Note: Front Cover -- Series Editors -- Editorial Board -- Advances in Parasitology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 - Northern Host-Parasite Assemblages: History and Biogeography on the Borderlands of Episodic Climate and Environmental Transition -- 1.1. INTRODUCTION -- 1.2. NORTHERN SYSTEMS AND PARASITES - SETTING THE STAGE -- 1.3. AN HISTORICAL (PHYSICAL-BIOLOGICAL) SETTING FOR THE ARCTIC -- 1.4. FAUNAL STRUCTURE - EVIDENCE FOR NORTHERN CONNECTIONS -- 1.5. BIODIVERSITY - HISTORY IN A COMPLEX NORTHERN FAUNA -- 1.6. TOOLS FOR BIODIVERSITY DISCOVERY -- 1.7. PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES TO BE RESOLVED -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2 - Parasites in Ungulates of Arctic North America and Greenland: A View of Contemporary Diversity, Ecology, and Impact in a World Under Change -- 2.1. INTRODUCTION -- 2.2. ARCTIC UNGULATE HOSTS -- 2.3. NEMATODES -- 2.4. CESTODES -- 2.5. TREMATODES -- 2.6. PROTOZOA -- 2.7. ARTHROPODS -- 2.8. DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3 - Neorickettsial Endosymbionts of the Digenea: Diversity, Transmission and Distribution -- 3.1. INTRODUCTION -- 3.2. TAXONOMY AND PHYLOGENY OF NEORICKETTSIA -- 3.3. ECOLOGY AND TRANSMISSION OF NEORICKETTSIAE -- 3.4. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF NEORICKETTSIA -- 3.5. PHYLOGENETIC ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN NEORICKETTSIA AND DIGENEA -- 3.6. ADVANCES IN GENOMICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF NEORICKETTSIA -- 3.7. GAPS IN CURRENT KNOWLEDGE AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4 - Priorities for the Elimination of Sleeping Sickness -- 4.1. INTRODUCTION -- 4.2. RISK -- 4.3. DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT -- 4.4. BURDEN OF DISEASE -- 4.5. CONTROL -- 4.6. DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5 - Scabies: Important Clinical Consequences Explained by New Molecular Studies -- 5.1. INTRODUCTION -- 5.2. BIOLOGY/CLINICAL ASPECTS. , 5.3. CURRENT STRATEGIES TO CONTROL SCABIES ARE INADEQUATE -- 5.4. TOOLS TO FACILITATE RESEARCH ON SCABIES -- 5.5. SCABIES MITE INTESTINAL PROTEINS AS TARGETS TO DEVELOP ALTERNATIVE THERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION -- 5.6. SAR S 3, AN INTESTINAL SCABIES MITE SERINE PROTEASE DIGESTING EPIDERMAL PROTEIN -- 5.7. SSAP, AN ASPARTIC PROTEASE OF SCABIES MITES -- 5.8. INACTIVATED SCABIES MITE SERINE PROTEASE PARALOGUES (SMIPP-SS) INTERFERE WITH HUMAN COMPLEMENT -- 5.9. A SCABIES MITE PERITROPHIN IS A POTENTIAL TARGET OF HOST COMPLEMENT -- 5.10. COMPLEMENT INHIBITION BY SCABIES MITES PROMOTES STREPTOCOCCAL GROWTH IN VITRO -- 5.11. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 6 - Review: Surveillance of Chagas Disease -- 6.1. INTRODUCTION -- 6.2. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL TRENDS -- 6.3. VECTOR SURVEILLANCE -- 6.4. MECHANISM OF COMMUNITY-BASED SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS -- 6.5. HEALTH SYSTEMS AND COMMUNITY-BASED SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS -- 6.6. CHALLENGES -- 6.7. SITUATIONS OF OTHER INITIATIVES -- 6.8. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX -- CONTENTS OF VOLUMESIN THIS SERIES -- Volume 41 -- Volume 42 -- Volume 43 -- Volume 44 -- Volume 45 -- Volume 46 -- Volume 47 -- Volume 48 -- Volume 49 -- Volume 50 -- Volume 51 -- Volume 52 -- Volume 53 -- Volume 54 -- Volume 55 -- Volume 56 -- Volume 57 -- Volume 58 -- Volume 59 -- Volume 60 -- Volume 61 -- Volume 62 -- Volume 63 -- Volume 64 -- Volume 65 -- Volume 66 -- Volume 67 -- Volume 68 -- Volume 69 -- Volume 70 -- Volume 71 -- Volume 72 -- Volume 73 -- Volume 74 -- Volume 75 -- Volume 76 -- Volume 77 -- Volume 78.

