Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- About the Editors -- Contributors -- Part I: Pathogenicity and Drug Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis -- Molecular Basis of Drug Resistance in Mycobacteria -- Resistance Due to Common Mechanisms like Permeability and Efflux Pumps -- Molecular Mechanism(s) Associated with/Contributing to Resistance Against Different Groups of Antimycobacterial Drugs -- Rifamycins -- Leprosy -- NTM -- Rifamycin Congeners -- Isoniazid (INH) -- Ethionamide/Prothionamide -- Pyrazinamide (PZA) -- Ethambutol (EMB) -- Aminoglycosides -- Cyclic Peptide Antibiotics -- Clofazimine (CLF) -- Bedaquiline (Bdq) -- Delaminid -- Linezolid (LZD) -- Cycloserine -- Terizidone (TRD) -- Fluoroquinolones (FQs) -- FQ Resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis -- FQ Resistance in M. leprae -- Macrolides -- Sulphones -- Para-amino Salicylic Acid (PAS) -- Beta-lactam Antibiotics -- Tetracyclines (TET) -- Future Perspective -- References -- The Challenge of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: An Update -- Introduction -- Drug-Resistant TB: Magnitude of the Problem -- The Global Burden of MDR-TB -- Risk Factors for Development of Drug-Resistant TB -- Mechanisms of Antituberculosis Drug Resistance and Factors Associated with Its Emergence -- Mechanism of Resistance to First-Line Anti-TB Drugs (Table 1) -- Rifampicin (RIF) -- Isoniazid (INH) -- Pyrazinamide (PZA) -- Ethambutol (EMB) -- Fluoroquinolones (Group A) -- Second-Line Injectable Drugs (Group B) -- Streptomycin (SM) -- Kanamycin (KAN) and Amikacin (AMK) -- Other Core Second-Line Drugs (Group C) -- Clofazimine (CFZ) -- Ethionamide (ETH) -- D-Cycloserine (DCS) -- Para-aminosalicylic Acid (PAS) -- Recently Introduced Anti-TB Drugs -- Bedaquiline (BDQ) -- Delamanid -- Alternative Mechanisms of Drug Resistance -- Membrane Impermeability. , Drug Inactivation or Modification by Enzymes -- Target Alteration -- Drug Resistance in M. tuberculosis Is Very Complex and Some Other Complicating Factors Should Also Be Considered -- Drug Tolerance and Persistence -- Cross-Resistance -- Hetero-resistance -- Detection of Drug-Resistant M. tuberculosis -- Phenotypic Drug Susceptibility Testing (PDST) Methods -- Absolute Concentration Method -- Resistance Ratio Method -- Proportion Method of Drug Susceptibility Testing (PDST) -- Nitrate Reductase Method -- Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility (MODS) -- Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) -- Molecular and Genotypic Methods -- Line Probe Assay -- GeneXpert -- Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) -- References -- Eliminating Mycobacterial Persistence: Novel Targets for Anti-TB Therapy -- Introduction -- Dormant Bacilli -- Persisters -- Latent Bacteria -- Models for Studying Dormancy, Persistence, and Latency -- In Vitro Models -- The Wayne Model -- Nutrient Starvation Model -- Single Stress Models -- Multiple Stress Model -- Persister Model -- In Vivo Models -- Cornell Mouse Model -- Guinea Pig/Rabbit Model -- Nonhuman Primate Model -- Mechanisms of Mycobacterial Persistence -- Metabolic Adaptations -- Glyoxylate Shunt and Gluconeogenesis -- Nitrate Respiration -- Regulatory Mechanisms -- Stringent Response -- Dos Regulon -- Toxin-Antitoxin Modules -- Transcription Factors -- Other Mechanisms -- Efflux Pumps -- Cell Wall Components -- Strategies to Target Latent TB -- Targeting Resuscitation-Promoting Factors (Rpf) -- Anti-persister Strategies -- Alternative Treatment Strategies -- Concluding Remarks -- References -- Response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to pH Stress: Promising Approach to Control Tuberculosis -- Introduction -- Significance of pH in MTB Pathogenesis -- Factors Governing pH Responses in MTB -- Cell Envelope -- Porins. , Carbon Sources -- β-Carbonic Anhydrase -- Protonophores -- Proteases -- Transcriptional Regulator -- Micronutrients -- Potassium -- Magnesium -- Targeting pH Homeostasis as Promising Approach -- Targeting Cell Envelope -- Targeting Porins -- Targeting Carbon Sources -- Targeting β-Carbonic Anhydrase -- Targeting Protonophores -- Targeting Proteases -- Targeting Transcriptional Regulator -- Targeting Micronutrients -- Conclusión -- References -- Roadmap for the Eradication of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis -- Introduction -- Global Efforts to Control and Eliminate TB -- Control, Elimination and Eradication -- Case Finding -- Diagnosis of TB and Future Prospects -- Latent Tuberculosis Infection -- TB Vaccine -- TB Drugs and Regimens -- TB Elimination in India -- Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Candida Infections and Therapeutic Strategies -- Fungal Diseases and Their Treatment: A Holistic Approach -- Introduction -- Fungi -- Type of Fungi -- How Fungi Interact with Human? -- Pathogenesis of Fungi -- Sources of Fungal Infections -- Type of Infections Caused by Fungal Pathogens -- Fungal diseases on the basis of site of infection in the human body -- How Common Are Fungal Diseases? -- Infection on the Basis of Affected Organs of the Human Body -- Epidemiology of Pathogenic Fungi -- Current Trends of Available Drugs against Fungi -- Multidrug Resistance in Pathogenic Fungi -- Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Fungi -- Ways to Overcome Drug Resistance of Fungi -- Future Directions of the Drugs Against Resistance Fungi -- Conclusions -- References -- Candida Pathogenicity and Alternative Therapeutic Strategies -- Introduction -- C. albicans and Other Candida Species -- Virulence and Pathogenicity -- Conventional Antifungal Drugs and Their Mode of Action -- Phytomedicine and New Approaches -- Conclusion -- References. , Role of Mitochondria in Fungal Drug Resistance -- Introduction -- Mitochondrial Genome in Different Fungi -- Role of Mitochondria in Drug Resistance -- Importance of mtDNA and Mitochondria Dysfunction in Drug Resistance -- Heme metabolism affecting Resistance/Sensitivity -- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)-Mitochondrial Calcium (Ca2+) Crosstalk -- Mitochondria association with ER -- Phospholipid Biosynthesis in Mitochondria -- Others -- Concluding Comments -- References -- Preventive Potential and Action Mechanism of Essential Oils Against Dermatophytes -- Introduction -- The Diseases Caused by Dermatophytes -- Essential Oils in Control of Dermatophytic Problems -- Antidermatophytic Potential of Essential Oils -- Essential Oils Mechanism of Action on Dermatophytes -- Conclusions -- References -- Part III: Malaria Parasite Biology -- Road Towards Development of New Antimalarial: Organelle Associated Metabolic Pathways in Plasmodium as Drug Targets and Discov... -- Introduction -- Antimalarials Targeting Haemoglobin Uptake, Degradation and the Food Vacuole -- Mitochondrial Metabolic Pathways as Targets for Anti-malarial Development -- Electron Transport Chain (ETC) -- Components of TCA Cycle -- Pyrimidine Biosynthesis Pathway -- Protein Synthesis and Degradation Pathways in Mitochondria -- Fe-S Cluster Biosynthesis -- Metabolic Pathways in Apicoplast for Antimalarial Development -- Apicoplast-Associated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis -- Isoprenoids Biosynthesis as Target and Use of Antibiotics -- Inhibitors of Transcription and Translation Machinery in the Apicoplast -- Heme Biosynthesis -- Iron-Sulphur (Fe-S) Biosynthesis -- Apicoplast Proteases -- Lipid Metabolism in Plasmodium: Potential Targets for Drug Development -- Recent Developments in Antimalarial Discovery -- Summary -- References. , Cellular Homoeostasis and Cell Signalling in Malaria Parasite: Role of Autophagy -- Introduction -- Autophagy and Signalling in Plasmodium -- Induction and Nucleation of Autophagosome Vacuoles -- Atg1 Kinase Complex -- ATG9 and Its Cycling System -- Atg8 and Atg12 Ubiquitin Conjugation System -- Atg7 Protein Complex -- PtdIns3K