Description: The Measurements of Urban, Marine and Biogenic Air (MUMBA) campaign took place in Wollongong, New South Wales (a small coastal city approximately 80 km south of Sydney, Australia), from 21st December 2012 to 15th February 2013. Instruments were deployed during MUMBA to measure the gaseous and aerosol composition of the atmosphere with the aim of providing a detailed characterisation of the complex environment of the ocean/forest/urban interface that could be used to test the skill of atmospheric models. Gases measured included ozone, oxides of nitrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane and many of the most abundant volatile organic compounds. Aerosol characterisation included total particle counts above 3 nm, total cloud condensation nuclei counts; mass concentration of PM2.5, number concentration size distribution, aerosol chemical analyses and elemental analysis. Meteorological measurements and LIDAR measurements were also performed. The campaign captured varied meteorological conditions, including two extreme heat events, providing a potentially valuable test for models of future air quality in a warmer climate. There was also an episode when the site sampled clean marine air for many hours, providing a useful additional measure of background concentrations of these trace gases within this poorly sampled region of the globe. Here we present the observations recorded at the MUMBA site during the campaign, as well as radon and air quality data from nearby sites. These records can be used for testing chemical transport models.

Description: Measurements of wind speed and direction were captured using a three-dimensional sonic anemometer (Windmaster Pro, Gill Instruments Limited, Hampshire, UK). Measurements were taken at Cataract Scout Park, Appin, N.S.W. (34°14'42.29"S 150°49'24.97"E) from a mast 10 m above ground level as part of the Characterizing Organics and Aerosol Loading over Australia (COALA-2020) campaign. Data processing was handled by the EddyPro® 7 software (LI-COR Biosciences, Lincoln, NE, USA). Measurements were taken at 1-minute time resolution and averaged to thirty-minute means, as reported here. Mean wind speed and direction are the only parameters reported here as the authors are concerned the adjacent tree canopy has significantly impacted the flux measurements. For further details please contact the authors. Wind speed and direction measurements were also taken at an adjacent air quality monitoring station installed for the campaign. These data are also available in this depository, listed under "Air quality pollutants measurements at Cataract Scout Park, Australia, taken during the COALA-2020 campaign."

Description: Measurements of radon-222 (222Rn) concentration were collected using a 1500 L dual-flow loop radon detector, designed and built by the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO; Lucas Heights, NSW, Australia) (Chambers et al., 2011; Whittlestone and Zahorowski, 1998). Sampling occurred at 65-75 L min^-1. Calibration occurred during the campaign from a Pylon (Ottawa, ON, Canada) source. Measurements were taken at Cataract Scout Park, Appin, N.S.W. (34°14'42.29"S 150°49'24.97"E) from an inlet 3.94 m above ground level as part of the Characterizing Organics and Aerosol Loading over Australia (COALA-2020) campaign. The campaign ran from mid-January to mid-March, 2020. Reported measurements are at 30-minute time resolution. Concentrations have not been corrected for the response time of the detector but can be on the request of users. See Griffiths et al. (2016) for details.

Description: Measurements of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) were taken using an Apogee SQ-110 sensor (Apogee Instruments, Inc., Logan, UT, USA). Measurements were taken at Cataract Scout Park, Appin, N.S.W. (34°14'42.29"S 150°49'24.97"E) as part of the Characterizing Organics and Aerosol Loading over Australia (COALA-2020) campaign. The sensor was placed on an exposed railing 4.35 m above ground level. Measurements were taken at 1 Hz resolution. The measurements reported here are 1-minute averages of 1 Hz measurements. Both PPFD (Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density, measured wavelength range 400-700 nm) and YPFD (Yield Photon Flux Density, measured wavelength range 360-760 nm) are reported.

Description: Measurements of selected volatile organic compounds were made using a 7890B Agilent Technologies Gas Chromatograph equipped with an HP-5 MS column (30 m × 0.25µm × 0.25 mm ID; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA), coupled to a single quadrupole electron ionisation mass spectrometer (Agilent 5977B with Xtr EI source, Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA, USA). The mass spectrum detector was operated in selected ion mode (SIM). 30-minute measurements were made quasi-continuously throughout the campaign, though large gaps exist in the measurement timeseries corresponding to instrument malfunction and maintenance periods. Measurements we made on the campus of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) at Lucas Heights, New South Wales (34°03′ 09.4″ S 150°59′ 08.2″ E). Sampled air was drawn from a PTFE sampling inlet 7.5 m above ground level. Radon measurements were also made on the ANSTO campus. Continuous hourly measurements were made at 2 m above ground level using a 1500 L two-filter dual-flow-loop radon detector designed and built at ANSTO. Meteorological measurements reported here were made approximately 500 m distant from the sampling site of other variables from sensors 10 m above ground level. Meteorological measurements were made by ANSTO staff and were provided by Leisa Dyer, Senior Atmospheric Scientist at ANSTO. Further instrumental, sampling and analytical details are provided in the publication associated with these data (Ramirez-Gamboa et al., 2020).

