Note: Cover Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Chromosome 22 Deletion Syndrome And Schizophrenia -- I. Introduction -- II. 22q11DS: Mechanism of the Deletion -- III. 22q11DS: Clinical Phenotype -- IV. 22q11DS: Psychosis -- V. 22q11DS: Neuropathology -- VI. 22q11DS: Positional Cloning Schizophrenia Susceptibility Loci -- VII. 22q11DS: Murine Models -- VIII. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase -- IX. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Characterization of Proteome of Human Cerebrospinal Fluid -- I. Introduction -- II. Materials and Methods -- A. Collection of Human CSF by Lumbar Puncture and Exclusion Criteria -- B. CSF Sample Preparation and Fractionation with SDS-PAGE -- C. In-Gel Digestion -- D. Protein Identification Using LC Followed by LCQ-MS -- E. Protein Identification Using Off-Line SCX Chromatography Followed by LTQ-FT MS -- F. Data Processing and Analysis -- III. Results -- A. Proteins Identified by muLC-LCQ-MS/MS -- B. Proteins Identified by nanoLC-LTQ-FT MS/MS Following Off-Line SCX Separation -- C. Reexamination of Previously Identified Proteins -- D. Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Hormonal Pathways Regulating Intermale And Interfemale Aggression -- I. Introduction -- A. Common Regulatory Concepts in Males and Females -- II. Females -- A. DHEA as a Neurosteroid -- III. Males -- A. Regulation in the Adult -- B. Neural Steroid Receptors -- IV. Hormonal Modulation of Serotonin Function -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Neuronal GAP Junctions: Expression, Function, And Implications For Behavior -- I. A Brief History of Gap Junctions -- II. Gap Junction Structure -- III. Gap Junctions in the Brain -- IV. Electrical Coupling in the Brain -- V. Properties and Function of Electrical Synapses -- VI. Modulation of Electrical Synapses and Gap-Junctional Coupling. , VII. Use-Dependent Plasticity -- VIII. Local Factors: Voltage, pH, and Calcium -- IX. Neurotransmitter and Second Messenger Modulation -- X. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Effects of Genes and Stress on the Neurobiology of Depression -- I. Introduction -- II. Stress and Depression -- III. Genetics and Depression -- IV. Serotonergic System -- V. Candidate Gene Studies of the Serotonergic System -- A. Serotonin Transporter -- B. Serotonin Receptors -- C. Other Serotonin Receptors -- D. Tryptophan Hydroxylase -- VI. Current Stress and the Serotonergic System -- A. Early Life Stress and the Serotonergic System -- VII. Gene Stress Interaction -- VIII. Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenocortical (HPA) Axis -- A. Genetics and the HPA Axis -- B. Early Life Stress and the HPA Axis -- IX. Noradrenergic System -- A. Genetics and the Noradrenergic System -- B. Current Stress and the Noradrenergic System -- C. Early Life Stress and the Noradrenergic System -- X. Dopaminergic System in Depression -- A. Genetics and the Dopaminergic System -- B. Current Stress and the Dopaminergic System -- C. Early Life Stress and the Dopaminergic System -- XI. GABAergic System -- A. Genetics and the GABAergic System -- B. Early Life Stress and the GABAergic System -- XII. Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor -- A. Genetics and BDNF -- B. Current Stress and BDNF -- C. Early Life Stress and BDNF -- XIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Quantitative Imaging with the Micro-pet Small-Animal Pet Tomograph -- I. Introduction -- II. Setup and Calibration -- A. Scanner Setup -- B. Calibration -- C. Quality Control -- D. External Radioactivity Measurements -- E. Animal Positioning -- III. Physical Corrections -- A. Randoms -- B. Deadtime -- C. Attenuation -- D. Scatter -- E. Normalization -- F. Natural Background Radioactivity of LSO -- IV. Image Reconstruction. , V. Data Analysis -- A. Anatomical Segmentation and Image Registration -- B. Partial Volume Correction -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Understanding Myelination Through Studying Its Evolution -- I. Introduction -- II. Evidence that Glial Cells First Interacted with Large Axons in a "Nonmyelin" Relationship -- III. Myelin-like Sheaths in Invertebrates -- A. Morphological Considerations -- B. Physiological Properties of Invertebrate Myelinated Fibers -- C. Biochemical Properties of Invertebrate Myelinated Fibers -- D. Concluding Remarks on Invertebrate Fiber Myelination -- IV. Vertebrate Myelinated Nervous System -- A. Morphological Features -- B. Biochemical and Molecular Features of Vertebrate Myelin Sheaths -- C. Differentiation of Myelinating CNS and PNS Glial Cells -- V. Use of Comparative Myelin Studies to Understand CNS Regeneration -- A. Myelin Inhibition, a Historical Perspective -- B. Characterization of Regeneration Inhibitors in Mammals -- C. Phylogeny of CNS Regeneration -- D. Comparative Genomics of the Myelin Inhibitory Machinery -- E. CNS Regeneration Despite Myelin Inhibitors-Does the Immune System Make the Difference? -- F. Conclusion: Collision of Biological Necessity and Clinical Needs -- VI. Future Studies of Myelin Evolution -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- International Review of Neurobiology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contents of Volumes 1-25 -- Subject Index -- Contributor Index.