Complex -- Phagophore Expansion -- Roles of Autophagy in Plasmodium -- Autophagy in Protein Secretion and Trafficking -- Autophagy in Programmed Cell Death -- Host Autophagy Machinery During Plasmodium Life Cycle -- References -- Part IV: Emerging Viral Diseases -- Hepatitis C Virus and Innate Interferon Response: Pathogen Biology, Drug Resistance, Novel Drug Targets, and Therapeutic Strat... -- Introduction -- HCV Biology and Pathogenesis -- HCV Genome Sensing and Innate Immune System -- HCV Genome Recognition by Retinoic Inducible Gene-I -- HCV Genome Recognition by MDA5 -- HCV Genome Recognition by TLRs -- Downstream Signaling from TLR3, TLR7, and TLR8 -- HCV Infection and Induction of Interferons -- Viral Proteins Known to Block Interferon Response -- Role of Other Sensing Molecules in Interferon Response Against HCV -- Novel Drugs and Therapeutic Strategies -- Antiviral Drug Resistance -- Conclusion -- References -- Epidemiological Trends and Current Challenges in Ebola: Pathogen Biology, Drug Targets, and Therapeutic Strategies -- Ebola Virus Characteristics Taxonomy, Morphology, and Structure -- Transmission Among Humans -- Genetics Genome, Gene Functions, Transcription, and Replication -- Evolution -- Biology of Virus Entry and Multiplication in Host Cells -- Drug Targets and Therapeutics -- Inhibitors of Ebola Virus Entry -- Replication of EBOV -- Interferons -- EBOV Gene Expression Inhibitors -- Other Therapeutic Strategy: Transfusion of Convalescent Blood/Serum. , Small Molecules as Inhibitors of Ebola Virus Infection.

Note: Intro -- Foreword by Dr. Shahid Jameel -- Foreword by Prof. Abdulhadi Baykal -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I: Infectious Diseases -- 1: A Holistic View of Human Infectious Diseases: Challenges and Opportunities -- 1.1 Overview -- 1.2 Chain of Infection -- 1.2.1 Infectious Agents -- 1.2.2 Reservoir -- 1.2.3 Modes of Escape -- 1.2.4 Mode of Transmission -- 1.2.5 Direct Contact -- 1.2.5.1 Droplet Transmission -- 1.2.5.2 Indirect Transmission -- Airborne Transmission -- Vehicle Borne Transmission -- Vector Borne Transmission -- 1.2.6 Portal of Entry -- 1.2.7 Susceptible Host -- 1.3 Emerging and Re-emerging Diseases -- 1.3.1 Re-emerging Infectious Diseases -- 1.3.2 Factors Contributing to Emergence or Re-emergence of Infectious Diseases -- 1.3.3 Globalization, Trade, and Travelling -- 1.3.4 Environmental and Ecological Changes -- 1.3.5 Human-Reservoir (Wild Animal) Interface -- 1.3.6 Adaptations and Changes of Microbial Agents/Antibiotic Resistance -- 1.4 Interventions for Infectious Disease Control and Prevention -- 1.4.1 Antimicrobials/Antibiotics -- 1.4.2 Vaccines -- 1.4.3 Public Health Priority for Infection Control -- 1.5 New Strategies and Hopes -- 1.5.1 Nanotechnology and Nanobiology -- 1.5.2 Gene Sequencing to Inform Infection Control -- 1.5.3 Data Handling and Simulation Systems -- 1.5.4 Healthcare Reforms -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2: Application of Nanotechnology in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases: An Overview -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nano Formulations for the Treatment of Bacterial Infections -- 2.3 Nano Formulations for the Treatment of Fungal Infections -- 2.4 Application of Nanotechnology Against Viral Infections -- 2.5 Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Targeting Infectious Diseases -- 2.6 Nanomaterials Vaccines for Infectious Diseases. , 2.7 Nanomaterials in Photothermal Therapy Against Infectious Pathogens -- 2.8 Application of Nanodiamonds in Infectious Diseases -- 2.9 Synergistic Antimicrobial Potentials of Nanomaterials/Nanocomposite in Combination with Other Antimicrobial Agents Against... -- 2.10 Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 2.11 Conclusion -- References -- 3: Understanding the Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics for Infectious Diseases -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Transmission