Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Technique -- Chapter 1: A Brief History of Controlled Atmosphere Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Window Approach -- 1.1.1.1 Specimen Holders with Gas Injection Systems -- 1.1.2 Aperture Approach -- 1.1.3 Development of UHV TEM for Epitaxial Growth Studies -- 1.2 Applications -- 1.2.1 Oxidation and Reduction Processes -- 1.2.2 Catalysis -- 1.2.2.1 Catalyst Deactivation Studies -- 1.2.2.2 Investigations on Catalysts and Their Supports -- 1.2.3 Nucleation and Growth of One-Dimensional Nanomaterials -- 1.2.4 Windowed Cell Holder Applications -- 1.3 Current Status and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 2: Development of theAtomic-Resolution Environmental Transmission Electron Microscope -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Design and Development of the Differentially Pumped ETEM -- 2.3 Gas Injection and Cleaning -- 2.4 Aberration Correction -- 2.5 Instrument Performance -- 2.6 Atomic-Resolution Wet-ETEM: Reactions in the Liquid Phase -- 2.7 Sample Heating -- 2.8 Examples of the Atomic-Resolution ETEM -- 2.8.1 In Situ Catalyst Activation for Biofuel Synthesis -- References -- Chapter 3: Gas-Electron Interaction in the ETEM -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Influence on Instrument Performance -- 3.2.1 Geometric Considerations -- 3.2.2 Loss of Intensity -- 3.2.3 Resolution in TEM -- 3.2.4 Contrast of Bright field images -- 3.3 On the Propagation of Electrons in an ETEM -- 3.3.1 Influence on Material Observations -- 3.3.2 Ionization of Gas Molecules -- 3.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: Spectroscopy of Solids, Gases, and Liquids in the ETEM -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Primary Spectroscopies for the ETEM -- 4.2.1 Inelastic Electron Scattering -- 4.2.2 Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy -- 4.2.2.1 Elemental Analysis with EELS -- 4.2.2.2 Near-Edge Fine Structure and Bonding. , 4.2.2.3 EELS of Gases in the ETEM -- 4.2.3 Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy -- 4.2.4 Residual Gas Analysis -- 4.2.5 Comparison Between RGA and EELS of Gases Techniques -- 4.3 Determining Dynamic Chemical Changes in Solids with EELS -- 4.3.1 Oxides -- 4.3.2 Metals -- 4.3.3 Hydride Detection -- 4.4 Applications Characterizing Local Gas and Liquid Environments -- 4.4.1 Local Temperature Measurement -- 4.4.2 EELS and Characterization of Liquid Environments -- 4.4.3 Operando TEM -- 4.5 Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 5: Image Detectors for Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy (ETEM) -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 In Situ Camera System -- 5.2.1 Type of Image Sensors -- 5.2.2 Shutters/Beam Blankers -- 5.2.2.1 TEM Shutter -- Post-specimen Shutters -- Pre-specimen Shutters -- 5.2.2.2 Rolling Shutter -- 5.2.2.3 Global Shutter -- 5.2.3 Duty Cycle -- 5.2.4 Detective Quantum Efficiency -- 5.2.5 Software -- 5.2.5.1 Synchronize Images with In Situ Meta Data -- 5.2.5.2 Strategy for Data Acquisition and Storage -- 5.2.5.3 Data Mining and Analysis -- 5.3 Scintillator-Based Cameras -- 5.3.1 Camera Construction -- 5.3.2 Examples of In Situ TEM -- 5.4 Direct Detection Cameras -- 5.4.1 Design and Construction -- 5.4.2 Recent Examples -- 5.5 Summary and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 6: Closed Cell Systems for In Situ TEM with Gas Environments Ranging from 0.1 to 5 Bar -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Nanoreactor Developments in Delft -- 6.3 Different Types of Nanoreactors -- 6.4 The NR Holders Used in Delft -- 6.5 The Alignment Tool -- 6.6 The Gas Supply Systems in Delft -- 6.7 Manufacturers of Nanoreactor Systems -- 6.8 Design Requirements for the Nanoreactors -- 6.8.1 Requirement 1: Electron Transparent Windows that Withstand 10 bar -- 6.8.1.1 Experimental Mechanical Characterization Through Bulge Tests. , 6.8.2 Requirement 2: Allow Heating of Gas and Specimen with a High Accuracy in T -- 6.8.3 Requirement 3: Easy Loading of the Specimen -- 6.8.4 Requirement 4: Allow a Controllable Gas -- 6.8.5 Requirement 5: Compatibility with Normal TEM Operation -- 6.8.6 Requirement 6: The NR Should Be Easy to Use and Made as Disposable -- 6.8.6.1 The Cleanroom Process for the Sandwiched NR -- 6.8.6.2 The Cleanroom Process of the One-Chip NR -- 6.8.7 Requirement 7: The Carbon Contamination Should Be Negligibly Small -- 6.8.8 Requirement 8: The Electron Transparent