Keywords:
Biodiversity -- Galapagos Islands.
;
Electronic books.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (446 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781118852569
Series Statement:
Geophysical Monograph Series ; v.204
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1744261
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Geophysical Monograph Series -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword: Darwin's Perspective -- Foreword: The Galápagos as a Natural Laboratory -- References -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- Chapter 2 Contrasting Volcanism in Hawai'i and the Galápagos -- 2.1. Introduction -- 2.2. Magma Supply -- 2.2.1. Competition for magma supply and interactions between volcanoes -- 2.2.2. Archipelago-scale magma supply -- 2.3. Magma Storage -- 2.3.1. Characteristics of magma storage -- 2.3.2. Magma storage beneath volcanic flanks -- 2.4. Volcano Morphology and Structure -- 2.4.1. Volcano shape -- 2.4.2. Pattern of eruptive fissures -- 2.4.3. Calderas -- 2.4.4. Intracaldera faulting -- 2.4.5. Flank instability -- 2.5. Volcanic Eruptions and Volcano Evolution -- 2.5.1. Eruption style -- 2.5.2. Volcano evolution -- 2.6. Conclusions -- 2.7. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Galápagos and Easter: A Tale of Two Hotspots -- 3.1. Introduction -- 3.2. The Galápagos Islands -- 3.3. Easter-Salas y Gómez Seamount Chain -- 3.4. Discussion -- 3.4.1. Plumes at the edges of the LLSVP -- 3.4.2. Plume-Ridge Interaction Effects -- 3.4.3. Orientation of the chemical boundary -- 3.4.4. Geochemical heterogeneity of the Pacific LLSVP -- 3.5. Conclusions -- 3.6. Acknowledgments -- 3.7. Author Contributions -- References -- Chapter 4 Eruption Rates for Fernandina Volcano: A New Chronology at the Galápagos Hotspot Center -- 4.1. Introduction -- 4.2. Sampling and Analytical Details -- 4.3. Constraints on Flow Mapping -- 4.4. Eruption Rate Estimate from Young Flows -- 4.5. Age of Oldest Lava Flows -- 4.6. Magmatic/Mantle Helium and Galápagos Geographic Variability -- 4.7. Conclusions -- 4.8. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Galápagos Magma Chambers -- 5.1. Introduction -- 5.2. Evidence from Volcanic History and Geomorphology.
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5.3. Evidence from Deformation and Gravity -- 5.4. Evidence from Magma Compositions and Crystals -- 5.5. Petrologic Monitoring of Eruptions -- 5.6. Summary of Interpretations -- 5.7. An Evolutionary Model for Mushy Magma Chambers -- 5.8. Conclusions: the Dynamic and Thermal Evolution of Galápagos Magma Chambers -- 5.9. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 The Geology and Geochemistry of Isla Floreana, Galápagos: A Different Type of Late-Stage Ocean Island Volcanism -- 6.1. Introduction -- 6.2. Geologic Background -- 6.3. Methods -- 6.4. Results -- 6.4.1. Geologic development of Floreana -- 6.4.2. Petrography of Floreana lavas -- 6.4.3. Mineral compositions -- 6.4.4. Major element compositions -- 6.4.5. Trace element compositions -- 6.4.6. Strontium, Neodymium, and Lead isotopic ratios -- 6.4.7. Age determinations -- 6.5. Discussion -- 6.5.1. Geologic development of Floreana -- 6.5.2. Petrogenetic model -- 6.5.3. The trace element composition of the Floreana ("FLO") component -- 6.5.4. Late-stage volcanism in Galápagos -- 6.6. Conclusions -- 6.7. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Plate Tectonics, Evolution, and the Survival of Species: A Modern Day Hotspot -- 7.1. Introduction -- 7.2. Tectonic Setting -- 7.2.1. General description -- 7.2.2. Age of Galápagos Islands and geographical relationship to plate motions -- 7.3. Fauna and Flora, and East-West Colonization -- 7.3.1. General description of life on oceanic islands -- 7.3.2. Life on Galápagos: ancient dating -- 7.3.3. Why east-to-west colonization? -- 7.4. Conclusion of Plate Motions Linked to Biodiversity Movements -- 7.4.1. New islands and the saving of native and endemic species -- 7.5. Volcanism Versus Introduced Species in the Survival of Species -- 7.6. Case Study of Fernandina: Haven or Hell? -- 7.6.1. General description.
