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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ONE-CARBON METABOLISM IN HIGHER PLANTS (2001)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 52 (2001), S. 119-137 
    Details
    ISSN: 1040-2519
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The metabolism of one-carbon (C1) units is essential to plants, and plant C1 metabolism has novel features not found in other organisms-plus some enigmas. Despite its centrality, uniqueness, and mystery, plant C1 biochemistry has historically been quite poorly explored, in part because its enzymes and intermediates tend to be labile and low in abundance. Fortunately, the integration of molecular and genetic approaches with biochemical ones is now driving rapid advances in knowledge of plant C1 enzymes and genes. An overview of these advances is presented. There has also been progress in measuring C1 metabolite fluxes and pool sizes, although this remains challenging and there are relatively few data. In the future, combining reverse genetics with flux and pool size determinations should lead to quantitative understanding of how plant C1 pathways function. This is a prerequisite for their rational engineering.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.52.1.119
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Light stimulation of proline synthesis in water-stressed barley leaves (1979)
    Springer
    Planta 145 (1979), S. 45-51 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glutamate ; Hordeum ; Light (photosynthesis) ; Proline ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The effect of light on [14C]glutamate conversion to free proline during water stress was studied in attached barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) leaves which had been trimmed to 10 cm in length. Plants at the three-leaf stage were stressed by flooding the rooting medium with polyethylene glycol 6000 (osmotic potential-19 bars) for up to 3 d. During this time the free proline content of 10-cm second leaves rose from about 0.02 to 2 μmol/leaf while free glutamate content remained steady at about 0.6 μmol/leaf. In stressed leaves, the amount of [14C]glutamate converted to proline in a 3-h period of light or darkness was taken to reflect the in-vivo rate of proline biosynthesis because the following conditions were met: (a) free-glutamate levels were not significantly different in light and darkness; (b) both tracer [14C]-glutamate and [14C]proline were rapidly absorbed; (c) rates of [14C]proline oxidation and incorporation into protein were very slow. As leaf water potential fell, more [14C]glutamate was converted to proline in both light and darkness, but at any given water potential in the range-12 to-20 bars, illuminated leaves converted twice as much [14C]glutamate to proline.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00379926
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translocation and metabolism of glycine betaine by barley plants in relation to water stress (1980)
    Springer
    Planta 150 (1980), S. 191-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Betaine ; Hordeum ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The glycine betaine which accumulated in shoots of young barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.) during an episode of water stress did not undergo net destruction upon relief of stress, but its distribution among plant organs changed. During stress, betaine accumulated primarily in mature leaves, whereas it was found mainly in young leaves after rewatering. Well-watered, stressed, and stressed-rewatered plants were supplied with [methyl-14C]betaine (8.5 nmol) via an abraded spot on the second leaf blade, and incubated for 3 d. In all three treatments the added 14C migrated more or less extensively from the second leaf blade, but was recovered quantitatively from various plant organs in the form of betaine; no labeled degradation products were found in any organ. When 0.5 μmol of [methyl-14C]betaine was applied via an abraded spot to the second leaf blades of well-watered, mildly-stressed, and stressed-rewatered plants, 14C was translocated out of the blades at velocities of about 0.2–0.3 cm/min which were similar to velocities found for applied [14C]sucrose. Heat-girdling of the sheath prevented export of [14C]betaine from the blade. When 0.5 μmol [3H]sucrose and 0.5 μmol [14C]betaine were suppled simultaneously to second leaf blades, the 3H/14C ratio in the sheath tissue was the same as that of the supplied mixture. After supplying tracer [14C]betaine aldehyde (the immediate precursor of betaine) to the second leaf blade, the 14C which was translocated into the sheath was in the form of betaine. Thus, betaine synthesized by mature leaves during stress behaves as an inert end product and upon rewatering is translocated to the expanding leaves, most probably via the phloem. Accordingly, it is suggested that the level of betaine in a barley plant might serve as a useful cumulative index of the water stress experienced during growth.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00390825
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparative biochemical and immunological studies of the glycine betaine synthesis pathway in diverse families of dicotyledons (1989)
    Springer