Membranes Should Be Uniform in Thickness and Amorphous -- 6.8.9 Requirement 9: The Length of the Gas (or Liquid) Column Should Be Small (Matching the Required Resolution) -- 6.8.10 Requirement 10: The Resolution Should Preferably Be the Same as that of a Standard Holder -- 6.8.11 Requirement 11: The drift Should Be Small Enough to Record High-Resolution Images -- 6.9 Electron Beam Effects -- 6.10 Examples of Experiments -- 6.10.1 In Situ TEM on (de)Hydrogenation of Pd at 0.5-4.5 Bar H Pressure and 20-400 oC Using a Composite Flowing Gas NR -- 6.10.2 Oscillatory CO Oxidation Catalyzed by Pt Nanoparticles Using Time-Resolved High-Resolution Transmission Electron Micros... -- 6.10.3 Corrosion and Heat-Treatment in Al Alloys -- References -- Part II: Applications -- Chapter 7: Growth of One-Dimensional Nanomaterials in the ETEM -- 7.1 Motivation and Background -- 7.2 CVD Synthesis Process -- 7.3 Advantages of In Situ Experiments -- 7.4 Instrumentation Required -- 7.5 Experimental Design -- 7.6 Specimen Preparation Considerations -- 7.7 Data Analysis -- 7.8 Examples of Information Gained from In Situ 1D Nanomaterial Growth Experiments -- 7.8.1 Nanowire Growth -- 7.8.2 CNT Growth -- 7.9 Limitations -- 7.9.1 Electron Beam Damage -- 7.9.2 Temperature Measurement -- 7.10 Future Research Directions -- References. , Chapter 8: The Structure of Catalysts Studied Using Environmental Transmission Electron Microscopy -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Applications Within Catalysis -- 8.3 On the Active State of Supported Metal Catalysts -- 8.3.1 Cu/ZnO: Methanol Synthesis -- 8.3.2 Au/Oxides: CO Oxidation -- 8.3.3 Ru/BN: Ammonia Synthesis -- 8.3.4 Photocatalysis -- 8.4 Catalyst Deactivation -- 8.4.1 Dynamic Studies: Growth and Oxidation of Carbon Structures -- 8.4.2 Sintering of Supported Metal Catalysts -- 8.4.3 Fuel Cells -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: Liquid Phase Experiments: Describing Experiments in Liquids and the Special Requirements and Considerations for Suc... -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Systems for Electron Microscopy of Liquid Specimens -- 9.2.1 Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy -- 9.2.2 Liquid Cell TEM -- 9.2.3 Liquid STEM -- 9.2.4 SEM with Closed Device -- 9.3 Examples of Applications -- 9.3.1 ESEM of Whole Cells -- 9.3.2 Liquid Cell TEM of Gold Dendrite Growth -- 9.3.3 Liquid STEM of Whole Eukaryotic Cells -- 9.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: In Situ TEM Electrical Measurements -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Historical Perspective of In Situ TEM Electrical Measurements -- 10.1.2 Advantages and Pitfalls of Electrically Contacted In Situ Measurements -- 10.2 Application of In Situ TEM Electrical Measurements -- 10.2.1 In Situ TEM Electrical Measurements in Vacuum -- 10.2.1.1 Contacting by Nanomanipulators -- 10.2.1.2 Chip-Based Contacts -- 10.2.2 In Situ TEM Electrical Measurements in Reactive Gas Environments -- 10.2.3 In Situ TEM Electrical Measurements in Liquid -- 10.3 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 11: ETEM Studies of Electrodes and Electro-catalysts -- 11.1 Introduction into Electro-catalysis -- 11.1.1 The Equilibrium State of the Electrode Surface. , 11.1.2 Electrochemical Activity Driven by Beam Induced or Applied Electric Potentials -- 11.2 Critical Assessment of What Kind of Electrochemical Electrode Properties Can Be Observed in ETEM Experiments -- 11.2.1 Pressure-Dependent Equilibrium State of the Electrode -- 11.2.2 Control of Sample Potential V -- 11.2.3 Active Sites and States -- 11.2.4 Turn Over -- 11.2.5 Transient and Transition States -- 11.3 Case Studies of Model Systems -- 11.3.1 In Situ Studies of Thermally Activated Redox Reactions -- 11.3.2 Manganese Oxide Redox Reactions via Beam Induced Potentials -- 11.3.3 Oxygen Evolution at Manganite Electrodes Visualized by Sacrificial Reactions -- 11.3.4 Two Electrode Experiments in Gas Phase: Bias Control of Corrosion -- 11.3.5 Two Electrode Experiments with Liquid Electrolytes: Lithium Intercalation -- 11.4 Electron Beam Induced Electric Potentials -- 11.4.1 Determination of Secondary Electron Emission Yields from Electron Transparent Thin Foils -- 11.4.2 Neutralization Currents -- 11.4.3 Direct Measurement of Beam Induced Potentials -- 11.4.4 Measurement of Beam Induced Potentials by Off-Axis Electron Holography -- 11.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- ERRATUM.