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7.6.2. Conclusion of Fernandina as a Refuge of Galápagos Biodiversity -- 7.7. Biodiversity, Introduced Species, and Plate Tectonics -- 7.7.1. Contamination through introduced species -- 7.8. Fate of Biodiversity -- 7.9. Conclusions -- 7.10. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 A Paleogeographic Model of the Galápagos Islands and Biogeographical and Evolutionary Implications -- 8.1. Introduction -- 8.2. Ages of Island Emergence -- 8.2.1. Plate tectonic estimates -- 8.2.2. Direct age measurements of lavas -- 8.2.3. New age determinations -- 8.3. Biological Implications of the Islands' Ages -- 8.3.1. General models of island biogeography -- 8.3.2. Testing the general dynamic model -- 8.3.3. Modifications to the general dynamic model -- 8.4. Movement and Subsidence of the Galápagos Islands -- 8.4.1. Subsidence model -- 8.4.2. Paleogeography of the pleistocene Galápagos -- 8.5. The Proto-Galápagos and Evolutionary Geographic Pathways -- 8.5.1. Implications for phylogenetic divergence -- 8.5.2. Comparison with phylogenetic estimates -- 8.5.3. The progression rule -- 8.5.4. Dispersal and vicariance -- 8.6. Conclusions -- 8.7. Appendix I: Emergence Ages of the Individual Galápagos Islands -- 8.7.1. Isla Fernandina -- 8.7.2. Isla Isabela -- 8.7.3. Isla Santiago -- 8.7.4. Isla Pinzón -- 8.7.5. Isla Rabida -- 8.7.6. Isla Santa Cruz -- 8.7.7. Isla Floreana -- 8.7.8. Isla Santa Fe -- 8.7.9. Isla San Cristóbal -- 8.7.10. Isla Española -- 8.7.11. Islas Genovesa, Pinta, and Marchena -- 8.7.12. Islas Wolf and Darwin -- 8.8. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 9 Hydrogeology of the Galápagos Archipelago: An Integrated and Comparative Approach Between Islands -- 9.1. Introduction -- 9.2. Constraints of Basaltic Islands and Advocated Methodology -- 9.3. Main Features of San Cristóbal and Santa Cruz Islands and their Significance for Water Resources.
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9.3.1. Geology and weathering processes -- 9.3.2. Climate and water budget -- 9.3.3. Geomorphology and surface hydrology -- 9.3.4. Groundwater -- 9.4. Discussion -- 9.5. Recommendations for Groundwater Management Practices in the Galápagos -- 9.6. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 Controls on the Hydrological and Topographic Evolution of Shield Volcanoes and Volcanic Ocean Islands -- 10.1. Introduction -- 10.2. A General Framework for Volcanic Landscape Evolution -- 10.3. Insights from a Global Compilation of Volcanic Ocean Islands and Shield Volcanoes -- 10.4. Phenomena Driving Landscape Evolution -- 10.4.1. Soil development and dust deposition set the stage for landscape dissection -- 10.4.2. Chemical and physical erosion rates change throughout landscape evolution -- 10.4.3. Precipitation rate affects erosion and soil development -- 10.4.4. Flank collapses can hasten topographic dissection -- 10.4.5. Volcanic architecture and tectonics constrain the patterns of landscape evolution -- 10.5. Other Controls on Volcanic Landscape Evolution -- 10.6. Conclusions -- 10.7. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Climate and the Global Reach of the Galápagos Archipelago: State of the Knowledge -- 11.1. Climatic and Oceanographic Setting -- 11.2. Influence on the Equilibrium State of the Tropical Pacific -- 11.2.1. Numerical modeling -- 11.2.2. Observations -- 11.2.3. Global climate modeling -- 11.3. Relationship with Climate Variability and Change -- 11.3.1. Islands in the crosshairs -- 11.3.2. Role in interannual climate variability (ENSO) -- 11.3.3. Role in anthropogenic climate change -- 11.4. Recap and Future Directions -- 11.5. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Assessment of the Chile 2010 and Japan 2011 Tsunami Events in the Galápagos Islands -- 12.1. Introduction -- 12.2. Background -- 12.3. Method of Analysis.
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12.4. Results -- 12.4.1. Tsunami Maule, Chile 2010 -- 12.4.2. Tsunami Tohoku, Japan 2011 -- 12.5. Discussion -- 12.6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13 Patterns in Galápagos Magmatism Arising from the Upper Mantle Dynamics of Plume-Ridge Interaction -- 13.1. Introduction -- 13.2. Methods -- 13.2.1. Mantle convection -- 13.2.2. Model mantle heterogeneity, melting, and magma composition -- 13.3. Results: Predicted and Observed Magma Flux -- 13.3.1. Model 1: Plume with low viscosity, without a dependence on water content -- 13.3.2. Model 2: High viscosity in the shallowest upper mantle with the dependence on water content -- 13.4. Results: Predicted and Observed Magma Compositions -- 13.4.1. Model 1 geochemical variations -- 13.4.2. Model 2 geochemical variations -- 13.4.3. Along-axis variations in incompatible element concentration -- 13.5. Discussion -- 13.5.1. Model limitations and robustness of model results -- 13.5.2. The case for a low-viscosity Galápagos plume -- 13.5.3. The nature of heterogeneity in the Galápagos plume and ambient mantle -- 13.5.4. Incompatible element concentrations along the Galápagos Spreading Center -- 13.6. Conclusions -- 13.7. Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 14 Variations in Crustal Thickness, Plate Rigidity, and Volcanic Processes Throughout the Northern Galápagos Volcanic Province -- 14.1. Introduction -- 14.1.1. The mechanics of plume-ridge and plume-lithosphere interaction -- 14.1.2. Along- and off-axis expressions of the Galápagos mantle plume -- 14.2. Data -- 14.3. Gravity Anomalies -- 14.3.1. Free air anomaly -- 14.3.2. Mantle Bouguer Anomaly -- 14.3.3. Residual Mantle Bouguer Anomaly -- 14.4. Gravity-Derived Crustal Thickness Variations -- 14.4.1. Inversion of MBA for crustal thickness -- 14.4.2. Inversion results -- 14.4.3. Other contributions to the MBA.
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14.5. Plate Flexure Associated with the Galápagos Lineaments.
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