Note: Front Cover -- International Review of Neurobiology -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- Chapter 1. Behavioral Mechanisms and the Neurobiology of Conditioned Sexual Responding -- I. Introduction -- II. Pavlovian Conditioning of Sexual Responses -- III. Hormones and Sexual Conditioning -- IV. Sexual Conditioning and the Brain -- V. Behavior Systems and Biological Constraints on Learning -- VI. Conditioning and the Sexual Behavior System of Quail: The Role of Species-typical Cues -- VII. Pavlovian Conditioning and Reproductive Success -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. NMDA Receptors in Alcoholism -- I. Alcohol Dependence -- II. The NMDA Receptor -- III. Acute Effect of Ethanol on the NMDA Receptor -- IV. Role of the NMDA Receptor in the Perception of Ethanol's Effects -- V. Role of the NMDA Receptor in Adaptation to Ethanol -- VI. The NMDA Receptor and Pharmacotherapy of Alcohol Dependence -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Processing and Representation of Species-Specific Communication Calls in the Auditory System of Bats -- I. Introduction -- II. General Features of the Mammalian Auditory System -- III. The Structure of Communication Calls Emitted by Mexican Free-tailed Bats -- IV. Processing and Representation of Communication Sounds in a Lower Auditory Nucleus -- V. The Population of DNLL Neurons Reproduce the Spectral and Temporal Features of any Complex Signal -- VI. Processing and Representation of Communication Sounds is More Complex in the Inferior Colliculus -- VII. Progressive Transformations Occur along the Auditory Pathway but are Scrambled in the IC -- VIII. Due to Selectivity, Each Call is Coded in the Inferior Colliculus by a Unique Population Response -- IX. Processing in the Cortex -- X. The Biosonar Calls of the Mustache Bat -- XI. The Auditory Cortex of the Mustache Bat. , XII. The Mustache Bat Auditory Cortex is Well Adapted for Processing Both Biosonar and Communication Calls -- XIII. Structure of the Mustache Bats' Social Communication Calls -- XIV. Responses of FM-FM Neurons in the Mustache Bat Cortex to Social Communication Calls -- XV. Is Combinatorial Sensitivity an Emergent Property in the Forebrain of Vertebrates? -- XVI. Mechanisms that Generate Combination Sensitivity -- XVII. Implications for Hierarchical Processing -- XVIII. Concluding Comments -- References -- Chapter 4. Central Nervous System Control of Micturition -- I. Introduction -- II. Motoneurons Innervating Bladder and Urethral Sphincter -- III. Sacral Cord Micturition Reflexes -- IV. Brainstem-Spinal Cord Pathways Coordinate Bladder and Sphincter Motoneurons -- V. Afferent Systems of the M-region -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5. The Structure and Physiology of the Rat Auditory System: An Overview -- I. Introduction -- II. The Cochlear Nuclear Complex -- III. The Superior Olivary Complex -- IV. The Nuclei of the Lateral Lemniscus -- V. The Inferior Colliculus -- VI. The Medial Geniculate Body -- VII. The Auditory Cortex -- VIII. The Descending Auditory Pathway -- IX. Concluding Remarks -- X. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6. Neurobiology of Cat and Human Sexual Behavior -- I. The Spino-Brainstem-Spinal Circuit for the Mating Reflex in Cat -- II. Central Control of Mating Behavior in Humans -- III. Differences in Central Nervous System Control of Sexual Behavior Between Rodents and Primates -- References -- INDEX -- CONTENTS OF RECENT VOLUMES -- Color Plate Section.

