up to 48 h, suggesting a complete lack of de novo synthesis of uteroglobin by blastocysts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular medicine 76 (1998), S. 794-794 
    ISSN: 1432-1440
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    New York, NY [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Molecular Reproduction and Development 27 (1990), S. 216-223 
    ISSN: 1040-452X
    Keywords: In vitro culture ; uterine secretions ; rabbit blastocysts ; medium treatments ; Life and Medical Sciences ; Cell & Developmental Biology
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: The development of cultured rabbit preimplantation embryos grown in standard media (Ham's F-10 or BSM II supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or homologous serum) or in Ham's medium supplemented with uterine flushings was compared. The uterine flushings derived from donors of 0.5-6 years of age. Uterine flushing supplemented media were used natively or after treatments like sterilization by filtration, lyophilization, three times freezing/thawing, heat denaturation, dialysis, or ultrafiltration. Compared with in vivo controls, embryonic growth was substantially reduced during in vitro culture, demonstrably by smaller diameters and impaired cell proliferation (measured by thymidine incorporation). The growth retardation was more pronounced in blastocyts (recovered at day 4 post coitum [p.c.]) than in morulae (recovered at day 3 p.c.). Development in uterine flushing media was notably better than in standard media but did not comply with in vivo development. Highest thymidine incorporation was observed in media with increased concentrations of uterine secretions and after sequential supplementation of flushings from subsequent progestational stages. Advanced donor ages, heating up to 80°C, freezing, and lyophilizing did not affect incorporation data statistically significantly, whereas sterilization by filtration, ultrafiltration, and dialysis led to a significantly reduced thymidine incorporation in the cultured embryos. The positive effects of uterine flushing supplementation are attributed to the supply of components more adjusted to the needs of the cultured embryos and/or to a reduction of pathological effects in vitro like washing out of nutritive and regulatory components from the embryo into the surrounding culture medium.
    Additional Material: 1 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Uteroplacental arteries ; Spiral arteries ; Trophoblast invasion ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The trophoblast invasion of uteroplacental arteries in the guinea pig has been studied by means of electron microscopy and immunohistochemisty. To identify trophoblast cells, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells, antibodies against cytokeratins, smooth muscle myosin, desmin, and vimentin were employed. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical expression patterns of nitric oxide synthase isoforms (eNOS, mNOS and bNOS) were studied and were compared with the enzyme histochemical staining for NADPH-diaphorase. Dilation of uteroplacental arteries begins prior to day 30, when trophoblast cells that coexpress endothelial and macrophage nitric oxide synthase can be found in the vicinity of the vessels and replace the surrounding peritoneal mesothelium. Trophoblast invasion of the arterial walls and the subsequent wall destruction are only secondary effects. Starting around day 50, the final steps of pregnancy-dependent vessel modifications involve intraarterial trophoblast adhesion to the endothelium and subsequent replacement of the endothelium by the trophoblast cells. These may centrifugally invade the vessel media eventually forming intraluminal plugs. These findings led us to the conclusion that in the guinea pig pregnancy-induced physiological dilation of the uteroplacental arteries is due to the effect of nitric oxide rather than being caused by trophoblast-induced media destruction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Key words: Uteroplacental arteries ; Spiral arteries ; Trophoblast invasion ; Nitric oxide synthase ; Guinea pig