of Infectious Diseases -- 3.3 Infectious Diseases -- 3.3.1 Bacterial Diseases -- 3.3.2 Fungal Infections -- 3.3.3 Viral Infections -- 3.3.4 Parasitic Infections -- 3.4 Emerging Infectious Diseases -- 3.5 Pharamacotherapeutic Interventions -- 3.5.1 Antibiotics -- 3.5.1.1 Beta Lactam Antibiotics -- 3.5.1.2 Fluoroquinolones -- 3.5.2 Antifungals -- 3.5.3 Antivirals -- 3.5.3.1 Antiviral Targeting the Viral Proteins -- 3.5.3.2 Antivirals Targeting the Host Proteins -- 3.5.4 Antiparasitic Drugs -- 3.6 Nanomedicine -- 3.6.1 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Nanomedicine -- 3.6.1.1 Organic Nanoparticles -- 3.6.1.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles -- 3.6.2 Nanoparticles in Infectious Diseases -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Part II: Nanomaterials as Anti-infection Therapeutics -- 4: Advanced Nanomaterials for Infectious Diseases Therapeutics -- 4.1 Metal-Based Nanoparticles -- 4.1.1 Silver Nanoparticles -- 4.1.2 Gold Nanoparticles -- 4.1.3 Iron-Oxide Based Nanoparticles -- 4.1.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.1.5 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles -- 4.2 Encapsulated Nanoparticles -- 4.2.1 Polymer/Dendrimer Encapsulation -- 4.2.2 Metal Encapsulation -- 4.3 Nanoantibiotics -- 4.4 Conclusions and Future Trend -- References -- 5: Metal-Based Nanoparticles for Infectious Diseases and Therapeutics -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Bacteria and Antibacterial Drug -- 5.3 Metal-Based Nanoparticles. , 5.3.1 Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Metal-Based Nanoparticles -- 5.3.2 Classification of Metal-Based Nanoparticles -- 5.3.3 Metal Nanoparticles Against Infectious Diseases -- 5.3.4 Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Against Infectious Diseases -- 5.3.5 Metal Sulfide Nanoparticles Against Infectious Diseases -- 5.4 General Mechanism of Metal-Based Nanoparticles Against Infectious Diseases -- 5.5 Factors Affecting the Antimicrobial Activities of Nanoparticles -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6: The Future Therapy of Nanomedicine Against Respiratory Viral Infections -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Viruses Classification According to the Genetic Materials -- 6.3 The Threat of Respiratory Viral Infections -- 6.3.1 The SARS-CoV-2 Threat -- 6.3.2 Toxicity of Conventional Antiviral Drugs -- 6.4 Nanodrugs and Their Efficacy in Killing Viruses -- 6.4.1 Nanomedicine Weapon Against SARS-CoV-2 Threat -- 6.4.2 Biogenic and Non-biogenic Metallic Nanoparticles and Its Antiviral Efficiency -- 6.4.3 The Antiviral Activity of Organic Nanoparticles -- 6.4.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 6.4.3.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials as Antivirals -- 6.4.3.3 Lactoferrin Loaded Nanoparticles as Antivirals -- 6.4.3.4 Silica Nanocarriers as Antivirals -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7: Application of Nanoparticles to Invasive Fungal Infections -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Antifungal Therapy -- 7.2.1 Azole Compounds -- 7.2.2 Pyrimidine Analogous -- 7.2.3 Polyenes -- 7.2.4 Echinocandins -- 7.3 Nanoformulations for Antifungal Therapy -- 7.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 7.3.2 Metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.3 Lipid Nanoparticles -- 7.4 Systemic Mycoses and Nanotechnology -- 7.4.1 Candida sp. -- 7.4.1.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 7.4.1.2 Lipid Nanoparticles -- 7.4.2 Aspergillus sp. -- 7.4.2.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 7.4.3 Cryptococcus sp. -- 7.4.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles. , 7.4.3.2 Metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.4.3.3 Lipid Nanoparticles -- 7.4.4 Paracoccidioides sp. -- 7.4.4.