Note: Front Cover -- International Review of Neurobiology -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1. Unique General Anesthetic Binding Sites Within Distinct Conformational States of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor -- I. Introduction -- II. General Anesthetics -- III. The Ligand-Gated Ion Channel Receptor Superfamily -- IV. General Anesthetic Binding Sites -- V. Possible Caveats -- VI. Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 2. Signaling Molecules and Receptor Transduction Cascades That Regulate NMDA Receptor-Mediated Synaptic Transmission -- I. Excitatory Synaptic Transmission -- II. General Information About NMDARs -- III. Signaling Molecules and Their Regulation of NMDA Channels -- IV. Trafficking of Glutamate Receptors -- V. General Information on GPCRs -- VI. Receptor Tyrosine Kinases -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3. Behavioral Measures of Alcohol Self-Administration and Intake Control: Rodent Models -- I. Introduction -- II. Background -- III. Methods to Measure Ethanol-Seeking in Rodents -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4. Dopaminergic Mouse Mutants: Investigating the Roles of the Different Dopamine Receptor Subtypes and the Dopamine Transporter -- I. Dopamine and Its Receptors -- II. History of the Dopamine Receptors -- III. D1-Like Receptors -- IV. D2-Like Receptors -- V. Double Knockout Models -- VI. Dopamine Transporter -- VII. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5. Drosophila melanogaster, A Genetic Model System for Alcohol Research -- I. Introduction -- II. Ethanol Metabolism -- III. Ethanol Toxicity -- IV. Acute Ethanol Intoxication -- V. Ethanol Tolerance -- VI. Ethanol Preference -- VII. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: front cover -- copyright -- table of contents -- contributors -- MAPPING NEURORECEPTORS AT WORK: ON THE DEFINITION AND INTERPRETATION OF BINDING POTENTIALS AFTER 20 YEARS OF PROGRESS -- I. Twenty Years of Progress -- II. Remaining Issues -- III. Solutions -- References 1 -- MITOCHONDRIAL DYSFUNCTION IN BIPOLAR DISORDER: FROM MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPIC FINDINGS TO THEIR MOLECULAR MECHANISMS -- I. Introduction 2 -- II. Phosphorus-31 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- III. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy -- IV. Molecular Genetic Findings -- V. Roles of Mitochondrial Calcium Regulation -- VI. Conclusions -- References 2 -- LARGE-SCALE MICROARRAY STUDIES OF GENE EXPRESSION IN MULTIPLE REGIONS OF THE BRAIN IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE -- I. Introduction 3 -- II. Gene Expression Profiling Using Microarrays: Technologies Overview -- III. Postmortem Brains and Gene Expression Studies -- IV. Comparison of Gene Expression Profiles among Normal Brain Regions -- V. Gene Expression Profiles of Brain Regions in Alzheimer's Disease -- VI. Gene Expression Profiling in Schizophrenia -- VII. Future Perspectives -- References 3 -- REGULATION OF SEROTONIN 2C RECEPTOR PRE-mRNA EDITING BY SEROTONIN -- I. Introduction 4 -- II. Modification of RNA Sequences by RNA Editing via Hydrolytic Deaminations of Adenosines -- III. Enzymes Responsible for A-to-I Editing and Their Substrate Requirements -- IV. A-to-I Editing of the 5- HT2C Receptor Pre- mRNA -- V. Modulation of 5- HT2C Receptor Function by RNA Editing -- VI. 5- HT2C Pre- mRNA Editing Responses to Sustained Changes of Postsynaptic 5-HT2C Receptor Activation -- VII. 5- HT2C Pre- mRNA Editing in the Human Prefrontal Cortex and Alterations in Editing-Site Preferences in Brains of Subjects with Major Depression -- VIII. Conclusions and Future Directions -- References 4. , THE DOPAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF DRUG ADDICTION: HYPODOPAMINERGIC STATE -- I. Drug Addiction as a Brain Disease -- II. The Mesolimbic Dopamine System -- III. Behavioral Animal Models -- IV. Biochemical Studies -- V. Primate Studies -- VI. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments 5 -- References 5 -- HUMAN AND ANIMAL SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES ARE AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES: A NOVEL THEORY AND ITS SUPPORTING EVIDENCE -- I. Introduction 6 -- II. A New Theory on the Mechanism of Pathogenesis of Spongiform Encephalopathies (SEs) -- III. Supporting Evidence -- IV. Early Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Various SE Diseases -- V. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments 6 -- References 6 -- ADENOSINE AND BRAIN FUNCTION -- I. Introduction 7 -- II. Regulation of Brain Adenosine Levels in the Central Nervous System -- III. Adenosine Receptors -- IV. Functions of Adenosine Receptors -- V. Adenosine-Dopamine Interactions in Brain -- VI. Phenotypes of Knockout Mice -- VII. Adenosine Receptors and Protection against Ischemic and Excitotoxic Brain Injuries -- VIII. Adenosine A2A Receptors and Neurodegenerative Disorders -- IX. Adenosine Receptors and Psychiatric Disorders -- X. Adenosine and the Regulation of Sleep- Wake Cycles -- XI. Adenosine and Epilepsy -- XII. Adenosine and Pain -- Acknowledgments 7 -- References 7 -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: Cover -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1. GABAA Receptor Structure-Function Studies: A Reexamination in Light of New Acetylcholine Receptor Structures -- I. Overview -- II. Subunits, Cloning, Topology, and Assembly -- III. Receptor Kinetics -- IV. Channel Characteristics. Selectivity and Conductance -- V. SCAM and Channel Structure-Function Relationships -- VI. Overview of High-Resolution Structures of the Homologous ACh Receptor -- VII. The Membrane-Spanning Domain Structure -- VIII. AChBP Structure and the GABA Binding Sites -- IX. The Interface Between the Extracellular and Membrane-Spanning Domains: How Does Transduction Work? -- X. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2. Dopamine Mechanisms and Cocaine Reward -- I. Introduction -- II. Basic Pharmacology of Cocaine -- III. Monoamine Transporters -- IV. Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine -- V. Prefrontal Cortex Dopamine -- VI. Midbrain Dopamine Neurons -- VII. Phasic and Tonic Dopamine Release -- VIII. Dopamine Receptors -- IX. Striatal Medium Spiny Neurons -- X. Dopamine and Intracellular Cascades -- XI. Neural Basis of Associative Learning -- XII. Midbrain Dopamine Neurons and Associative Learning -- XIII. Drug Addiction and Learning -- XIV. Cocaine-Associative Learning -- XV. Summary -- References -- Chapter 3. Proteolytic Dysfunction in Neurodegenerative Disorders -- I. Introduction -- II. Proteolysis in the Central Nervous System -- III. Parkinson's Disease -- IV. Alzheimer's Disease -- V. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis -- VI. Polyglutamine Repeat Diseases -- VII. Prion Diseases -- VIII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. Neuroimaging Studies in Bipolar Children and Adolescents -- I. Introduction -- II. Background -- III. Methodology -- IV. Neuropsychological Abnormalities in Bipolar Disorder -- V. Brain Imaging Findings in Adult Patients. , VI. Brain Imaging Findings in Children and Adolescents -- VII. Summary -- References -- Chapter 5. Chemosensory G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Signaling in the Brain -- I. Introduction -- II. Chemosensing G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Brain -- References -- Chapter 6. Disturbances of Emotion Regulation after Focal Brain Lesions -- I. Definitions -- II. The Neuroanatomy of Emotions and Feelings -- III. Disturbances of Emotional Experience After Focal Brain Damage -- IV. Developmental Versus Adult-Onset Brain Damage -- V. Neural Mechanisms of Emotional Control -- VI. Emotion, Cognition, and Social Behavior -- VII. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7. The Use of Caenorhabditis elegans in Molecular Neuropharmacology -- I. Ivermectin -- II. Fluoxetine -- III. Alcohol -- References -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.