    Planta 178 (1989), S. 342-352 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Glycine betaine pathway ; Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase ; Dicotyledons (glycine betaine) ; Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry ; Salt stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Members of the Chenopodiaceae can accumulate high levels (〉100 μmol·(g DW)-1) of glycine betaine (betaine) in leaves when salinized. Chenopodiaceae synthesize betaine by a two-step oxidation of choline (choline→betaine aldehyde→ betaine), with the second step catalyzed by betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH, EC 1.2.1.8). High betaine levels have also been reported in leaves of species from several distantly-related families of dicotyledons, raising the question of whether the same betaine-synthesis pathway is used in all cases. Fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry showed that betaine levels of 〉100 μmol·(g DW)-1 are present in Lycium ferocissimum Miers (Solanaceae), Helianthus annuus L. (Asteraceae), Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae), and Amaranthus caudatus L. (Amaranthaceae), that salinization promotes betaine accumulation in these plants, and that they can convert supplied choline to betaine aldehyde and betaine. Nicotiana tabacum L. and Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karst. ex Farw. (Solanaceae), Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae) and Ipomoea purpurea L. (Convolvulaceae) also contained betaine, but at a low level (0.1–0.5 μmol·(g DW)-1. Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase activity assays, immunotitration and immunoblotting demonstrated that the betaine-accumulating species have a BADH enzyme recognized by antibodies raised against BADH from Spinacia oleracea L. (Chenopodiaceae), and that the Mr of the BADH monomer is in all cases close to 63 000. These data indicate that the choline→betaine aldehyde→betaine pathway may have evolved by vertical descent from an early angiosperm ancestor, and might be widespread (albeit not always strongly expressed) among flowering plants. Consistent with these suggestions, Magnolia x soulangiana was found to have a low level of betaine, and to express a protein of Mr 63 000 which cross-reacted with antibodies to BADH from Spinacia oleracea.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00391862
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Metabolic engineering of glycine betaine synthesis: plant betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases lacking typical transit peptides are targeted to tobacco chloroplasts where they confer betaine aldehyde resistance (1994)
    Springer
    Planta 193 (1994), S. 155-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Nicotiana (transgenic) ; Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase ; Chloroplast targeting ; Glycine betaine ; Selectable marker
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Certain higher plants synthesize and accumulate glycine betaine, a compound with osmoprotectant properties. Biosynthesis of glycine betaine proceeds via the pathway choline → betaine aldehyde → glycine betaine. Plants such as tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) which do not accumulate glycine betaine lack the enzymes catalyzing both reactions. As a step towards engineering glycine betaine accumulation into a non-accumulator, spinach and sugar beet complementary-DNA sequences encoding the second enzyme of glycine-betaine synthesis (betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase, BADH, EC 1.2.1.8) were expressed in tobacco. Despite the absence of a typical transit peptide, BADH was targeted to the chloroplast in leaves of transgenic plants. Levels of extractable BADH were comparable to those in spinach and sugar beet, and the molecular weight, isoenzyme profile and K m for betaine aldehyde of the BADH enzymes from transgenic plants were the same as for native spinach or sugar beet BADH. Transgenic plants converted supplied betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine at high rates, demonstrating that they were able to transport betaine aldehyde across both the plasma membrane and the chloroplast envelope. The glycine betaine produced in this way was not further metabolized and reached concentrations similar to those in plants which accumulate glycine betaine naturally. Betaine aldehyde was toxic to non-transformed tobacco tissues whereas transgenic tissues were resistant due to detoxification of betaine aldehyde to glycine betaine. Betaine aldehyded ehydrogenase is therefore of interest as a potential selectable marker, as well as in the metabolic engineering of osmoprotectant biosynthesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00192524
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Drought resistance in rice (1990)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 345 (1990), S. 26-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] SIR-Drought is a major problem for much of the world's rice crop. Of the 146 million hectares of land on which rice is grown, only one half is irrigated. In the rest, which accounts for one-quarter of rice-grain production, yields are often depressed by drought12. Moreover, in many irrigated rice ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/345026b0
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new route for synthesis of dimethylsulphoniopropionate in marine algae (1997)
    [s.l.] : Macmillan Magazines Ltd.