Note: Front Cover -- Series page -- Advances in PARASITOLOGY -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter One: Ups and downs of infections with the broad fish tapeworm Dibothriocephalus latus in Europe (Part II) and Asia from 1900 to 2020 -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Basic data on diphyllobothriosis in Russia -- 2.1 Geography of Russia -- 2.2 Causative agents of diphyllobothriosis in Russia -- 2.3 History of studies of diphyllobothriosis in Russia -- 2.3.1 20th century -- 3 Occurrence of D. latus in Russia -- 3.1 Northwestern FD -- 3.1.1 Infections in humans -- 3.1.1.1 Republic of Karelia -- 3.1.1.2 Murmansk Oblast and Komi Republic -- 3.1.1.3 Vologda Oblast -- 3.1.1.4 Leningrad Oblast and Saint Petersburg -- 3.1.1.5 Kaliningrad Oblast -- 3.1.1.6 Arkhangelsk Oblast and the Nenets Autonomous Okrug -- 3.1.1.7 Novgorod Oblast and Pskov Oblast -- 3.1.2 Infections in other definitive hosts -- 3.1.3 Infections in specific fish intermediate hosts -- 3.1.4 Infections in unspecific and accidental fish intermediate hosts -- 3.1.4.1 Perciformes -- 3.1.4.2 Salmoniformes -- 3.1.4.3 Cypriniformes, Anguilliformes, Osmeriformes and Siluriformes -- 3.1.5 Data on D. latus from the Northwestern FD in different decades of 1900-2020 -- 3.2 Central, Volga, and Southern FDs -- 3.2.1 Infections in humans and other definitive hosts -- 3.2.1.1 Central FD -- 3.2.1.2 Volga FD -- 3.2.1.3 Southern FD -- 3.2.2 Infections in fish intermediate hosts -- 3.2.2.1 Central FD -- 3.2.2.2 Volga FD -- 3.2.2.3 Southern FD -- 3.2.3 Data on D. latus from the Central, Volga, and Southern FDs in different decades of 1900-2020 -- 3.3 North Caucasian FD -- 3.4 Ural FD -- 3.4.1 Infections in humans and other definitive hosts -- 3.4.1.1 Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug -- 3.4.1.2 Sverdlovsk Oblast -- 3.4.1.3 Tyumen Oblast -- 3.4.1.4 Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. , 3.4.2 Infections in fish intermediate hosts -- 3.4.3 Data on D. latus from the Ural FD in different decades of 1900-2020 -- 3.5 Siberian FD -- 3.5.1 Infections in humans and other definitive hosts -- 3.5.1.1 Krasnoyarsk Krai -- 3.5.1.2 Novosibirsk Oblast -- 3.5.1.3 Irkutsk Oblast and Lake Baikal -- 3.5.1.4 Other federal subjects -- 3.5.2 Infections in fish intermediate hosts -- 3.5.3 Data on D. latus from the Siberian FD in different decades of 1900-2020 -- 3.6 Far Eastern FD -- 3.6.1 Infections in humans and other definitive hosts -- 3.6.1.1 Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) -- 3.6.1.2 Republic of Buryatia and Zabaykalsky Krai -- 3.6.2 Infections in fish intermediate hosts -- 3.6.3 Data on D. latus from the Far Eastern FD in different decades -- 4 Occurrence of D. latus in other Asian countries -- 5 Summary -- 5.1 Summary of data on D. latus in Russia -- 5.1.1 Ups and downs of infections with D. latus in Russia -- 5.1.2 Spatial distribution of D. latus in Russia -- 5.1.3 Current epidemiological situation in Russia -- 5.2 Summary of data on D. latus in Europe -- 5.2.1 Spectrum of intermediate and definitive hosts -- 6 Future perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix A Supporting information -- References -- Chapter Two: The long road to schistosomiasis elimination in Zanzibar: A systematic review covering 100 years of research, interventions and control milestonesSchistosomiasis in Zanzibar: The long road to elimination -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Search strategy -- 2.2 Inclusion and exclusion criteria -- 2.3 Process of including and excluding records -- 2.4 Writing the sections -- 3 Results of records search -- 4 Overview of the schistosomiasis control, research and involvement of international stakeholders across the past century -- 5 Epidemiology of schistosomiasis in Zanzibar -- 5.1 Schistosoma spp. on Unguja and Pemba. , 5.2 Schistosoma haematobium prevalence changes over 100 years -- 5.3 Spatial heterogeneity of Schistosoma haematobium infections in Zanzibar -- 5.4 Sex-related difference in Schistosoma haematobium prevalence -- 5.5 Age-related difference in Schistosoma haematobium prevalence -- 5.6 Outlook -- 6 Biology of the intermediate host snails -- 6.1 Endemic Bulinus species of Unguja and Pemba -- 6.2 Taxonomic history and identification of Bulinus globosus and Bulinus nasutus -- 6.3 Incrimination of Bulinus as intermediate host(s) of Schistosoma haematobium -- 6.4 Incrimination of Bulinus as intermediate host(s) of Schistosoma bovis -- 6.5 Monitoring of Schistosoma infections in Bulinus spp -- 6.6 Habitat preferences of Bulinus globosus and Bulinus nasutus -- 6.7 Interspecies and intraspecies genetic diversity of Bulinus globosus and Bulinus nasutus -- 6.8 Outlook -- 7 Molecular epidemiology -- 7.1 Genetic epidemiology of Schistosoma haematobium in Zanzibar -- 7.2 Genetic diversity and population structure of Schistosoma haematobium on Unguja and Pemba -- 7.3 Do intense control