Note: Front Cover -- International Review of Neurobiology -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- Chapter 1. Assembly and Intracellular Trafficking of GABAA Receptors -- I. Introduction -- II. Assembly of GABAA Receptors -- III. Surface Targeting and Intracellular Sorting of GABAA Receptors -- IV. GABAA Receptor-Clustering Proteins -- V. Endocytosis and Recycling of GABAA Receptors -- References -- Chapter 2. Subcellular Localization and Regulation of GABAA Receptors and Associated Proteins -- I. Introduction -- II. Functional Significance of GABAergic Inhibition in the Brain -- III. Structural Anatomy of GABAergic Synapses -- IV. Structure of GABAA Receptors -- V. Subcellular Localization of GABAA Receptor Subtypes -- VI. Factors Implicated in Exocytosis and Endocytosis of GABAA Receptors -- VII. Synaptic Anchoring of GABAC Receptors -- VIII. GABAA Receptor-Associated Signaling Proteins -- IX. Synaptic Plasticity -- X. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3. D1 Dopamine Receptors -- I. Introduction -- II. Localization and Function of D1-like Receptors -- III. Development of Drugs for D1-like Receptors -- IV. Therapeutic and Functional Actions of D1 Receptor Agonists and Antagonists -- V. Conclusions and Future Goals -- References -- Chapter 4. Molecular Modeling of Ligand-Gated Ion Channels: Progress and Challenges -- I. The Challenge of Modeling Transmembrane Ion Channels -- II. Overview of Molecular Modeling Principles -- III. Experimental Data: Techniques and Results -- IV. Molecular Models -- V. Summary -- References -- Chapter 5. Alzheimer's Disease: Its Diagnosis and Pathogenesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Diagnostic Issues -- III. Pathogenesis -- IV. Genetic Influences -- V. Inflammation and Anti-inflammatory Drugs -- VI. Estrogen Therapy -- VII. Vascular Pathology in AD -- References. , Chapter 6. DNA Arrays and Functional Genomics in Neurobiology -- I. Introduction -- II. DNA Array Formats and Technique -- III. Applications in Neurobiology -- IV. Caveats and Future Needs -- V. Conclusion -- References -- INDEX -- CONTENTS OF RECENT VOLUMES.

Note: Cover -- International Review of Neurobiology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contents of Volumes 26-50 -- Volume 26 -- Volume 27 -- Volume 28 -- Volume 29 -- Volume 30 -- Volume 31 -- Volume 32 -- Volume 33 -- Volume 34 -- Volume 35 -- Volume 36 -- Volume 37 -- Volume 38 -- Volume 39 -- Volume 40 -- Volume 41 -- Volume 42 -- Volume 43 -- Volume 44 -- Volume 45 -- Volume 46 -- Volume 47 -- Volume 48 -- Volume 49 -- Volume 50 -- Subject Index -- Contributor Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Neuroimmune Signaling in Drug Actions and Addictions -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter One: Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Alcohol and Drug Addiction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Neuroimmune Modulation of Synaptic Function -- 3. Neuroinflammation -- 4. Neuroimmune Molecules in Neurodevelopment -- 5. Neuroimmune Factors Modulate Neuroendocrine Function -- 6. Neuroimmune Mechanism and Addiction -- 7. Summary -- References -- Chapter Two: Neuroimmune Pathways in Alcohol Consumption: Evidence from Behavioral and Genetic Studies in Rodents and Humans -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Immune Regulation of Ethanol Consumption and Ethanol Regulation of Immune Signaling -- 3. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors: Anti-Inflammatory Action and Role in Alcohol Consumption -- 4. Alcohol Consumption and Neuroimmune-Related Gene Expression -- 5. Alcohol Consumption and Neuroimmune-Related microRNAs -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Three: Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Neuroimmune Changes -- 1. Overview of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders -- 2. Normal Brain Development -- 3. FASD Neuropathology in Humans -- 4. FASD Neuropathology in Animal Models -- 5. Behavioral Consequences in Humans with FASD -- 6. Behavioral Consequences in Rodent Models of FASD -- 7. Overview: Alcohol Effects on Immune Response in the Brain -- 8. Microglia -- 8.1. Overview -- 8.2. Role in the CNS development -- 8.3. Function in the healthy CNS -- 8.4. Immune response -- 9. Potential Long-Term Consequences of Immune Activation in the Developing CNS -- 10. Link Between Ethanol and Immune Responses -- 10.1. Human studies -- 10.2. Animal studies -- 10.3. Signaling pathways -- 11. Therapies -- 11.1. Early diagnosis of FASD -- 11.2. Development of novel anti-inflammatory therapies for FASD -- 11.2.1. Pioglitazone -- 11.2.2. Minocycline. , 11.2.3. Naltrexone -- 12. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Four: Role of Microglia in Regulation of Ethanol Neurotoxic Action -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microglial Cell Functions in the CNS -- 2.1. Microglial response to pathogens and tissue damage -- 2.2. Microglia, inflammation, and cell death -- 2.3. Microglial modulation of neuronal activity and development -- 3. Microglial Mechanisms of the Neurotoxic Effects of Alcohol -- 3.1. Alcohol-induced microglial activation, inflammation, and neurotoxicity -- 3.2. Alcohol-induced microglial production of ROS and neurotoxicity -- 4. Protective Effects of Microglia -- 5. Alcohol-Related Disease, Neurotoxicity, and Microglia -- 5.1. Adult alcohol-use disorders -- 5.2. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders -- 5.3. Microglia priming hypothesis -- 6. Summary and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Five: Functions of the Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 in the Central Nervous System and Its Regulation by μ-Opioid Rece... -- 1. Chemokine System Overview -- 2. Opioid System Overview -- 3. CXCR4 and Opioids Actions in the Central Nervous System -- 3.1. Physiological and pathological roles of CXCR4 -- 3.2. Effects of opioids on neuronal and non-neuronal cells -- 4. CXCR4 Interactions with Opioids -- 4.1. Heterologous desensitization -- 4.2. Transcriptional regulation/changes in expression -- 4.3. Receptor dimerization -- 4.4. Novel regulatory mechanisms: Ferritin heavy chain -- 5. Chemokine and Opioid Interactions in HAND -- 6. Gaps and Future Challenges -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Six: Discovery of a Novel Site of Opioid Action at the Innate Immune Pattern-Recognition Receptor TLR4 and its Ro... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Innate Immunity of the Central Nervous System -- 3. Parallels Between an Immune Response to Lipopolysaccharide and Opioids. , 4. How Immune Mediators Can Alter Behavior -- 5. Stress and the Central Nervous System´s Innate Immune System -- 6. Addiction -- 6.1. Opponent theory and allostasis -- 7. Integrating Addiction Neuroscience with Immunology -- 7.1. Binge and intoxication -- 7.2. Withdrawal and negative affect -- 7.2.1. Within system adaptations-A desensitized reward pathway -- 7.2.2. Between system adaptations-Recruitment of antireward pathway -- 7.3. Preoccupation and craving -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Seven: Neuroimmune Basis of Methamphetamine Toxicity -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Part 1 -- 2.1. Microglia and astrocytes -- 2.1.1. Microglia -- 2.1.2. Astrocytes -- 2.2. Inflammatory signaling -- 2.3. Molecular/cellular: receptors and transporters -- 2.3.1. Neurotransmitter modulation of methamphetamine´s inflammatory effects -- 3. Part 2 -- 3.1. Animal models -- 4. Part 3 -- 4.1. Blood-brain barrier and clinical considerations -- 4.1.1. Blood-brain barrier -- 4.1.2. Methamphetamine exposure and BBB integrity -- 4.1.3. Clinical picture: immune signaling in addictive and related behaviors -- 4.1.4. Chronic infection with human immunodeficiency virus and/or hepatitis C virus -- 5. Part 4 -- 5.1. Vaccine development -- 5.2. Neuroimmune-based and other anti-inflammatory treatment strategies -- 5.3. Future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Eight: Marijuana Use and Brain Immune Mechanisms -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Phytocannabinoids and Immune Function -- 3. Immune Modulation and Cannabinoid Receptors -- 4. Marijuana and Neuroimmunity -- 5. Effect of