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract. The trophoblast invasion of uteroplacental arteries in the guinea pig has been studied by means of electron microscopy and immunohistochemisty. To identify trophoblast cells, smooth muscle cells, and endothelial cells, antibodies against cytokeratins, smooth muscle myosin, desmin, and vimentin were employed. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical expression patterns of nitric oxide synthase isoforms (eNOS, mNOS and bNOS) were studied and were compared with the enzyme histochemical staining for NADPH-diaphorase. Dilation of uteroplacental arteries begins prior to day 30, when trophoblast cells that coexpress endothelial and macrophage nitric oxide synthase can be found in the vicinity of the vessels and replace the surrounding peritoneal mesothelium. Trophoblast invasion of the arterial walls and the subsequent wall destruction are only secondary effects. Starting around day 50, the final steps of pregnancy-dependent vessel modifications involve intraarterial trophoblast adhesion to the endothelium and subsequent replacement of the endothelium by the trophoblast cells. These may centrifugally invade the vessel media eventually forming intraluminal plugs. These findings led us to the conclusion that in the guinea pig pregnancy-induced physiological dilation of the uteroplacental arteries is due to the effect of nitric oxide rather than being caused by trophoblast-induced media destruction.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1434-808X
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Eizelle • IVF • Meiose • MAS • Spermatogenese ; Keywords IVF • MAS • Meiosis • Oocyte • Spermatogenesis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract There is a need for improved infertility treatment modalities today. In vitro maturation with meiosis-activating sterols (MAS), which were recently detected in the follicular fluid and in testis, represents such an opportunity. The data presented in this review may be summarised as follows: – MAS are two physiologically occurring sterols in the follicular fluid of the ovary (FF-MAS) and testis (T-MAS). They are produced during the biosynthetic pathway between lanosterol and cholesterol. – FF-MAS is most likely synthesised by the cumulus cells of intact oocyte-cumulus complexes upon stimulation with FSH and especially with LH and provides the oocyte with a go-signal for the resumption of meiosis. – FF-MAS is a highly efficacious molecule in the meiotic maturation of mouse and rat oocytes in vitro and ex vivo. It markedly improves the quality of the mature mouse oocyte, leading to significantly higher fertilisation rates in vitro. – FF-MAS synchronises meiotic and cytoplasmic maturation in the mouse in vitro. These events are pivotal for the quality of the early embryo. – Furthermore, in human oocytes FF-MAS has been observed to improve meiotic maturation. – T-MAS may be produced by postmeiotic spermatids, and the presence of T-MAS in spermatozoa may suggest that T-MAS plays a role in fertilisation.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Zwei meioseaktivierende Sterole (MAS) werden physiologischerweise in der Follikelflüssigkeit des Ovars sowie im Hodengewebe von verschiedenen Säugetieren, einschließlich Mensch, angereichert. Es handelt sich in der Follikelflüssigkeit um FF-MAS (4,4-Dimethyl-5α-cholesta-8,14,24-triene-3β-ol), im Hoden um T-MAS (4,4-Dimethyl-5α-cholesta-8,24-diene-3β-ol). Beide Substanzen sind Zwischenprodukte in der Cholesterinbiosynthese aus Lanosterin. Sie werden im Ovar mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit in den Kumuluszellen, im Hoden in den postmeiotischen Spermatogenesestadien gebildet. Durch Gonadotropine, insbesondere durch luteinisierendes Hormon (LH), wird die Produktion von FF-MAS im Ovar deutlich gesteigert. Es kann angenommen werden, dass in vivo LH über die gesteigerte Produktion von FF-MAS in den Kumuluszellen der Eizelle das Signal für die Wiederaufnahme der Meiose über Kommunikationskanäle wie„gap junctions“ vermittelt. FF-MAS, aber auch T-MAS, stimuliert die Wiederaufnahme der meiotischen Eizellreifung in Maus und Ratte sowohl in vitro wie auch im ex vivo perfundierten Ovar in der Anwesenheit von Meioseinhibitoren, wie z. B. Hypoxanthin. Die durch die FF-MAS Kultur verbesserte Synchronisierung der meiotischen sowie zytoplasmatischen Reifung von Mäuseeizellen geht einher mit einer verbesserten Befruchtungsrate in vitro. FF-MAS stellt somit ein neues interessantes Target für die Behandlung der Infertilität in vitro dar. Inwieweit die Verbesserung der Befruchtungsrate einhergeht mit einer verbesserten Präimplantationsentwicklung von Embryonen sowie einer gesteigerten Implantationsrate, bleibt weiteren Untersuchungen vorbehalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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