interventions change the composition of Schistosoma haematobium populations? -- 7.4 Emergence of Schistosoma bovis in Zanzibar -- 7.5 Outlook -- 8 Diagnostics -- 8.1 First diagnostic research in Zanzibar -- 8.2 Immuno-diagnosis-antibody detection -- 8.3 Haematuria-based diagnosis -- 8.4 Using haematuria as a proxy for treatment and sign of morbidity reduction -- 8.5 Urine analysis and urology as a diagnostic and morbidity marker -- 8.6 Immuno-diagnosis -- antigen detection -- 8.7 Molecular (DNA) diagnostics -- 8.8 Outlook -- 9 Morbidity -- 9.1 Radiological abnormalities discovered with urograms -- 9.2 Exceptional case report findings -- 9.3 Uropathy discovered with ultrasonography -- 9.4 Anthropometric measures and anaemia -- 9.5 Outlook -- 10 Treatment interventions. , 10.1 Early antischistosomal treatments in Zanzibar -- 10.2 Early test-and-treat approaches and community-wide selective chemotherapy -- 10.3 National Helminth Control Programme: Preventive chemotherapy for morbidity control -- 10.4 Establishment of a national schistosomiasis control programme and integrated MDA -- 10.5 Aiming for elimination of urogenital schistosomiasis: The national plan and moving beyond MDA -- 10.6 Outlook -- 11 Snail control interventions -- 11.1 Snail control interventions in the 20th century -- 11.2 Large-scale snail control interventions -- 11.3 Outlook -- 12 Behaviour change interventions -- 12.1 From health education to behaviour change interventions -- 12.2 Large-scale behaviour change interventions -- 12.3 Outlook -- 13 Surveillance-response interventions -- 13.1 Implementation of surveillance-response interventions in Zanzibar -- 13.2 Outlook -- 14 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Disclosure -- Appendix A Supporting information -- References -- Backcover.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Parasitology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Gene Silencing in Parasites: Current Status and Future Prospects -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 RNAi Mechanisms and Approaches -- 1.2.1 Short-RNA types and RNAi: Basic principles -- 1.2.2 RNAi machinery in parasites -- 1.2.2.1 Protozoa -- 1.2.2.2 Helminths -- 1.2.2.3 Arthropods -- 1.3 Delivery Tools and Methods in RNA Silencing -- 1.3.1 Uptake and spreading of dsRNAs -- 1.3.2 dsRNA delivery and stability -- 1.3.3 dsRNA delivery in parasites -- 1.3.4 Additional factors affecting the efficiency of the RNAi outcome in parasites -- 1.4 Systematic Applications of RNAi Technology in Parasites -- 1.4.1 Protozoa -- 1.4.2 Helminths -- 1.4.2.1 Trematodes -- 1.4.2.2 Cestodes and monogeneans -- 1.4.2.3 Nematodes -- 1.4.3 Arthropods -- 1.4.3.1 Ticks -- 1.4.3.2 Mosquitoes -- 1.4.3.3 RNAi in other parasitic arthropods -- 1.5 Future Prospects -- Barriers for achieving in vitro or in vivo silencing in parasites -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2: Giardia-From Genome to Proteome -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Current Status of Genome and Proteome Projects -- 2.3 What is Giardia?-Evolutionary Biology and Phylogeny -- 2.4 Taxonomy and Nomenclature -- 2.5 The Maintenance of Giardia in Nature -- 2.5.1 Life cycle and development -- 2.5.2 Hosts -- 2.5.2.1 Humans -- 2.5.2.2 Dogs and cats -- 2.5.2.3 Livestock -- 2.5.2.4 Wildlife -- 2.5.3 Transmission -- 2.5.3.1 Faecal-oral transmission -- 2.5.3.2 Waterborne transmission -- 2.5.3.3 Foodborne transmission -- 2.6 Interaction Between Cycles -- 2.6.1 Zoonotic transmission -- 2.6.1.1 Dogs and cats -- 2.6.1.2 Livestock -- 2.6.1.3 Wildlife -- 2.7 Functional Significance of Genetic Variation -- 2.7.1 Developmental biology -- 2.7.2 Pathogenesis, variation in virulence and polyparasitism -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 3: Malaria Ecotypes and Stratification -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods -- 3.3 Results -- 3.3.1 Global studies -- 3.3.2 Experiences in different geographical regions -- 3.3.2.1 Afrotropic region -- 3.3.2.1.1 General -- 3.3.2.1.2 Savanna -- 3.3.2.1.3 Forest -- 3.3.2.1.4 Highland fringe -- 3.3.2.1.5 Desert fringe -- 3.3.2.1.6 Coastal -- 3.3.2.1.7 Urban -- 3.3.2.1.8 Agricultural development -- 3.3.2.1.9 War and socio-political disturbance -- 3.3.2.2 Australasian region -- 3.3.2.3 Indo-malay region -- 3.3.2.3.1 General -- 3.3.2.3.2 Plains with traditional agriculture except irrigated rice -- 3.3.2.3.3 Forest, forest fringe, deforestation, foothills -- 3.3.2.3.4 Deforestation -- 3.3.2.3.5 Foothills -- 3.3.2.3.6 Highland fringe -- 3.3.2.3.7 Desert fringe -- 3.3.2.3.8 Coast -- 3.3.2.3.9 Urban -- 3.3.2.3.10 Agricultural development including plantations -- 3.3.2.3.11 Tea and tree plantations -- 3.3.2.3.12 War and socio-political disturbances -- 3.3.2.3.13 Stratification in India and Vietnam -- 3.3.2.4 Neotropic and Nearctic regions -- 3.3.2.4.1 General -- 3.3.2.4.2 Savanna -- 3.3.2.4.3 Interior Lowland Forest -- 3.3.2.4.4 Piedmont -- 