Phytocannabinoids on Microglia -- 6. Marijuana and Astrocytes -- 7. Marijuana and Infectious Agents That Target the CNS -- 8. Summary and Future Prospectives -- References -- Chapter Nine: Interactions of HIV and Drugs of Abuse: The Importance of Glia, Neural Progenitors, and Host Genetic Factors. , 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Opiates and HIV-Preclinical and clinical findings -- 1.2. Psychostimulants and HIV -- 1.3. The central role of glia -- 2. Microglia -- 2.1. Microglia as innate immune effectors -- 2.2. Microglia and HIV -- 2.2.1. Opioid and HIV actions in microglia -- 2.2.2. Psychostimulant and HIV actions in microglia -- 2.2.2.1. Methamphetamine and HIV -- 3. Astroglia -- 3.1. Critical functions in neuronal support and gliotransmission -- 3.2. Innate immune effectors -- 3.3. Astroglia and HIV -- 3.4. Effects of opiates and HIV in astroglia -- 3.5. Effects of psychostimulants and HIV in astroglia -- 4. Genetic Factors That Modulate HIV-1 Infectivity and Neuropathogenesis -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.1.1. Mitochondrial genetics -- 4.2. Gene variation in opiate drug abuse and HIV interactions -- 5. Neural/Glial Progenitors and HIV -- 5.1. Opiate and opiate-HIV interactions on progenitors and cell populations -- 5.2. Psychostimulant-HIV interactions on progenitors and cell populations -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter Ten: Neuroimmune Basis of Alcoholic Brain Damage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Alcohol-Induced Neurodegeneration and Alcoholism -- 3. Loss of Neurogenesis Could Contribute to Alcoholic Neurodegeneration -- 4. Monocytes and Innate Immune Genes -- 5. Alcohol, Neuroimmune Signaling, and Neurodegeneration -- 6. Ethanol Induction of HMGB1-TLR Signaling in Brain -- 7. NADPH Oxidase and Neurodegeneration -- 8. Neuroimmune Signaling, Hyperexcitability, and Neuronal Death -- 9. Adolescence: A Major Period of Risk for Alcohol Dependence -- 10. Neuroimmune Gene Expression in Postmortem Human Alcoholic Brain -- 11. Summary -- References -- Chapter Eleven: Converging Actions of Alcohol on Liver and Brain Immune Signaling -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Pathology and Cellular Characteristics of Neuroinflammation After Alcohol Exposure -- 2.1. Microglia and astrocytes -- 2.2. Neurons -- 2.3. Cytokines and chemokines -- 3. Molecular Mechanisms of Alcohol-Induced Neuroinflammation -- 3.1. Pattern recognition receptors sense danger signals in the brain (TLRs and NLRs) -- 3.2. Exogenous and endogenous danger signals are induced by alcohol use -- 3.3. Micro-RNAs -- 3.4. Oxidative stress -- 4. Crosstalk Between Organs -- 4.1. Gut-liver-brain axis -- 5. Therapeutic Targets -- 5.1. General consideration -- 5.2. TNFα system -- 5.3. IL-1β system -- 5.4. miR-155 -- 5.5. HMGB1 -- 5.6. TLR4 pathway -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter Twelve: Opportunities for the Development of Neuroimmune Therapies in Addiction -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Neuroinflammation and alcohol dependence -- 1.2. Neuroinflammation and MA dependence -- 1.3. Neuroinflammation and HIV -- 2. Neuroimmune Treatments -- 2.1. Ibudilast -- 2.2. Minocycline and doxycycline -- 2.3. Topiramate -- 2.4. Indomethacin -- 2.5. Rolipram -- 2.6. Anakinra (IL-1Ra) -- 2.7. PPAR agonists -- 2.8. Naltrexone/naloxone -- 2.9. Summary and conclusions -- References -- Chapter Thirteen: NeuroHIV and Use of Addictive Substances -- 1. Brain-Immune Interactions: Induction of Neuroinflammation by Systemic Infections -- 2. Medical Uses and Adverse Effects of Addictive Substances -- 3. HIV-1 Infection and HIV-Associated Neuropathology -- 4. HIV-1 Infection, NeuroHIV, and the Use of Addictive Substances -- 4.1. Addiction and neuroHIV -- 4.2. Endogenous opioid system -- 4.3. HIV-1 and the dopaminergic system -- 4.4. Morphine and neuroHIV -- 4.5. Alcohol and HIV-1 -- 4.6. Nicotine and HIV-1 -- 4.7. Interactive effects of alcohol and nicotine in neuroHIV -- 4.8. Cocaine and HIV-1 -- 4.9. Methamphetamine and HIV-1 -- 4.10. Marijuana and HIV-1 -- 4.11. Summary. , 5. Conclusion.

