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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Translating stochastic density-dependent individual behavior with sensory constraints to an Eulerian model of animal swarming (1994)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 33 (1994), S. 139-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract Density-dependent social behaviors such as swarming and schooling determine spatial distribution and patterns of resource use in many species. Lagrangian (individual-based) models have been used to investigate social groups arising from hypothetical algorithms for behavioral interactions, but the Lagrangian approach is limited by computational and analytical constraints to relatively small numbers of individuals and relatively short times. The dynamics of "group properties", such as population density, are often more ecologically useful descriptions of aggregated spatial distributions than individual movements and positions. Eulerian (partial differential equation) models directly predict these group properties; however, such models have been inadequately tied to specific individual behaviors. In this paper, I present an Eulerian model of density-dependent swarming which is derived directly from a Lagrangian model in which individuals with limited sensing distances seek a target density of neighbors. The essential step in the derivation is the interpretation of the density distribution as governing the occurrence of animals as Poisson points; thus the number of individuals observed in any spatial interval is a Poisson-distributed random variable. This interpretation appears to be appropriate whenever a high degree of randomness in individual positions is present. The Eulerian model takes the form of a nonlinear partial integro-differential equation (PIDE); this equation accurately predicts statistically stationary swarm characteristics, such as expected expected density distribution. Stability analysis of the PIDE correctly predicts transients in the stochastic form of the aggregation model. The model is presented in one-dimensional form; however, it illustrates an approach that can be equally well applied in higher dimensions, and for more sophisticated behavioral algorithms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00160177
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Advection–diffusion equations for generalized tactic searching behaviors (1999)
    Springer
    Journal of mathematical biology 38 (1999), S. 169-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1416
    Keywords: Key words: Taxis ; Kinesis ; Area-restricted search ; Random walk ; Advection ; diffusion equation ; Foraging strategy ; Ideal-free distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract.  Many organisms search for limiting resources by using repeated responses to local cues, which cumulatively cause movement towards more favorable parts of their environment. This paper presents a general asymptotic expression, derived under the assumption of shallow environmental gradients, for the population-level flux of organisms moving at a constant speed and reorienting at rates determined by the environmental conditions experienced since the last reorientation. The expression takes the form of an advection-diffusion equation, in which the diffusivity and advection velocity are determined by statistics of the turning algorithm that are directly comparable to empirical observations. This work provides a mechanism with which to systematically evaluate a wide variety of tactic and kinetic strategies for determining turning behaviors. The model is applied to searchers on spatially-variable, random distributions of discrete resource patches. Such algorithms are functions of the integrated resource density encountered between turns. It is shown that behaviors in which the turning time distribution is a function of integrated density cannot result in taxis. In contrast, behaviors in which the turning rate is a function of integrated density can result in taxis. These two classes of search algorithm differ in that the latter requires the searcher to “learn” about its local environment, whereas the former requires no such assessment. This suggests neural or physiological mechanisms for remembering previous encounters may be a biological requirement for searchers on discrete resource distributions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002850050145
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Schooling as a strategy for taxis in a noisy environment (1998)
    Springer
    Evolutionary ecology 12 (1998), S. 503-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8477
    Keywords: aggregation ; optimal foraging ; resource distributions ; schooling ; search strategies ; social behaviour ; taxis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Many aquatic animals face a fundamental problem during foraging and migratory movements: while their resources commonly vary at large spatial scales, they can only sample and assess their environment at relatively small, local spatial scales. Thus, they are unable to choose movement directions by directly sampling distant parts of their environment. A common strategy to overcome this problem is taxis, a behaviour in which an animal performs a biased random walk by changing direction more rapidly when local conditions are getting worse. Such an animal spends more time moving in right directions than wrong ones, and eventually gets to a favourable area. Taxis is inefficient, however, when environmental gradients are weak or overlain by ‘noisy’ small-scale fluctuations. In this paper, I show that schooling behaviour can improve the ability of animals performing taxis to climb gradients, even under conditions when asocial taxis would be ineffective. Schooling is a social behaviour incorporating tendencies to remain close to and align with fellow members of a group. It enhances taxis because the alignment tendency produces tight angular distributions within groups, and dampens the stochastic effects of individual sampling errors. As a result, more school members orient up-gradient than in the comparable asocial case. However, overly strong schooling behaviour makes the school slow in responding to changing gradient directions. This trade-off suggests an optimal level of schooling behaviour for given spatio-temporal scales of environmental variations. Social taxis may enhance the selective value of schooling in pelagic grazers such as herrings, anchovies and Antarctic krill. Furthermore, the degree of aggregation in a population of schooling animals may affect directly the rate and direction of migration and foraging movements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006574607845
