Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- About the Authors -- Section I: Fundamentals of Manufactured Gas -- Chapter 1: Gas and Gasmaking in Massachusetts -- 1.1 Introduction and Objective -- 1.2 Navigating the Gas-Manufacturing Processes Employed in Massachusetts -- 1.2.1 Why Gas Process Identification Matters So Much in Remediation -- 1.3 Wood Gas (Also Known as Resin Gas, Rosin Gas, Fatwood Gas) -- 1.4 Coal Gas -- 1.4.1 Birth of Coal Gas -- 1.4.1.1 Pyrolysis -- 1.4.2 Coal Gas Retorts -- 1.4.2.1 Gas-Generation Working Conditions in General -- 1.4.2.2 Walter Russell's Enlightening Description (1917) -- 1.4.2.3 Later Developments in Coal Gas Operations -- 1.4.2.4 Case Example of a Modern Coal Gas Plant-Worcester, Circa 1910 -- 1.4.3 Vertical Retorts -- 1.5 Early Oil Gas in Massachusetts (1820-1890) -- 1.5.1 Characteristics of Early Oil Gas Works -- 1.5.2 Gas Oil Supply in Massachusetts -- 1.5.3 Petroleum Oil Gas in Massachusetts (1890-1929) -- 1.5.4 Naphtha Gas -- 1.5.5 L.P. Lowe Perfects the Crude Oil Gas Manufacturing Process, in Massachusetts (Lynn, 1887) -- 1.6 Water-Gas -- 1.6.1 Blue Water-Gas -- 1.6.1.1 Producer Gas -- 1.6.2 First Fuel Gas Distributed in the United States (Lynn, Massachusetts, 1883) -- 1.7 Carbureted Water-Gas (Lowe) -- 1.7.1 Rise and Utility of CWG -- 1.7.2 Practical Advantages of CWG -- 1.7.3 Disadvantages of CWG -- 1.7.4 Growth of CWG in Massachusetts -- 1.8 Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9 Differentiation of Petroleum Oil Gas From Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9.1 Greenough-Jones-Addicks Fuel Gas Patent (1890) -- 1.9.2 Loomis Producer Fuel Gas CWG and Blue Gas (1890) -- 1.9.3 Granger Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9.4 Jerzmanowski Oil-Enriched Water-Gas -- 1.9.5 Wilkinson Oil-Enriched Water-Gas. , 1.9.6 Expiration (1894) of Lowe Patents and Decline of the Oil-Enriched Water-Gas Lowe Imitators -- 1.10 Later Water-Gas and Bituminous Coal Technologies -- 1.11 Small-Scale Gas Processes -- 1.11.1 Proprietary German High-BTU Oil Gas Processes -- 1.11.1.1 Pintsch Gas -- 1.11.1.2 Blau Gas -- 1.11.2 "Spirit" Gas (Also Known As Gasolene Gas -- Air Gas) -- 1.12 Late Nineteenth-Century Noncarbureted Fuel Gas -- 1.12.1 Greased Wind (Greased Air) -- 1.13 Combined-Process Gas Plants -- 1.14 By-Product Coke-Oven Gas -- 1.14.1 Transport Influences on By-Product Coke Ovens -- 1.14.2 New England Gas and Coke Company, Everett -- 1.14.2.1 General Nature of the Everett Coke-Oven Plant -- 1.14.3 Coke-Oven Gas and By-Products -- 1.15 1930s High-Btu Water-Gas and Second-Generation Oil Gas -- 1.16 Acetylene as an Illumination and Heating Gas -- 1.16.1 General Rural Nature of Acetylene Gas Plants -- 1.16.2 Acetylene Gas Plants of Rural Massachusetts -- 1.17 Late Period High-BTU Refinery Gas Reforming (1929-1955) -- 1.17.1 Butane/Propane-Air Gas (1929-1955) -- 1.17.2 Second-Generation Oil Gas -- 1.17.3 High-Btu Substitute Natural Gas Reforming (1947-1955) -- 1.18 Late-Period Innovative Gas Technologies -- 1.19 Key Findings -- End Notes -- Chapter 2: Other