Note: Front Cover -- International Review of Neurobiology, Volume 36 -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Chapter 1. Ca2+, N-Methyl-D-aspartate Receptors, and AIDS-Related Neuronal Injury -- I. Introduction -- II. Neuronal Loss in the CNS of AIDS Patients -- III. gpl20-Induced Neuronal Injury Is Ameliorated by Calcium Channel Anotagonists -- IV. Involvement of the NMDA Receptor in gpl20-Induced Neuronal Injury -- V. Indirect Neuronal Injury Mediated by HIV-Infected or gp120-Stimulated Monocytic Cells -- VI. Possible Involvement of Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, and Other HIV-1 Proteins in Neuronal Injury -- VII. Overstimulation of NMDA Receptors, a Final Common Pathway -- VIII. Development of Clinically Tolerated NMDA Antagonists for HIV-Related Neuronal Injury -- IX. Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonist Treatments on the Horizon -- X. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2. Processing of Alzheimer Aβ-Amyloid Precursor Protein: Cell Biology, Regulation, and Role in Alzheimer Disease -- I. Introduction -- II. Alzheimer Disease Is Associated with an Intracranial Amyloidosis -- III. APP Structure Gives Clues to Some of Its Functions -- IV. APP Is Processed via Several Distinct Enzymatic and Subcellular Pathways -- V. "Alternative" Pathways of APP Metabolism Provide Clues to the Source of Aβ-Amyloid -- VI. Aβ-Amyloid Is a Normal Constituent of Body Fluids and the Conditioned Medium of Cultured Cells -- VII. Evidence Suggests the Existence of an Enzyme, β-Secretase, That Cleaves APP at the Amino Terminus of the Aβ-Amyloid Domain -- VIII. APP Mutations in Familial Cerebral Amyloidoses Occur within or near the Aβ-Amyloid Domain, Segregate with Disease in Affected Kindreds, and Yield APP Molecules That Display Some Proamyloidogenic Properties -- IX. Signal Transduction via Protein Phosphorylation Regulates the Relative Utilization of APP Processing Pathways. , X. Beyond Aβ-Amyloid: Other Molecular Factors in Amyloidogenesis and Factors Differentiating Aging-Related Cerebral Amyloidosis from Alzheimer Disease -- References -- Chapter 3. Molecular Neurobiology of the GABAA Receptor -- I. Introduction -- II. Pharmacology of the GABAA Receptor -- III. Biochemistry -- IV. Molecular Cloning of Receptor Subunits -- V. Characterization of the Receptor Family -- VI. The Future -- Reference -- Chapter 4. The Pharmacology and Function of Central GABAB Receptors -- I. Introduction -- II. Pharmacology of GABAB Receptors -- III. Properties of GABAB Receptors -- IV. Function of GABAB Receptors -- V. Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5.The Role of the Amygdala in Emotional Learning -- I. Introduction -- II. Morphology -- III. Electrophysiology -- IV. Anatomical Connections between the Amygdala and Brain Areas Involved in Fear and Anxiety -- V. Elicitation of Fear by Electrical or Chemical Stimulation of the Amygdagdala -- VI. Effects of Amygdala Lesions on Conditioned Fear -- VII. Effects of Amygdala Lesions on Unconditioned Fear -- VIII. Effects of Local Infusion of Drugs into the Amygdala on Measures of Fear and Anxiety -- IX. The Role of the Amygdala in Attention -- X. The Amygdala Is Critical for the Fear-Potentiated Startle Effect -- XI. Are Aversive Memories Actually Stored in the Amygdala? -- XII. Is the Amygdala Absolutely Essential for Fear-Potentiated Startle? -- XIII. Can Initial Fear Conditioning Occur without the Amygdala? -- XIV. The Role of Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors in the Amygdala in Fear Conditioning -- XV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6. Excitotoxicity and Neurological Disorders: Involvement of Membrane Phospholipids -- I. Introduction -- II. Classification of Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors. , III. Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors and Neural Membrane Phospholipid Metabolism . . . -- IV. Role of Enhanced Excitatory Amino Acid-Mediated Phospolipid Metabolism in Developing Brain -- V. Possible Mechanism of Cell Injury Caused by Excitatory Amino Acids -- VI. Excitatory Amino Acid Receptors, Phospholipid Metabolism, and Neurological Disorders -- VII. Excitatory Amino Acid Receptor Antagonists and the Treatment of Neurological Disorders -- VIII. Conclusion -- IX. Summary -- References -- Chapter 7. Injury-Related Behavior and Neuronal Plasticity: An Evolutionary Perspective on Sensitization, Hyperalgesia, and Analgesia -- I. Introduction -- II. Evolutionary Considerations -- III. Adaptive Behavioral Reactions to Injury -- IV. Classes of Injury-Related Behavioral Modifiability -- V. Injury Signals -- VI. Mechanisms of Rapid Nociceptive Sensitization -- VII. Mechanisms of Long-Term Nociceptive Sensitization -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.