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles -- Polymeric Nanoparticles Used in Vaccines -- 7.4.4.2 Metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.4.4.3 Lipid Nanoparticles -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Nanomaterials in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Leishmaniasis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Available Chemotherapeutic Drugs for Leishmaniasis -- 8.2.1 Pentavalent Antimonial -- 8.2.2 Pentamidine -- 8.2.3 Amphotericin B -- 8.2.4 Miltefosine -- 8.2.5 Paromomycin -- 8.2.6 Sitamaquine -- 8.2.7 Other New Antileishmanial Molecules -- 8.3 Conventional Methods for Detection of Leishmaniasis -- 8.4 Nanomaterials in the Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis -- 8.5 Nanomaterials in the Therapy and Protection Against Leishmania spp. Infection -- 8.5.1 Antileishmanial Nanoparticles and Nanopreparations -- 8.5.2 Nanomaterials in the Development of Vaccine Against Leishmaniasis -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9: A Comprehensive Review on the Synthesis, Surface Decoration of Nanoselenium and Their Medical Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chemical Synthesis of SeNPs -- 9.2.1 Chemical Reduction Methods -- 9.2.2 Wet Chemical Method -- 9.2.3 Hydrothermal Methods -- 9.2.4 Solvothermal Method -- 9.2.5 Sol-Gel Method -- 9.3 Physical Synthesis of SeNPs -- 9.3.1 Lser bltin -- 9.3.2 Microwave Irradiation Method -- 9.3.3 Sonochemical (Ultrasonic) -- 9.3.4 Gamma Radiation -- 9.3.5 Low Temperature Reactive Aerosol Processing -- 9.3.6 Heterogeneous Condensation Method -- 9.3.7 Ball Milling Method -- 9.4 Biological Synthesis of SeNPs -- 9.5 Antimicrobial Activity and Mechanism of SeNPs -- 9.6 Surface Decoration of SeNPs -- 9.6.1 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) -- 9.6.2 Polyporus rhinoceros -- 9.6.3 Chitosan -- 9.6.4 Other Amino Acids -- 9.6.5 Proteins or Polypeptide -- 9.6.6 Natural Products -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References. , Part III: Nanotechnology and Drug Carriers -- 10: Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Systems: Ways to Boost Bioavailability of Drugs -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Nanotechnology Oriented Drug Delivery Systems -- 10.3 Nanoparticles as Drug Carrier -- 10.4 Quantum Dots Nanocarriers -- 10.5 Electrospun Nanofibers as Carriers -- 10.6 Nanoemulsions for Delivery of Drugs -- 10.7 Nanohydrogel Delivery Systems -- 10.8 Conclusion -- References -- 11: Recent Developments in Silica Nanoparticle Based Drug Delivery System -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Types of Silica Nanoparticles -- 11.3 Non-porous Silica Nanoparticle -- 11.4 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles -- 11.5 Core/Shell Silica Nanoparticles -- 11.6 Synthesis of Silica Nanoparticles -- 11.7 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System -- 11.8 pH Responsive MSN Based Carrier System -- 11.9 Redox Responsive Nanocarrier -- 11.10 Enzyme Responsive Nanocarrier -- 11.11 Silica Nanoparticle as a DDS for Infectious Diseases -- 11.12 Beneficial Attributes of NPs for Treatment of Infectious Diseases -- 11.13 Specific Properties of MSN Due to Which they are Used as a Nanocarrier for Infectious Disease Treatment -- 11.14 Biocompatibility, Biodistribution, and Clearance of Silica Nanoparticles -- References -- 12: Nano Drug Delivery Approaches for Lymphatic Filariasis Therapeutics -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Pathophysiological Aspects of Lymphatic Filariasis and Drug Based Targeting -- 12.3 Nanomedicine as Advanced Tool for Targeting -- 12.3.1 Nanotechnology for Overcoming Anatomical Barriers -- 12.3.1.1 In the Treatment of Adult Stage Filariasis Through Targeted Nano Drug Delivery System -- 12.3.1.2 Nanotherapeutic Amplification of MIF Effectiveness to Stop the Conduction of Lymphatic Filariasis -- 12.3.2 Nanotechnology as Enhancing the Physiochemical Properties. , 12.3.2.1 Nanoscientific Elucidation for Poor Solubility of Anti-filarial Agents.