Aspects of Gas Engineering in Massachusetts -- 2.1 Introduction and Objective -- 2.2 Engineering the Gasworks -- 2.2.1 Art and the Imperative of Gasworks Site Selection and Layout -- 2.2.2 Basic Requirements of Gasworks Historic Site Selection -- 2.2.3 Transportation of Gasworks Feedstock -- 2.2.4 Geotechnical Considerations in Historic Gasworks Siting and Operations -- 2.2.4.1 Bedrock Conditions -- 2.2.5 Case Example of Amherst, Massachusetts -- 2.2.6 Case Example of Springfield, Massachusetts -- 2.3 Fall River Gas Works Company: An Example of Large Scale Capital Improvement. , 2.3.1 Carbureted Water-Gas in Full-Scale Use: The Fall River Gas Works Company -- 2.3.2 Fall River Gas Works Company's New 1915 Plant -- 2.4 Gas Treatment, Storage, and Distribution -- 2.4.1 Treatment of Raw Gas: Clarification -- then Purification -- 2.4.2 "Clarification" (Mainly Tar Removal) of Raw Gas -- 2.4.2.1 Condensers -- 2.4.2.2 Specific Clarification Technologies Related to Tar Removal -- 2.4.3 Capture and Removal of Ammonia -- 2.4.3.1 Ammonia Recovery -- 2.4.3.2 Historical Perspectives on Ammonia Challenges -- 2.4.3.3 Specific Clarification Technologies Related to Ammonia Concentration and Removal -- 2.4.4 Naphthalene Removal -- 2.5 Purification (Impurity-Removal) of Raw Gas -- 2.5.1 Purification by Absorption in Lime -- 2.5.2 Purification by Absorption in Wood Chips -- 2.5.3 Purification by Absorption in "Oxide" -- 2.6 Gashouse Wastes and their Fates -- 2.6.1 Differentiation of Residuals Versus By-Products and Wastes -- 2.6.2 Gas Liquors, Gas Tars, and Tar Light Oils -- 2.6.3 Wastewater Treatment at Gasworks -- 2.6.3.1 The Broader Role of Wastewater Treatment -- 2.6.3.2 Problems Arising from Gasworks Wastewater: The Lowell Example -- 2.6.3.3 Sizing a Treatment System -- 2.6.4 Waste Purification Media -- 2.6.4.1 Historic Fate of Spent Box Wastes in Massachusetts -- 2.7 Tar-Water Emulsions: The Curse of CWG -- 2.7.1 Gas Industry Begins to Face the Tar-Water Emulsion Problem -- 2.7.2 The Tar-Water Emulsion Problem is Defined (1923) -- 2.7.3 Isolating the CWG Tar-Water Emulsion Problem -- 2.7.4 Mitigating the CWG Tar-Water Emulsion Problem -- 2.7.4.1 The Semet-Solvay De-Emulsifier -- 2.8 Gas Holders as Encountered in Massachusetts -- 2.8.1 Design Features of Massachusetts Gasholders -- 2.8.2 Greenough Concept of Using Gasholders to Control Distribution Pressure -- 2.8.3 Holder Houses of Massachusetts -- 2.8.4 Waterless Gasholders. , 2.8.5 Operational Aspects of Massachusetts Gasholders -- 2.8.6 Gasholder Leaks and Explosions -- 2.8.6.1 Springfield Gas Light Company Explosion, 1908 -- 2.8.6.2 The Vineyard Lighting Company Explosion, 1921 -- 2.8.6.3 Late-Period Explosions and Fires -- 2.9 District (Distribution) Stations -- 2.9.1 Era of Gas District Stations of Massachusetts (1854-1970) -- 2.9.1.1 Basic Purpose and Configuration of District Stations -- 2.9.1.2 Case Example of the Washington Street District Station, Boston (1847-1867) -- 2.9.1.3 Case Example of the Gerard Street District Station No. 2, Dorchester/Roxbury (1875-1950) -- 2.9.1.4 Case Example