3.3.2.4.5 High valley -- 3.3.2.4.6 Coastal -- 3.3.2.4.7 Urban -- 3.3.2.4.8 Agricultural development -- 3.3.2.4.9 Warfare and social instability -- 3.3.2.5 Palearctic -- 3.3.2.5.1 General -- 3.3.2.5.2 Arabian peninsula -- 3.3.2.5.3 Caucasus, Iraq and Turkey -- 3.3.2.5.4 Afghanistan, Central Asia, Iran and Russia -- 3.3.2.5.5 Central China and the Korean peninsula -- 3.3.3 Proposed definition, identification and demarcation of malaria ecotypes and their implications in five biogeographic re -- 3.4 Discussion -- 3.4.1 Implications for control programmes -- 3.4.1.1 Stratification and delimitation of malaria risk -- 3.4.1.2 Implications for vector control -- 3.4.1.3 Implications for other control interventions. , 3.4.1.4 Implications for expectations of impact -- 3.4.1.5 General -- 3.4.2 Implications for malaria modelling and field research -- 3.4.2.1 Mapping -- 3.4.2.2 Simulation modelling of effects of malaria control strategies -- 3.4.2.3 Field research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4: The Changing Limits and Incidence of Malaria in Africa: 1939-2009 -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 A Brief History of Malaria Control in Africa -- 4.2.1 Pre-second world war -- 4.2.2 1948-1960: The global malaria eradication programme (GMEP) in Africa -- 4.2.3 1960-1999: Post GMEP -- 4.2.4 2000-2010: Roll Back Malaria -- 4.3 Defining the Absence of Malaria Risk -- 4.3.1 Excluding malaria risk based on reported absence and population density -- 4.3.2 The transmission limiting effects of temperature and aridity -- 4.3.3 Defining transmission stability within the spatial margins of risk in relation to control and elimination... -- 4.4 The Changing Margins of Malaria Transmission in Africa -- 4.4.1 Changing boundaries and incidence of malaria in North Africa and Djibouti -- 4.4.1.1 Morocco -- 4.4.1.2 Algeria -- 4.4.1.3 Tunisia -- 4.4.1.4 Libya -- 4.4.1.5 Egypt -- 4.4.1.6 Djibouti -- 4.4.2 Changing boundaries and incidence of malaria on the islands of Africa -- 4.4.2.1 Cape Verde -- 4.4.2.2 São Tomé and Príncipe -- 4.4.2.3 Zanzibar -- 4.4.2.4 Réunion -- 4.4.2.5 Mauritius -- 4.4.2.6 Comoros -- 4.4.2.7 Mayotte -- 4.4.2.8 Madagascar -- 4.4.3 Changing boundaries of stable malaria risk and disease incidence in Southern Africa -- 4.4.3.1 South Africa -- 4.4.3.2 Namibia -- 4.4.3.3 Botswana -- 4.4.3.4 Zimbabwe -- 4.4.3.5 Swaziland -- 4.4.4 Malaria control in Middle Africa: From GMEP pilots to RBM -- 4.4.4.1 Before the Second World War -- 4.4.4.2 Vector control and pilot elimination projects post-Second World War -- 4.4.4.3 The RBM era in middle Africa. , 4.5 Summary and Discussion -- 4.5.1 Changing limits in North Africa -- 4.5.2 The successes and failures of malaria elimination on Africa's islands -- 4.5.3 Elimination and control efforts in Southern Africa -- 4.5.4 The double dip recession -- 4.5.5 The future -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index -- Contents of Volumes in this Series.

Note: Cover -- Advances in Parasitology -- Copyright Page -- TOCContents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Obituary -- CHChapter 1: Strain Theory of Malaria: The First 50 Years -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Background -- 3. Clinical Virulence -- 4. Reaction to Anti-malarial Remedies -- 5. Infectivity -- 6. Antigenic Properties -- 7. Latency and Relapse -- 8. Summary and Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHChapter 2: Advances and Trends in the Molecular Systematics of Anisakid Nematodes, with Implications for their Evolutionary Ecology and Host-Parasite Co-evolutionary Processes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Molecular Systematics of Anisakid Nematodes -- 3. The Current Taxonomy -- 4. Phylogenetic Systematics of Anisakid Nematodes -- 5. Genetic Differentiation in Anisakids -- 6. Host-Parasite Cophylogeny -- 7. Host Preference, Ecological Niche and Competition -- 8. Anisakids as Biological Indicators -- 9. Conclusions and Identification of Gaps in Our Knowledge of Anisakids to be Filled by Future Research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- CHChapter 3: Atopic Disorders and Parasitic Infections -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Atopic Disorders -- 3. Relationship of Parasites to Atopic Disorders -- 4. Laboratory Studies on Atopy Using Selected Parasites and Rodent Models -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- References -- CHChapter 4: Heartworm Disease in Animals and Humans -- 1. Introduction (Biology and Life Cycle) -- 2. Epidemiology in Domestic and Wild Hosts -- 3. Pathogenesis, Immunology and Wolbachia Endosymbiosis -- 4. Canine Heartworm Disease -- 5. Feline Heartworm Disease -- 6. Heartworm Disease in Ferrets -- 7. Human Dirofilariosis -- 8. Emerging Strategies in Heartworm Treatment and Control -- Acknowledgments -- References -- IDXIndex -- Contents of Volumes in this Series -- Colour Plate Section.