    Nature 387 (1997), S. 891-894 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The 3-dimethylsulphoniopropionate (DMSP) produced by marine algae is the main biogenic precursor of atmospheric dimethylsulphide (DMS). This biogenic DMS, formed by bacterial and algal degradation of DMSP,, contributes about 1.5 × 1013 g of sulphur to the atmosphere ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/387891a0
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water stress provokes a generalized increase in phosphatidylcholine turnover in barley leaves (1982)
    Springer
    Planta 155 (1982), S. 493-501 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Keywords: Betaine biosynthesis ; Glycinebetaine ; Hordeum (stress) ; Phospholipid turnover ; Water stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Water and salt stress promote betaine accumulation in leaves of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) by accelerating the de-novo synthesis of betaine, via choline. Previous radiotracer kinetic studies have implicated stress-enhanced turnover of the choline moiety of phosphatidylcholine (PC) as a major source of choline for betaine synthesis. Two approaches have therefore been followed to show whether stress-induced PC turnover is a cellor organelle-specific phenomenon, or a generalized one. In the first approach, [3H]ethanolamine of high specific activity was supplied to second leaves of unstressed and water-stressed barley plants; after 1 h, paired sections of tissue were excised from each leaf, one for extraction and analysis of [3H]metabolites and the other for autoradiography. The3H-activity remaining in the leaf tissue after washing out the water-soluble3H-metabolites during preparation for autoradiography was taken to be mainly in phospholipids. In unstressed leaves, [3H]phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was the major labeled phospholipid, whereas there were approximately equal amounts of [3H]PE and [3H]PC in stressed leaves. At the light-microscope level, silver grains were associated with all living cells in both unstressed and stressed leaves; grains were concentrated in the cytoplasmic regions of highly vacuolate mesophyll cells, and were distributed throughout densely cytoplasmic vascular parenchyma. At the electron-microscope level, silver grains were not confined to any particular types of membranes in unstressed or stressed leaves. In the second approach, second leaves of stressed plants received a 1-h pulse of [14C]ethanolamine, and were then homogenized. The brei was subjected to sucrose density gradient centrifugation. The specific radioactivity of [14C]PC was quite similar in the gradient fractions, whether they contained microsomes or mitochondrial plus chloroplast membranes. We infer that stress does not enhance the turnover of any structurally discrete class of PC, but rather stimulates PC turnover in several or all classes of membranes in most cells of the leaf.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01607573
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase polymorphism in spinach: Genetic and biochemical characterization (1988)
    Springer
    Biochemical genetics 26 (1988), S. 143-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4927
    Keywords: Spinacia oleracea ; betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase ; isozymes ; polymorphism ; chloroplasts ; salt stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) has a major chloroplastic isozyme of betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH) and a minor cytosolic one. Among a diverse collection of spinach accessions, three electrophoretic banding patterns of chloroplastic BADH were found: two were single banded and one was triple banded. Genetic analysis of these patterns indicated that chloroplastic BADH is encoded by a single, nuclear gene with two alleles, designated slow (S) and fast (F), and that products of these alleles can hybridize to form either homodimers or a heterodimer. The S allele was by far the most common among the accessions examined. Native and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the SS and FF homodimers differ in charge but not molecular weight.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00555495
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Salt-inducible betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase from sugar beet: cDNA cloning and expression (1992)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 18 (1992), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase ; gene expression ; glycine betaine ; osmotic stress ; salt tolerance ; sugar beet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Members of the Chenopodiaceae, such as sugar beet and spinach, accumulate glycine betaine in response to salinity or drought stress. The last enzyme in the glycine betaine biosynthetic pathway is betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase (BADH). In sugar beet the activity of BADH was found to increase two- to four-fold in both leaves and roots as the NaCl level in the irrigation solution was raised from 0 to 500 mM. This increase in BADH activity was paralleled by an increase in level of translatable BADH mRNA. Several cDNAs encoding BADH were cloned from a λgt10 libary representing poly(A)+ RNA from salinized leaves of sugar beet plants, by hybridization with a spinach BADH cDNA. Three nearly full-length cDNA clones were confirmed to encode BADH by their nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence identity to spinach BADH; these clones showed minor nucleotide sequence differences consistent with their being of two different BADH alleles. The clones averaged 1.7 kb and contained an open reading frame predicting a polypeptide of 500 amino acids with 83% identity to spinach BADH. RNA gel blot analysis of total RNA showed that salinization to 500 mM NaCl increased BADH mRNA levels four-fold in leaves and three-fold in the taproot. DNA gel blot analyses indicated the presence of at least two copies of BADH in the haploid sugar beet genome.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00018451
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