of the Page Boulevard District Station, Springfield -- 2.9.1.5 Case Example of the Winchester District Station of Arlington Gas Light Co. (1894) -- 2.9.1.6 Case Example of the Suburban Gas & -- Electric Company -- 2.9.1.7 Case Example of "Gassy": Boston's Largest District Station (1914-1930) -- 2.9.1.8 Demise of the District Holder in Massachusetts -- 2.9.2 Relative Prospects of Encountering Hazardous Substances at Derelict Massachusetts District Station Sites -- 2.10 Gas Mains and Gas Distribution in Massachusetts -- 2.10.1 Rights-of-Way and Gas-Main Construction -- 2.10.2 Cost Considerations for Gas Mains -- 2.10.3 Pipe Joints and Testing of Completed Gas Mains -- 2.10.4 Electrolytic Corrosion of Gas Mains -- 2.10.5 Distribution Drips -- 2.10.5.1 Gas Distribution Pressure -- 2.10.5.2 Layout Considerations for Gas Mains -- 2.11 Nature of the Gas-Manufacturing Coal Supply in Massachusetts -- 2.11.1 Old King Coal -- 2.11.2 Bituminous "Gas Coal" -- 2.11.2.1 Anthracite Coal -- 2.11.3 Coal Importation at Boston -- 2.11.3.1 Canadian Maritime Provinces Coals -- 2.11.3.2 English Gas Coals at Boston -- 2.11.3.3 Arrival of Pennsylvania and West Virginia Gas Coals. , 2.11.3.4 Two of the Railroads Try to Squeeze Boston and Massachusetts Gas Makers -- 2.11.4 Impacts of Coal Mine Strikes -- 2.11.5 Shift from Anthracite to Bituminous Coal -- 2.11.6 Cannel Coal -- 2.11.7 "Peak Coal," Wartime Coal Shortages, and Alternative Materials -- 2.11.8 Coal Exigencies in Massachusetts during the Second World War -- 2.11.9 Transportation of Gasworks Coal Feedstock -- 2.11.10 The Oil Supply -- 2.12 Changes in Gasworks over Time -- 2.12.1 The Pittsfield, Massachusetts East Street Gasworks as an Example of Change Over Time -- 2.12.2 The Curious Use of Dual Gas/Electric Lighting Fixtures (1914c-1922c) -- 2.12.3 Today's Indulgences in Gas Lighting -- 2.13 Other Historic Gasworks Issues -- 2.13.1 Historic Technical Issues Influencing the FMGP Threat in Massachusetts -- 2.13.2 Economic Struggles for Control Over CWG Carbureting Oil -- 2.13.3 Historic Trade in Surplus Gas-Manufacturing Plant and Equipment -- 2.14 Key Findings of Chapter 2: In Consideration of Coal-Tar Site Remediation -- End Notes -- Chapter 3: Historic Gas Industry in Massachusetts -- 3.1 Introduction and Objective -- 3.2 Heyday of Manufactured Gas in Massachusetts (1828-1960) -- 3.3 "Town Gas," Municipal Gas Departments and Utility Merchant MGPs -- 3.3.1 The Gas Company as "Startup" -- 3.3.2 "Opposition" Companies -- 3.4 Nature of "Town Gas" Companies in Massachusetts -- 3.4.1 Relative Historical Statistics of Commercial Manufactured Gas Companies in Massachusetts -- 3.4.2 Period of 1827-1853 -- 3.4.3 Period of 1853-1880 -- 3.4.4 The 1880s-Water-Gas and the Board of Commissioners -- 3.4.5 Period of 1885-1920 -- 3.4.5.1 Blue Water-Gas Remains in Its Fuel Gas Niche -- 3.4.5.2 CWG Becomes the New Standard for Expansion -- 3.4.6 "City Gas" Utility Gas Plants of Massachusetts -- 3.4.7 Municipal Gas Ownership Movement in Massachusetts. , 3.5 Overall Historic Growth of the Massachusetts Gas Industry.