Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Exploring the Nature of Pima County and Southern Arizona -- January -- February -- March -- April -- May -- June -- July -- August -- September -- October -- November -- December -- Appendixes -- 1. Sourthern Arizona Desert Plants Blooming Calendar -- 2. Common Birds of Southern Arizona -- 3. Mammals of Southern Arizona -- 4. Reptiles and Amphibians of Southern Arizona -- 5. Common Butterflies of Southern Arizona -- 6. Southern Arizona Nature Resources -- 7. Keeping a Field Bag and Notebook -- 8. Glossary -- Sources -- Index.

Note: Intro -- INTRODUCTION -- Observation -- Patience -- Awareness -- Getting Started -- 1 Tracking-Science or Art? -- When to Track -- Where to Track -- How to Track -- What Else to Consider -- 2 Identifying Tracks -- Definitions -- Tracks with Pads -- Hooved Tracks -- Other Tracks -- Scat -- Key to Tracks by Size and Shape -- 3 Animal Tracks -- Birds (Aves) -- NORTHERN BOBWHITE QUAIL -- RUFFED GROUSE -- GREATER ROADRUNNER -- GREAT BLUE HERON -- COMMON RAVEN -- Rodents (Rodentia) -- DEER MOUSE -- EASTERN CHIPMUNK -- EASTERN GRAY SQUIRREL -- ORD KANGAROO RAT -- BEAVER -- WOODCHUCK -- PORCUPINE -- Skunks (Mephitidae) -- STRIPED SKUNK -- WESTERN SPOTTED SKUNK -- Mustelids (Mustelidae) -- LONGTAIL WEASEL -- BADGER -- WOLVERINE -- Rabbits and Hares (Leporidae) -- EASTERN COTTONTAIL -- BLACKTAIL JACKRABBIT -- Marsupials (Didelphidae) -- VIRGINIA OPOSSUM -- Procyonids (Procyonidae) -- RACCOON -- RINGTAIL -- Dogs (Canidae) -- COYOTE -- GRAY WOLF -- GRAY FOX -- Cats (Felidae) -- BOBCAT -- CANADA LYNX -- MOUNTAIN LION -- Hoofed Animals (Tayassuidae, Cervidae, Antilocapridae) -- JAVELINA -- WHITE-TAILED DEER -- ELK -- MOOSE -- PRONGHORN -- Bears (Ursidae) -- BLACK BEAR -- 4 Other Animal Signs -- Dirt Mounds, Holes, and Runways -- Scrapings, Scratchings, Drillings, and Gnawings -- 5 Keeping Track of Your Tracks -- Photography -- Tracing -- Plaster Casts -- Soot Station -- 6 Conservation Projects -- APPENDIX A: BASIC TRACKING KIT -- APPENDIX B: ADDITIONAL RESOURCES -- Books -- Periodical -- Schools and Classes -- Other Resources -- ABOUT THE AUTHORS.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Introduction -- Observation -- Patience -- Awareness -- Getting Started -- 1 Tracking-Science or Art? -- When to Track -- Where to Track -- How to Track -- What Else to Consider -- 2 Identifying Tracks -- Definitions -- Tracks with Pads -- Hooved Tracks -- Other Tracks -- Scat -- Key to Tracks by Size and Shape -- 3 Animal Tracks -- Birds (Aves) -- Northern Bobwhite Quail -- Ruffed Grouse -- Greater Roadrunner -- Great Blue Heron -- Common Raven -- Rodents (Rodentia) -- Deer Mouse -- Eastern Chipmunk -- Eastern Gray Squirrel -- Ord Kangaroo Rat -- Beaver -- Woodchuck -- Porcupine -- Skunks (Mephitidae) -- Striped Skunk -- Western Spotted Skunk -- Mustelids (Mustelidae) -- Longtail Weasel -- Badger -- Wolverine -- Rabbits and Hares (Leporidae) -- Eastern Cottontail -- Blacktail Jackrabbit -- Marsupials (Didelphidae) -- Virginia Opossum -- Procyonids (Procyonidae) -- Raccoon -- Ringtail -- Dogs (Canidae) -- Coyote -- Gray Wolf -- Gray Fox -- Cats (Felidae) -- Bobcat -- Canada Lynx -- Mountain Lion -- Hoofed Animals (Tayassuidae, Cervidae, Antilocapridae) -- Javelina -- White-Tailed Deer -- Elk -- Moose -- Pronghorn -- Bears (Ursidae) -- Black Bear -- 4 Other Animal Sign -- Dirt Mounds, Holes, and Runways -- Scrapings, Scratchings, Drillings, and Gnawings -- 5 Keeping Track of Your Tracks -- Photography -- Tracing -- Plaster Casts -- Soot Station -- 6 Conservation Projects -- Appendix A: Basic Tracking Kit -- Appendix B: Additional Resources -- Books -- Schools and Classes -- Conservation Resources -- Online Resources -- About the Authors.