Note: Front Cover -- Series Editors -- Editorial Board -- Advances in Parasitology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter One - The Global Public Health Significance of Plasmodium vivax -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. THE GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF P. VIVAX INFECTIONS -- ?3. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF P. VIVAX MALARIA, POPULATIONS AT RISK AND ITS VECTORS -- ?4. REGIONAL SUMMARIES OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE OF P. VIVAX MALARIA -- ?5. DISCUSSION -- ?6. METHODS -- ?LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Two - Relapse -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. HISTORY -- ?3. PHENOTYPIC VARIATION IN P. VIVAX -- ?4. RELAPSE DETERMINANTS -- ?5. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF RELAPSE PHENOTYPES -- ?6. THE EFFECTS OF AGE AND IMMUNITY ON RELAPSE -- ?7. DRUG EFFECTS ON RELAPSE -- ?8. VIVAX MALARIA FOLLOWING FALCIPARUM MALARIA -- ?9. THE PERIODICITY OF RELAPSE -- ?10. IMPLICATIONS FOR EPIDEMIOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Three - Plasmodium vivax: Clinical Spectrum, Risk Factors and Pathogenesis -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. PRE-PATENT AND INCUBATION PERIODS -- ?3. SYMPTOMS AND SIGNS OF VIVAX MALARIA -- ?4. CLINICAL ILLNESS REQUIRING HOSPITALISATION -- ?5. SEVERE MALARIA -- ?6. RISK OF SEVERE DISEASE AND DEATH -- ?7. VULNERABLE GROUPS -- ?8. SPECIFIC CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF SEVERE VIVAX MALARIA -- ?9. SEVERE AND FATAL DISEASE RESULTING FROM TREATMENT WITH PRIMAQUINE -- ?10. RISK FACTORS FOR UNCOMPLICATED AND SEVERE VIVAX MALARIA -- ?11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF DISEASE IN VIVAX MALARIA -- ?12. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Four - Diagnosis and Treatment of Plasmodium vivax Malaria -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. CHEMOTHERAPEUTICS TERMINOLOGY -- ?3. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVES -- ?4. CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS AGAINST VIVAX MALARIA -- ?5. DIAGNOSIS OF VIVAX MALARIA. , ?6. TREATMENT OF UNCOMPLICATED VIVAX MALARIA -- ?7. TREATMENT OF SEVERE AND COMPLICATED VIVAX MALARIA -- ?8. EVALUATING DRUG RESISTANCE IN VIVAX MALARIA -- ?9. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT URGENCIES -- ?10. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Five - Chemotherapeutic Strategies for Reducing Transmission of Plasmodium vivax Malaria -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. TRANSMISSION OF P. VIVAX -- ?3. REDUCING P. VIVAX TRANSMISSION BY TREATING SYMPTOMATIC DISEASE -- ?4. REDUCING P. VIVAX TRANSMISSION USING MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION -- ?5. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Six - Control and Elimination of Plasmodium vivax -- ?1. WHY CONTROLLING P. VIVAX IS DIFFICULT -- ?2. ESTABLISHED ANTI-TRANSMISSION MEASURES -- ?3. DRUGS FOR CONTROL OF RELAPSING MALARIA -- ?4. DIFFICULTY GOING FROM LOW TO NO MALARIA TRANSMISSION -- ?5. SURVEILLANCE AS KEY INTERVENTION FOR MALARIA ELIMINATION -- ?6. PROBLEMS OF MALARIA REINTRODUCTION INTO ELIMINATED AREAS -- ?7. PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVED DRUGS FOR CONTROL/ELIMINATION -- ?8. PROSPECTS FOR IMPROVED ANTI-TRANSMISSION MEASURES -- ?9. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Series Editors -- Editorial Board -- Advances in Parasitology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter One - Plasmodium vivax: Modern Strategies to Study a Persistent Parasite's Life Cycle -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. THE GENERAL LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM VIVAX AND OTHER PRIMATE MALARIA PARASITE SPECIES -- ?3. IN VITRO AND EX VIVO MODELS FOR EXAMINING P. VIVAX BIOLOGY -- ?4. NEOTROPICAL NON-HUMAN PRIMATE MODELS (NEW WORLD MONKEYS) FOR INVESTIGATING THE VARIED BIOLOGY OF VIVAX MALARIA -- ?5. THE RELAPSING MALARIA PARASITES OF SOUTHERN ASIAN MACAQUE MONKEYS AS MODELS FOR P. VIVAX BIOLOGY -- ?6. FROM GENOMICS TO SYSTEMS BIOLOGY: THE BIGGER PICTURE PUZZLES -- ?7. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Two - Red Blood Cell Polymorphism and Susceptibility to Plasmodium vivax -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. THE ERA OF GREAT BIOLOGICAL DISCOVERY -- ?3. RESISTANCE TO P. VIVAX AND INSIGHTS ON MALARIA RED CELL INVASION -- ?4. EVOLVING PERSPECTIVES ON RESISTANCE TO P. VIVAX -- ?5. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Three - Natural Acquisition of Immunity to Plasmodium vivax: Epidemiological Observations and Potential Targets -- ?1. OVERVIEW OF NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY TO MALARIA -- ?2. DIFFERENTIAL ACQUISITION OF IMMUNITY TO P. VIVAX AND P. FALCIPARUM UNDER NATURAL EXPOSURE -- ?3. ACQUISITION OF IMMUNITY IN EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS - LESSONS FROM MALARIA THERAPY PATIENTS AND IRRADIATED SPOROZOITES -- ?4. UNIQUE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF P. VIVAX THAT CONTRIBUTE TO NAI -- ?5. EFFECTOR MECHANISMS FOR BLOOD-STAGE IMMUNITY -- ?6. TARGETS OF BLOOD-STAGE IMMUNITY -- ?7. IMMUNE RESPONSES TO MALARIA PRE-ERYTHROCYTIC STAGES -- ?8. SEXUAL STAGE PARASITES AND TRANSMISSION-BLOCKING IMMUNITY -- ?9. CONCLUSIONS -- ?10. FUTURE DIRECTIONS -- REFERENCES. , Chapter Four - G6PD Deficiency: Global Distribution, Genetic Variants and Primaquine Therapy -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW -- ?3. GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY: THE ENZYME AND ITS GENE -- ?4. DIAGNOSING G6PD DEFICIENCY -- ?5. MAPPING THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF G6PD DEFICIENCY -- ?6. SPATIAL CO-OCCURRENCE OF G6PD DEFICIENCY WITH P. VIVAX ENDEMICITY -- ?7. EVOLUTIONARY DRIVERS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF G6PD DEFICIENCY -- ?8. PRIMAQUINE, P. VIVAX AND G6PD DEFICIENCY -- ?9. TOWARDS A RISK FRAMEWORK FOR P. VIVAX RELAPSE TREATMENT -- ?10. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Five - Genomics, Population Genetics and Evolutionary History of Plasmodium vivax -- ?1. THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING PLASMODIUM DIVERSITY -- ?2. THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF P. VIVAX -- ?3. THE P. VIVAX GENOME AND COMPARATIVE GENOMICS -- ?4. P. VIVAX GLOBAL GENETIC DIVERSITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE -- ?5. P. VIVAX POPULATION GENETICS IN INDIA -- ?6. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter Six - Malariotherapy - Insanity at the Service of Malariology -- ?1. INTRODUCTION -- ?2. THE ERA OF MALARIOTHERAPY -- ?3. THE PRACTICE OF MALARIOTHERAPY -- ?4. MALARIOTHERAPY AND MALARIOLOGY -- ?5. MALARIOTHERAPY'S MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO MALARIOLOGY -- ?6. LESSONS FROM MALARIOTHERAPY: CAVEATS AND CURRENT RELEVANCE -- ?7. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Advances in Parasitology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1. ABO Blood Group Phenotypes and Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: Unlocking a Pivotal Mechanism -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 3. The Nature of ABO Histo-Blood Antigens -- 4. ABO Phenotypes and Malaria Risk -- 5. Biological Basis for ABO Phenotype-Related Susceptibility to Malaria -- 6. Conclusions and Research Implications -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2. Structure and Content of the Entamoeba histolytica Genome -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Genome Structure -- 3. Virulence Factors -- 4. Metabolism -- 5. The Cytoskeleton -- 6. Vesicular Traffic -- 7. Proteins Involved in Signalling -- 8. The Mitosome -- 9. Encystation -- 10. Evidence of Lateral Gene Transfer in the E. histolytica Genome -- 11. Microarray Analysis -- 12. Future Prospects for the E. histolytica Genome -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3. Epidemiological Modelling for Monitoring and Evaluation of Lymphatic Filariasis Control -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Why Monitor and Evaluate Filariasis Control Programmes -- 3. Mathematical Models and the Design of Monitoring and Evaluation Plans -- 4. Models and Quantifying Intervention Endpoint Targets -- 5. Monitoring Changes in Infection Levels Due to Interventions for Aiding Management Decision Making -- 6. Mathematical Models and the Selection of Monitoring Indicators -- 7. Using Monitoring Data for Programme Management -- 8. Uncertainty, Monitoring and Adaptive Management -- 9. Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4. The Role of Helminth Infections in Carcinogenesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Trematoda -- 3. Cestoidea and Nematoda -- 4. Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5. A Review of the Biology of the Parasitic Copepod Lernaeocera branchialis (L., 1767) (Copepoda: Pennellidae) -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Taxonomy -- 3. Adult Morphology of the Female -- 4. Life Cycle -- 5. Reproduction -- 6. Physiology -- 7. Distribution -- 8. Pathogenicity -- 9. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index -- Contents of Volumes in This Series -- Color Plates.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Parasitology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Cryptosporidiosis in Southeast Asia: What's out There? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Background on Southeast Asia -- 1.3 Conclusions and Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2: Human Schistosomiasis in the Economic Community of West African States: Epidemiology and Control -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Schistosomiasis Control Initiative -- 2.3 Other Countries -- 2.4 Conclusions and Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3: The Rise and Fall of Human Oesophagostomiasis -- 3.1 Oesophagostomes of Pigs, Ruminants and Monkeys -- 3.2 Oesophagostomum Infections in Man -- 3.3 Diagnosis -- 3.4. Epidemiology -- 3.5 Clinical Epidemiology -- 3.6 Zoonotic Characteristics -- 3.7 Treatment and Control -- 3.8 Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index -- Contents of Volumes in This Series -- Color Plates.