Description: Stalagmites GL-S1, GL-S2, GL-S3 and GL-S4 were collected under scientific license issued by Western Australia's Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions from Golgotha Cave (34.1°S, 115.1°E) in southwest Western Australia, with collection dates of 2005, 2005, 2008 and 2012, respectively. Cave location is rounded to nearest tenth of a degree as exact locations not disclosed for cave conservation purposes. Speleothems were collected for paleoclimate and paleohydrology studies. Golgotha Cave is located in Eucalyptus forest with dense understorey in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park. The hostrock is Quaternary aeolinite and the soil thickness is variable with measurements ranging from 0.3-3 m deep. The cave entrance is 70 m above sea level. Stalagmites GL-S1 and GL-S4 are located approximately 60 m from the entrance where the limestone thickness overhead is 30 m while GL-S2 and GL-S3 are located approximately 90 m from the entrance where the limestone thickness overhead is 40 m. Mean annual site temperature is 15.6 ±0.5°C and mean annual rainfall is 1101±157 mm (1911-2018 period; Australian Bureau of Meteorology AWRA-L dataset http://www.bom.gov.au/water/landscape. Inside the cave, temperature ranges from 14.5-14.8°C, windspeed is low (≤0.03 m s-1) and relative humidity ranges from 98-100% (Treble et al 2019). Each speleothem was sectioned along the growth axis and milled using a Taig micromill to produce homogenised powders representing increments of 0.1 to 0.2 mm, depending on the speleothem growth rate. Powders were weighed to 180–220 μg and analysed for O and C isotopic values (δ18O and δ13C) using a Finnigan MAT-251 isotope ratio mass spectrometer coupled to a Kiel I carbonate device, or a Thermo MAT-253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer coupled to a Kiel IV carbonate device (using 110–130 μg samples), at the Research School of Earth Sciences, ANU. Analyses were calibrated using NBS-19 standard (δ18Ov-PDB = -2.20 ‰ and δ13Cv-PDB = 1.95 ‰). A further linear correction for δ18O measurements was carried out using the NBS-18 standard (δ18Ov-PDB = -23.0 ‰). The original delta values for NBS-19 and NBS-18 are used to maintain consistency of results through time in the RSES Stable Isotope Facility. Analytical precision for the analyses reported here (NBS-19) are ±0.04 ‰ for δ18O and ±0.02 ‰ for δ13C (N=236) for the MAT-251; and ±0.05 ‰ for δ18O and ±0.01 ‰ (N=27) for the MAT-253 instrument (±1σ standard deviation). Speleothem chronologies were determined by combining information from the date of collection, bomb pulse chronology, laminae counting of annual Sr concentration and U-series disequilibrium (see Supplementary Table 8 in Treble et al., 2022). For GL-S1, the age-depth model for 17th percentile was used in Treble et al., (2022) and the 50th percentile used for other stalagmites.

Description: Stalagmite GL-S1 chronology in ka CE based on U/Th ages, bomb pulse 14C data and year of collection (2005). Treble et al. (2022) used 17th percentile age-depth model.

Description: GolgothaCave_GLS1_stalagmite_O&C_isotopes: median depth, d18O and d13C values in VPDB. Chronology is that used for Treble et al (2022).

Description: Dripwater was collected every 4-6 weeks from Golgotha Cave (34.1°S, 115.1°E) in southwest Western Australia from 2005 until 2019, although beginning in 2008 for site 2E and in 2013 for site 1IV. Cave location is rounded to nearest tenth of a degree as exact locations not disclosed for cave conservation purposes. Dripwaters were collected for paleoclimate and paleohydrology studies. Data from August 2005 until March 2012 were previously published in Treble et al. (2013) and the longer dataset in Treble et al (2021). Please cite Treble et al. (2013, 2021) when using these data. Dripwaters were collected at 4-6 week intervals from bulk 1 L high-density polyethylene collection vessels, fitted with funnels, that were emptied following collection of water for analyses. Drip rates were manually timed during each collection visit. The drip sites pair with stalagmites collected from these locations as follows: site 1A (GL-S1), site 1IV (GL-S4), site 2B (GL-S2), site 2E (GL-S3). Stable water isotopes (δ18O and δ2H) collected between August 2005 and April 2011 were determined by: 1. offline equilibration technique at the Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University; 2. using an LGR-24 d cavity ringdown mass spectrometer at the University of New South Wales for samples from May 2011-March 2012; and 3. using Picarro L2120-I Water Analyser at ANSTO from 2012 onwards. Analytical error all techniques was 0.1 ‰ (1 s.d.; calculated from within-run internal references materials). See citations in Treble et al. (2013) for details of methods. Golgotha Cave is located in Eucalyptus forest with dense understorey in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park. The hostrock is Quaternary aeolinite and the soil thickness is variable with measurements ranging from 0.3 – 3 m deep. The cave entrance is 70 m above sea level. Dripwater sites 1A, 1IV are located approximately 60 m from the entrance where the limestone thickness overhead is 30 m while dripwater sites 2B and 2E are located approximately 90 m from the entrance where the limestone thickness overhead is 40 m. Mean annual site temperature is 15.6 ±0.5°C and mean annual rainfall is 1101±157 mm (1911-2018 period; Australian Bureau of Meteorology AWRA-L dataset http://www.bom.gov.au/water/landscape. Inside the cave, temperature ranges from 14.5-14.8°C, windspeed is low (≤0.03 m s-1) and relative humidity ranges from 98-100% (Treble et al 2019). Rainfall water isotope measurements from Calgardup Cave, located 5 km from Golgotha Cave and complimentary to this dataset, are available from the IAEA Water Isotope System for data analysis, visualization and Electronic Retrieval, https://nucleus.iaea.org/wiser/ using station code 9564101.