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
    Fulltext
  • 4
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    Feeding, growth and grazing rates of the dinoflagellate Genus Protoperidinium determined experimentally (2013)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-26
    Keywords: Abundance per volume; Biomass as carbon per volume; Carbon per cell; Cell, width; Cell biovolume; Dinoflagellata, cell biovolume; Dinoflagellata, growth rate; Dinoflagellata equivalent spherical diameter; Equivalent spherical diameter; Event label; EXP; Experiment; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; PUGET_SOUND_2005; Puget Sound, Salish Sea; Taxon/taxa; Treatment: light intensity; Treatment: temperature; Uniform resource locator/link to reference
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 285 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 5
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    Ocean acidification induces budding in larval sea urchins (2013)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Chan, Kit Yu Karen; Grünbaum, Daniel; Arnberg, Maj; Thorndyke, Mike; Dupont, Sam (2012): Ocean acidification induces budding in larval sea urchins. Marine Biology, 160(8), 2129-2135, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-012-2103-6
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Ocean acidification (OA), the reduction of ocean pH due to hydration of atmospheric CO2, is known to affect growth and survival of marine invertebrate larvae. Survival and transport of vulnerable planktonic larval stages play important roles in determining population dynamics and community structures in coastal ecosystems. Here, we show that larvae of the purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, underwent high-frequency budding (release of blastula-like particles) when exposed to elevated pCO2 level (〉700 µatm). Budding was observed in 〉50 % of the population and was synchronized over short periods of time (~24 h), suggesting this phenomenon may be previously overlooked. Although budding can be a mechanism through which larval echinoids asexually reproduce, here, the released buds did not develop into viable clones. OA-induced budding and the associated reduction in larval size suggest new hypotheses regarding physiological and ecological tradeoffs between short-term benefits (e.g. metabolic savings and predation escape) and long-term costs (e.g. tissue loss and delayed development) in the face of climate change.
    Keywords: Age; Alkalinity, total; Alkalinity, total, standard error; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Aragonite saturation state, standard error; Benthic animals; Benthos; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calcite saturation state, standard error; Calculated using CO2SYS; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved, standard error; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Echinodermata; ECO2; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Identification; Laboratory experiment; North Pacific; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air), standard error; Particle density, normalized; Particle density, standard error; Percentage; pH; pH, standard error; Potentiometric; Reproduction; Salinity; Single species; Species; Stronglyocentrotus purpuratus; Sub-seabed CO2 Storage: Impact on Marine Ecosystems; Temperate; Temperature, water; Treatment
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 2643 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 6
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    Seawater carbonate chemistry and biological processes of sand dollars Dendraster excentricus during experiments, 2011 (2011)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Chan, Kit Yu Karen; Grünbaum, Daniel; O'Donnell, Michael J (2011): Effects of ocean-acidification-induced morphological changes on larval swimming and feeding. Journal of Experimental Biology, 214(22), 3857-3867, https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.054809
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Reduction in global ocean pH due to the uptake of increased atmospheric CO2 is expected to negatively affect calcifying organisms, including the planktonic larval stages of many marine invertebrates. Planktonic larvae play crucial roles in the benthic-pelagic life cycle of marine organisms by connecting and sustaining existing populations and colonizing new habitats. Calcified larvae are typically denser than seawater and rely on swimming to navigate vertically structured water columns. Larval sand dollars Dendraster excentricus have calcified skeletal rods supporting their bodies, and propel themselves with ciliated bands looped around projections called arms. Ciliated bands are also used in food capture, and filtration rate is correlated with band length. As a result, swimming and feeding performance are highly sensitive to morphological changes. When reared at an elevated PCO2 level (1000 ppm), larval sand dollars developed significantly narrower bodies at four and six-arm stages. Morphological changes also varied between four observed maternal lineages, suggesting within-population variation in sensitivity to changes in PCO2 level. Despite these morphological changes, PCO2 concentration alone had no significant effect on swimming speeds. However, acidified larvae had significantly smaller larval stomachs and bodies, suggesting reduced feeding performance. Adjustments to larval morphologies in response to ocean acidification may prioritize swimming over feeding, implying that negative consequences of ocean acidification are carried over to later developmental stages.