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index , Formerly CIP

Note: Förderkennzeichen BMWi 03ET1455 A-G , Verbundnummer 01175037 , Literaturverzeichnis: Seite 281-304 , Autoren und Paralleltitel wurden den Berichtsblättern der Druck-Ausgabe entnommen , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden

Note: Förderkennzeichen BMWi 03ET7510B. - Verbund-Nummer 01132606 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- 1 The developmental origins of health and disease: an overview -- REFERENCES -- 2 The 'developmental origins' hypothesis: epidemiology -- Introduction -- Fetal, infant and childhood growth in relation to health in later life -- Ecological observations pointing to developmental influences on adult health -- Coronary heart disease -- Cohort studies of size at birth and coronary heart disease -- Infant and childhood growth and coronary heart disease -- Size of effects and potential confounding influences -- Stroke, hypertension and cardiovascular function -- Hypertension and blood pressure -- Mechanisms underlying developmental effects on hypertension and raised blood pressure -- Cardiovascular structure and function -- Serum cholesterol and blood clotting -- Type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome -- Size at birth and type 2 diabetes -- Insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome -- Obesity and the adiposity rebound -- Musculoskeletal health -- Respiratory health and atopy -- Cognitive function and mental health -- Brain growth and cognitive function in childhood and old age -- Schizophrenia and mood disorders -- Maternal influences on development and offspring health -- Periconceptional influences and the early trajectory of fetal growth -- Transgenerational effects -- Maternal influences on placental size and transfer capabilities -- Maternal diet and body composition -- Prevention of adult degenerative disease -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 3 The conceptual basis for the developmental origins of health and disease -- Introduction -- Developmental disruption and developmental plasticity -- Adaptive responses during development -- Explanations of the developmental origins of adult disease -- The 'thrifty genotype' hypothesis. , The 'thrifty phenotype' hypothesis -- Gene-environment interactions and the explanation of the DOHaD paradigm -- The role of catch-up growth -- Constraint of fetal growth -- Match-mismatch, PARs and DOHaD: towards a conceptual synthesis -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 4 The periconceptional and embryonic period -- Introduction -- Embryos and epigenesis -- Embryo metabolism in response to environmental conditions -- Signal transduction and embryo developmental potential -- Gene expression changes in embryos in response to environment -- Embryo environment and cellular proliferation -- From embryo plasticity to fetal physiology -- Conclusions -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 5 Epigenetic mechanisms -- Introduction -- The nature of epigenetic information -- DNA methylation -- Epigenetic information of chromatin -- Chromatin remodelling -- Covalent histone modifications -- Epigenetics and development -- Clearing and establishing epigenetic marks during development -- Parental imprinting -- X-chromosome inactivation -- Epigenetics and nuclear cloning -- Epigenetic modifications are influenced by the environment -- Epigenetics and disease -- Defects in DNA methylation as a cause of disease -- Defects in histone modifications and nucleosome remodelling as a cause of disease -- Epigenetics and cancer -- Concluding remarks -- REFERENCES -- 6 A mitochondrial component of developmental programming -- Introduction -- Mitochondrial dysfunction in disease and in tissues of 'programmed' animals -- Unique qualities of mitochondria -- Proof of involvement of mtDNA in developmental programming -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7 Role of exposure to environmental chemicals in developmental origins of health and disease -- Introduction -- Reproductive toxicity/diseases and developmental exposures to environmental agents -- Female effects -- The example of DES. , Additional xenobiotic endocrine disruptors -- Male effects -- Dioxin and environmental oestrogens and the prostate -- Environmental oestrogens and testis function and fertility -- Obesity and developmental exposures to environmental agents -- Environmental oestrogens and obesity -- Nicotine and obesity -- Nervous system disease/dysfunction and developmental exposures to environmental agents -- Neurodegenerative disease -- Behavioural and cognitive dysfunction -- Immune/autoimmune effects of developmental exposures to environmental agents -- Mechanism responsible for altered programming due to in-utero exposure to environmental agents -- REFERENCES -- 8 Maternal nutrition and fetal growth and development -- Introduction -- Why focus on LBW? -- The importance of maternal nutritional status as a determinant of LBW -- Maternal nutrition as it pertains to determinants of fetal growth -- Maternal anthropometry and LBW -- Indicators of maternal anthropometry and IUGR -- Indicators