Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of equations -- Acknowledgements -- List of abbreviations -- 1 Introduction -- I The basis for the analyses -- 2 The unknown influence of democratic qualities on climate performance -- Academic relevance: no recognition of the different influences of established democracies -- The importance of concepts and operationalization -- Democracy and environmental performance -- Democracy and climate performance -- Practical relevance: a more democratic world and solutions to climate change -- Focus: detecting trends, exploring mechanisms and developing a concept -- 3 The concept and the operationalization of democratic efficacy -- Defining democratic quality and general performance -- Democratic quality -- General performance -- Conclusion -- The democratic efficacy concept and argument -- Analytical context -- Empirical and argumentative background -- The concept of democratic efficacy: outline, hypothesis, questions -- Explanatory mixed methods research design -- Mixed methods -- Methods analysis I -- Methods analysis II -- II An empirical analysis of the democracy-climate nexus -- 4 Analysis I: more leads to more - positive statistical trends -- Exploring the data of the Democracy Barometer, the Climate Change Performance Index and the control variables -- A mostly positive relationship -- Discussion Analysis I -- 5 Analysis II: Canada's Kyoto Protocol process, 1995-2012 - a case study perspective -- Canadian circumstances -- Canada's internal and external contexts -- Canada's political system and its policy-making -- The sources and the development of GHG emissions -- Climate policy-making -- Canada's climate policy development -- Competencies of actors in climate policy-making processes -- Common explanatory models. , Climate policy before COP 1: a brief background of Canada as a first mover -- 6 1995-1997: Chrétien makes use of the prerogative -- Accountability: basic vertical but almost no horizontal accountability (national) -- Inclusiveness: incomplete and biased by enlightened officials (national) -- Participation: rule of the executive (national) -- Indirect mechanisms: no effectiveness and efficiency without inclusiveness and participation (international) -- Participation: briefed NGOs (international) -- Accountability: missing accountability leads to unpredictability (international) -- Participation: the long shadow of insufficient responsiveness (national-international exchange) -- Results: first insights into the negative influence of low democratic quality -- 7 1998-2002: futile consultations -- National activities in the form of a National Climate Change Process -- Insufficient responsiveness: the reason why the NCCP was initiated -- Governmental capability, effectiveness and efficiency: preconditions for a democratic policy process -- Inclusiveness: somewhere between expert workshops and democratic involvement -- Participation: discontinued -- Transparency and publicity: no explanation to the broader public -- Follow-up to the tables -- Creativity: incompletely designed experiments can fail -- Results of the NCCP and their influence: no warm feelings -- Federal activities -- Effectiveness, efficiency and capability: a precondition for a (democratic) process -- Transparency, participation, accountability: "It's a bit of a gestalt -- Publicity: uncoordinated public education and counter-education in a free public sphere -- National stakeholder sessions -- Participation: weak indirect responsiveness -- Inclusiveness: almost completely inclusive -- Participation: show, tell and collect views, but with no influence on direction -- Ratification. , Participation: lobbying by Parliament and potential veto power -- Accountability: on hold for the time being -- Result: climate relevant actors promote even more diverse directions -- Conclusion of national and federal activities -- Interview partner: a negative impact of democratic quality? -- Findings: further evidence on a complex relationship -- Further interpretation of findings: exponential increase? -- 8 2003-2005: undemocratic unpredictability -- Preconditions: the importance of procedural general performance -- Accountability: incomplete with almost no influence -- Inclusiveness: informality raises unpredictability -- Participation: informal with unpredictable positive influence -- Transparency: unintended -- Results: unpredictability through a lack of democratic quality -- 9 2006-2012: democratic weakening and climate change as a shield issue -- Procedural general performance: unfulfilled preconditions -- Accountability: unpredictability and negative influence -- Inclusiveness and participation: elected irresponsibility in a mantle of democracy -- Independence: no interference in policy-making -- Transparency: minimal requirements adhered to -- Stability of democratic institutions: win-win situations -- Liberty: muzzling ENGOs and climate science -- Publicity: only by the grace of the government -- Results: no interest in the democratization of democracy -- Interview partners: the need for democratic tools and their application -- Findings and intrepretation: no democratic quality, no influence -- 10 Discussion analysis II: linkages between democratic quality and climate performance -- Expert opinions -- Condensation of the empirical findings -- Verification of analysis I and advancement of the concept of democratic efficacy -- III Synergy -- 11 Overall discussion -- A mostly positive influence, explained by democratic efficacy. , Mostly positive statistical trends -- Detailed mechanisms verify trends and advance the concept of democratic efficacy -- The concept of democratic efficacy as an outline of a middle range theory -- Research gaps: think possibilistic -- Policy recommendations: democratize democracies -- 12 Conclusion -- Pragmatic afterword -- Appendices -- A Stata do file -- Β Expert interview guidelines -- C Interview partners -- Index.