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Parasitology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Coinfection of Schistosoma (Trematoda) with Bacteria, Protozoa and Helminths -- 1.1. Introduction -- 1.2. Coinfection of Species of Schistosoma and Plasmodium -- 1.2.1. Animal studies -- 1.2.2. Human studies -- 1.3. Coinfection of Schistosoma Species with Protozoans other than in the Genus Plasmodium -- 1.3.1. Leishmania -- 1.3.2. Toxoplasma -- 1.3.2.1. Animal studies -- 1.3.2.2. Human studies -- 1.3.3. Entamoeba -- 1.3.3.1. Animal studies -- 1.3.3.2. Human studies -- 1.3.4. Trypanosoma -- 1.4. Coinfection of Schistosoma Species with Salmonella -- 1.4.1. Animal studies -- 1.4.2. Human studies -- 1.5. Coinfection of Schistosoma Species with Bacteria other than Salmonella -- 1.5.1. Mycobacterium -- 1.5.1.1. Animal studies -- 1.5.1.2. Human studies -- 1.5.2. Helicobacter pylori -- 1.5.3. Staphylococcus aureus -- 1.6. Coinfection of Schistosoma and Fasciola Species -- 1.6.1. Animal studies -- 1.6.2. Human studies -- 1.7. Coinfection of Schistosoma Species and Helminths other than the Genus Fasciola -- 1.7.1. Echinostoma -- 1.7.2. Hookworm -- 1.7.3. Trichuris -- 1.7.3.1. Animal studies -- 1.7.3.2. Human studies -- 1.7.4. Ascaris -- 1.7.5. Strongyloides and Trichostrongyloides -- 1.7.6. Filarids -- 1.8. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Trichomonas vaginalis Pathobiology: New Insights from the Genome Sequence -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Surface and Secreted Molecules -- 2.2.1. Surface proteins -- 2.2.1.1. TvBspA -- 2.2.1.2. TvPmp -- 2.2.1.3. Other candidate surface proteins -- 2.2.1.3.1. A novel type of surface Zn-metallopeptidase? -- 2.2.2. Proteomics data for surface proteins -- 2.2.2.1. Overview and proteins with known homologues -- 2.2.2.2. Hypothetical proteins -- 2.2.3. The glycocalyx -- 2.2.3.1. The T. vaginalis lipophosphoglycan (TvLPG). , 2.2.3.2. Absence of GPI biosynthesis: Unmasking novel types of lipid anchors? -- 2.2.4. Secreted proteins: The trichopores -- 2.3. Peptidases -- 2.3.1. Aspartic peptidases -- 2.3.2. Cysteine peptidases -- 2.3.3. Serine peptidases -- 2.3.4. Metallopeptidases -- 2.3.5. Threonine peptidases -- 2.3.6. Peptidase inhibitors -- 2.3.7. Non-peptidase homologues -- 2.4. Membrane Trafficking and Cell Signalling -- 2.4.1. Selected GTPases, ESCRT and ATG -- 2.4.1.1. Heterotrimeric G-proteins and GPCR-RGS proteins -- 2.4.1.2. Small GTPases-Ras and ARF superfamily -- 2.4.1.3. ESCRT and ATG proteins -- 2.4.2. Protein kinases -- 2.5. The Transcriptome and the RNAi Machinery -- Note added in proof -- References -- Chapter 3: Cryptic Parasite Revealed: Improved Prospects for Treatment and Control of Human Cryptosporidiosis Through Advanced Technologies -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. Cryptosporidium Species and Genotypes Known to Infect Humans -- 3.3. The Life Cycle of C. Parvum and C. Hominis -- 3.4. Cryptosporidiosis: Pathogenesis and Immunity -- 3.5. Genomics and Transcriptomics of Cryptosporidium -- 3.6. Improved Insights into Cryptosporidium Using In Vitro Techniques -- 3.7. Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4: Assessment and Monitoring of Onchocerciasis in Latin America -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.1.1. The infection with the filarial nematode Onchocerca volvulus -- 4.1.2. Distribution of onchocerciasis in Latin America11WER 2011 was available during the final production stage of this book -- 4.1.3. The new world onchocerciasis vectors -- 4.2. The Pathology and Clinical Manifestations Produced by O. volvulus Infection in Latin America -- 4.2.1. Onchocercomata (nodules) -- 4.2.2. Dermatological lesions (dermal pathology) -- 4.2.3. Ocular lesions (ocular pathology) -- 4.3. Genetic Variation of O. volvulus and the Simulium Vector. , 4.4. The Control of Onchocerciasis (with Emphasis on Programmes in Latin America) -- 4.4.1. Control through nodulectomy -- 4.4.2. Control through vector control -- 4.4.3. Control through chemotherapy -- 4.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Treatment with Ivermectin -- 4.6. Development of Other New Drugs -- 4.7. Monitoring and Evaluation of Control of Onchocerciasis -- 4.7.1. Parasitological diagnosis of O. volvulus infection -- 4.7.2. Immunological and molecular diagnosis of O. volvulus infection -- 4.7.3. Development of immunological tests for the diagnosis of onchocerciasis -- 4.7.4. Development of DNA probes for the diagnosis of onchocerciasis -- 4.8. Entomological Parameters for Monitoring the Transmission in Latin America (with Emphasis in Areas where Transmission has... -- 4.8.1. The intensive epidemiological surveillance programme in Latin America during the post treatment era -- 4.9. Future Developments -- 4.9.1. Basic research -- 4.9.2. Applied research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index -- Contents of Volumes in This Series.