of maternal anthropometry and LBW -- Indicators of maternal anthropometry and preterm delivery -- Summary of association between maternal anthropometry and fetal growth -- Pre-pregnancy weight and weight gain in pregnancy are both important -- Components of weight gain -- Maternal diet -- Macro- and micronutrient intervention studies -- Nutritional advice -- Balanced protein/energy supplementation -- Isocaloric balanced protein -- High protein -- Energy/protein restriction -- Salt restriction -- Calcium supplementation -- Iron supplementation -- Folate supplementation -- Iron and folate supplementation -- Magnesium -- Fish oil -- Zinc -- Other vitamins and multivitamins -- Summary of effects of maternal dietary interventions on fetal growth -- Limitations in current knowledge of the association between maternal nutrition and LBW -- Understanding the association: is it causal?. , Incorporating the temporal dimension -- Beyond the immediate periconceptional period -- Implications for targeting interventions to improve fetal growth -- Timescale for action -- What is feasible based on the evidence to date? -- Previous large-scale nutritional interventions -- The challenge of translating evidence into practice into practice -- Maternal nutrition in its wider context -- Summary -- REFERENCES -- 9 Placental mechanisms and developmental origins of health and disease -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of placental involvement in programming -- Placental growth and development throughout gestation -- Placental blood flows and regulation of growth -- Trophoblast invasion and uteroplacental perfusion -- Hypoxia and placental function -- Oxidative and nitrative stress -- Control of villous vascular development -- Placental vascular development and fetal programming -- Placental transport/barrier function and fetal growth -- Glucose transport -- Amino acid transport -- Fatty acid transport -- Placental endocrine function and programming -- Peptide hormones -- Glucocorticoid action and metabolism -- Imprinted genes -- Summary -- REFERENCES -- 10 Control of fetal metabolism: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease -- Introduction -- Nutritional regulation of fetal metabolism -- Altered substrate availability -- Oxygen deprivation -- Combined oxygen and substrate deficiency -- Endocrine regulation of fetal metabolism -- Mechanisms of metabolic programming in utero -- Systems mechanisms -- Development of the placenta -- Development of fetal endocrine glands -- Development of fetal fuel reserves -- Cellular mechanisms -- Molecular mechanisms -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 11 Lipid metabolism: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease -- Introduction -- Lipids and fetal development -- Fat accumulation and birthweight. , Fatty acids and tissue development -- The importance of cholesterol in fetal development -- Maternal lipid metabolism during pregnancy -- Importance of the mother as a source of fatty acids for fetal tissues -- Interpretation of different circulating lipid pools in mother and fetus -- Adaptations to maternal lipid metabolism during pregnancy -- Placental fatty acid and cholesterol transport -- The effects of impaired assimilation of polyunsaturated fatty acids on fetal development -- The central nervous system -- Blood pressure -- Immune function -- Conclusions -- REFERENCES -- 12 Prenatal hypoxia: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease -- Introduction -- Prenatal hypoxia and the fetal cardiovascular defence -- Acute hypoxia -- Chronic hypoxia -- Prenatal hypoxia and fetal growth -- Prenatal hypoxia, other models of adverse intrauterine conditions and the HPA axis -- Summary and perspectives -- Conclusion -- REFERENCES -- 13 The fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease -- Introduction -- The developing hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis -- The hippocampus -- The hypothalamus -- The pituitary gland -- The adrenal cortex -- Premature fetal HPA axis activation: prenatal stress, undernutrition and synthetic glucocorticoids -- Prenatal stress -- Prenatal undernutrition -- Synthetic glucocorticoids -- HPA axis programming and long-term outcomes -- REFERENCES -- 14 Perinatal influences on the endocrine and metabolic axes during childhood -- Introduction -- Small-for-gestational-age children -- Auxological characteristics -- The endocrine axis -- The metabolic axis -- The reproductive/adrenal axis -- Very-low-birthweight premature children -- Auxological characteristics -- The endocrine axis -- The metabolic axis -- Twins -- The metabolic axis -- Summary -- REFERENCES. , 15 Patterns of growth: relevance to developmental origins of health and disease.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter One: A Short Walk on the Shawmut: The Place That Was Boston -- Chapter Two: Crossing Avalon: The Peopling of the Boston Basin -- Chapter Three: Forever England: A City Stripped of Hills -- Chapter Four: Ring of Green: Restoring the Shawmut -- Chapter Five: Scoundrel Spring: Decline and Fall in a Green City -- Chapter Six: The Coast Watch: Saving the Harbor -- Acknowledgments.