    Keywords: Alkalinity, total; Animalia; Aragonite saturation state; Behaviour; Bicarbonate ion; Bottles or small containers/Aquaria (〈20 L); Calcite saturation state; Calculated using seacarb after Nisumaa et al. (2010); Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate ion; Carbonate system computation flag; Carbon dioxide; Coast and continental shelf; Dendraster excentricus; Dendraster excentricus, anterolateral arm distance; Dendraster excentricus, anterolateral arm distance, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, anterolateral arm length; Dendraster excentricus, anterolateral arm length, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, height; Dendraster excentricus, height, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, helical pitch; Dendraster excentricus, helical pitch, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, helical width; Dendraster excentricus, helical width, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, net horizontal speed; Dendraster excentricus, net horizontal speed, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, net vertical speed; Dendraster excentricus, net vertical speed, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, oscillating speed; Dendraster excentricus, oscillating speed, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, posterodorsal arm distance; Dendraster excentricus, posterodorsal arm distance, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, posterodorsal arm length; Dendraster excentricus, posterodorsal arm length, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, postoral arm distance; Dendraster excentricus, postoral arm distance, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, postoral arm length; Dendraster excentricus, postoral arm length, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, preoral arm distance; Dendraster excentricus, preoral arm distance, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, preoral arm length; Dendraster excentricus, preoral arm length standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, stomach height; Dendraster excentricus, stomach height, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, stomach length; Dendraster excentricus, stomach length, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, stomach volume; Dendraster excentricus, stomach volume, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, total speed; Dendraster excentricus, total speed, standard deviation; Dendraster excentricus, width; Dendraster excentricus, width, standard deviation; Echinodermata; EPOCA; EUR-OCEANS; European network of excellence for Ocean Ecosystems Analysis; European Project on Ocean Acidification; Experimental treatment; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Growth/Morphology; Identification; Laboratory experiment; Measured; North Atlantic; OA-ICC; Ocean Acidification International Coordination Centre; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Pelagos; pH; pH meter (Orion 720A); Salinity; Sample ID; Single species; Temperate; Temperature, water; Zooplankton
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 1080 data points
    Location Call Number Limitation Availability
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 7
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    Ocean acidification induces budding in larval sea urchins (2012)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 160 (8).
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-19
    Description: Ocean acidification (OA), the reduction of ocean pH due to hydration of atmospheric CO2, is known to affect growth and survival of marine invertebrate larvae. Survival and transport of vulnerable planktonic larval stages play important roles in determining population dynamics and community structures in coastal ecosystems. Here, we show that larvae of the purple urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, underwent high-frequency budding (release of blastula-like particles) when exposed to elevated pCO2 level (〉700 μatm). Budding was observed in 〉50 % of the population and was synchronized over short periods of time (~24 h), suggesting this phenomenon may be previously overlooked. Although budding can be a mechanism through which larval echinoids asexually reproduce, here, the released buds did not develop into viable clones. OA-induced budding and the associated reduction in larval size suggest new hypotheses regarding physiological and ecological tradeoffs between short-term benefits (e.g. metabolic savings and predation escape) and long-term costs (e.g. tissue loss and delayed development) in the face of climate change.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
    DOI: 10.1007/s00227-012-2103-6
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
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