Note: Front Cover -- Advances in Parasitology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1: The Biology of the Caecal Trematode Zygocotyle lunata -- 1.1. Introduction to the Family Zygocotylidae and the Genus Zygocotyle -- 1.2. Brief Taxonomic Survey of Zygocotylidae and Zygocotyle -- 1.3. The Biology of Zygocotyle lunata -- 1.4. Infectivity Studies in Snail First Intermediate Hosts -- 1.5. Cercarial Encystment on Various Surfaces -- 1.6. Infectivity of the Metacercarial Cysts to Vertebrate Hosts -- 1.7. Epizootiology of Zygocotyle lunata -- 1.8. Pathology of Zygocotyle lunata -- 1.8.1. Invertebrate hosts -- 1.8.2. Vertebrate hosts -- 1.9. Immunology of Zygocotyle lunata in the Vertebrate Host -- 1.10. Diagnosis -- 1.11. Treatment and Control -- 1.12. Encystment and Excystment -- 1.13. Ultra-Structure -- 1.14. Development on the Chick Chorioallantois -- 1.15. Behaviour -- 1.16. Biochemistry -- 1.17. Ecology -- 1.18. Concluding Remarks and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 2: Fasciola, Lymnaeids and Human Fascioliasis, with a Global Overview on Disease Transmission, Epidemiology, Evolutionary Genetics, Molecular Epidemiology and Control -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. The Present Epidemiological Baseline -- 2.3. The Problem of Being a Neglected Disease -- 2.4. Heterogeneity of Human Fascioliasis -- 2.4.1. Epidemiological scenarios -- 2.4.2. Transmission patterns -- 2.5. Control Problems Related to Human Fascioliasis Heterogeneity -- 2.6. Evolutionary Genetics and Molecular Epidemiology -- 2.6.1. The digenean family Fasciolidae -- 2.7. Origin and Evolution of Fasciola Species in Pre-Domestication Times -- 2.8. Evolution of Fasciola Species in the Post-Domestication Period -- 2.8.1. Recent spread of Fasciola hepatica -- 2.8.2. Initial step in the Near East -- 2.8.3. Westwards spread into Europe. , 2.8.4. Eastwards spread into Asia -- 2.8.5. Southwards spread into Africa -- 2.8.6. Transoceanic spread into Oceania and the Americas -- 2.8.7. Recent spread of Fasciola gigantica -- 2.8.8. Westwards and southwards spread throughout Africa -- 2.8.9. Northwards spread and transit between Africa and the Near East -- 2.8.10. Eastwards spread into Asia and the Pacific -- 2.9. Distributional Overlap of Both Species -- 2.10. Overlap Situations: The Roles of Livestock Transportation, Transhumance and Trade -- 2.10.1. Areas with only one Fasciola species -- 2.10.2. Areas where both Fasciola species co-exist -- 2.11. Molecular Characterization of Fasciolids -- 2.11.1. Intraspecific and interspecific variation of F. hepatica and F. gigantica -- 2.11.2. Gene expression and the problems of hybrids -- 2.11.3. Liver fluke phenotypes -- 2.11.4. The species question in fasciolids -- 2.11.5. Fasciolid-lymnaeid specificity -- 2.11.6. The worldwide lymnaeid molecular characterization initiative -- 2.12. Conclusions and Standardization Proposal -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3: Recent Advances in the Biology of Echinostomes -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. General Information on Echinostomes -- 3.2.1. Lifecycle and development -- 3.2.2. Current taxonomy -- 3.3. Host-Parasite Relationships -- 3.3.1. In the first intermediate host -- 3.3.2. In the second intermediate host -- 3.3.3. In the definitive host -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Peptidases of Trematodes -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. General Classification of Peptidases -- 4.3. Peptidases of Trematodes-Brief History of Research -- 4.4. Peptidases of Trematodes-Current Status -- 4.4.1. Serine peptidases (SPs) of trematodes -- 4.4.2. Cysteine peptidases (CPs) of trematodes -- 4.4.3. Aspartic peptidases (APs) of trematodes -- 4.4.4. Metallopeptidases (MPs) of trematodes. , 4.4.5. Threonine peptidases (TPs) of trematodes -- 4.4.6. Phylogeny remarks -- 4.5. Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Useful Websites -- Chapter 5: Potential Contribution of Sero-Epidemiological Analysis for Monitoring Malaria Control and Elimination: Historical and Current Perspectives -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Humoural Immunity to Malaria from a Sero-Epidemiological Point of View -- 5.3. Measuring Anti-Malarial Antibodies -- 5.3.1. Complement fixation test (CFT) -- 5.3.2. Indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) -- 5.3.3. Immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) -- 5.3.4. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) -- 5.3.5. Protein micro-array -- 5.3.6. Source of antigen for assays -- 5.3.7. General methodological considerations -- 5.4. Application of Serological Data -- 5.4.1. Using serological data to assess malaria endemicity and risk -- 5.4.2. Serological data to monitor malaria control and elimination -- 5.4.3. Serological data to assess malaria eradication/elimination -- 5.5. Summary and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index -- Contents of Volumes -- Color Plate.