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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 204 (1973), S. 43-66 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Acute haemorrhagic leucoencephalitis (Hurst) ; Perivenous encephalitis ; Arthus phenomenon ; Allergic encephalomyelitis ; Delayed type hypersensitivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird über die klinische und pathologische Untersuchung von 3 Fällen akuter hämorrhagischer Leukoencephalitis (Hurst) berichtet. Die Fälle stellen 3 Dauer- und Intensitätsgrade dieser Krankheit dar. Das pathologische Bild ist für die hyperergische Entzündung charakteristisch: neben starker hämatogener Infiltration sind in der weißen Substanz auch hämorrhagisch-nekrotische und Mikroglia-Herde zu finden. Die hämorrhagisch-nekrotischen Herde und die entzündliche Infiltration sind in allen 3 Fällen gleichmäßig ausgeprägt, die Mikroglia-Herde sind dagegen parallel mit der Dauer der Krankheit immer mehr ausgebildet. Demgemäß stellen die hämorrhagischen Herde den akuten und die Mikroglia-Herde den sich langsamer entwickelnden Reaktionstyp dar. Nosologisch gehört das klinische Bild zu den allergischen Leukoencephalitiden und stellt den schwersten und akutesten Typ dieser Gruppe dar. Die Krankheit entwickelt sich am häufigsten nach Infektionen der oberen Luftwege. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß vorangegangene Sensibilisierung gegen Virusstämme, welche Infektionen der oberen Luftwege verursachen, für die Induktion des autoimmunen Prozesses verantwortlich ist. Sowohl die hämorrhagisch-nekrotischen als auch die Mikroglia-Herde sind Ergebnis der Antigen-Antikörper-Reaktion, welche sich um die Venolen der weißen Substanz abspielt. Die morphologischen Verschiedenheiten, welche unter den Herdtypen offenbar sind, werden wahrscheinlich durch die Fluktuation in der Intensität der Antigen-Antikörper-Reaktion bestimmt. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß hämodynamische Faktoren eine wesentliche pathoplastische Rolle in der Bestimmung der Stärke der Reaktion haben.
    Notes: Summary The author reports on the clinical and pathological examination of 3 cases of acute haemorrhagic leucoencephalitis (Hurst). The cases represent 3 grades both as regards duration and severity of the disease. The pathological picture is characteristic of hyperergic inflammation: beside intense haematogenic infiltration also haemorrhagic-necrotic and microglial foci can be found in the white matter. The haemorrhagic-necrotic foci and the inflammatory infiltration are of the same intensity in all 3 cases, the microglial foci, however, are better developed parallel to the duration of the disease. Accordingly, the haemorrhagic foci represent the acute, while the microglial foci the more slowly developing reaction type. Nosologically the clinical picture belongs to the allergic leucoencephalitides and corresponds to the most severe and most acute type of this group. The disease develops most frequently following upper respiratory infection. It seems probable that prior sensitization against virus strains causing upper respiratory infection is responsible for the induction of the autoimmune process. Both the haemorrhagic-necrotic and the microglial foci are the result of the antigen-antibody reaction taking place about the venules of the white matter. The morphological differences apparent between the types of foci are presumbly determined by the fluctuation in intensity of the antigen-antibody reaction. It seems probable that haemodynamic factors play an important pathoplastic role in the determination of the intensity of the reaction.
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ; Subacute spongiform encephalopathy (SSE) ; AIDS dementia complex
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The histological and ultrastructural findings of subacute spongiform encephalopathy (SSE) are described in the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia of a homosexual patient who died with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). It is suggested that SSE, beside the diffuse AIDS leukoencephalopathy, might be another morphological substrate of the AIDS dementia complex.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Borna disease virus ; Cat diseases ; Encephalomyelitis ; Lymphocyte subsets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inflammatory cell composition and the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens in the central nervous system (CNS) of 13 cats with a spontaneous, Borna disease-like meningoencephalomyelitis (staggering disease) was investigated by immunohistochemistry with a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. T lymphocytes were the predominating inflammatory cells within the adventitial space. CD4+ T cells were more abundant than CD8+ T cells. Scattered IgG–, IgA– and IgM–containing cells were found in the adventitial space and surrounding neuropil, often adjacent to neurons. There was a markedly increased MHC class II expression in cells morphologically resembling microglia. In several cats, Borna disease virus specific antigen was detected, but only in a few cells, mainly of macrophage character. Our findings indicate a long-standing inflammatory reaction in the CNS of cats with staggering disease, possibly triggered and sustained by a persistent viral infection.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 214 (1967), S. 1204-1206 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Specialized methods of combined light and electron microscopy of brains of suckling mice show stages in assembly of virus, and associated neuropathology. In neuronal cytoplasm virus cores cluster on cisterna membranes and obtain their protein coat in a way which suggests that viral RNA and ...
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Borna disease virus ; Cat diseases ; Encephalomyelitis ; Lymphocyte subsets
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The inflammatory cell composition and the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens in the central nervous system (CNS) of 13 cats with a spontaneous, Borna disease-like meningoencephalomyelitis (staggering disease) was investigated by immunohistochemistry with a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. T lymphocytes were the predominating inflammatory cells within the adventitial space. CD4+ T cells were more abundant than CD8+ T cells. Scattered IgG-, IgA- and IgM-containing cells were found in the adventitial space and surrounding neuropil, often adjacent to neurons. There was a markedly increased MHC class II expression in cells morphologically resembling microglia. In several cats, Borna disease virus specific antigen was detected, but only in a few cells, mainly of macrophage character. Our findings indicate a long-standing inflammatory reaction in the CNS of cats with staggering disease, possibly triggered and sustained by a persistent viral infection.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Key words Motor neuron disease ; Vertical gaze palsy ; Progressive supranuclear palsy ; Multiple system atrophy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The case of a 38-year-old patient with rapidly progressing motor neuron disease, complicated by major dysfunction of the extrapyramidal system and of vertical gaze is described. Neuropathological examination revealed a degenerative process that severely affected the lower motor neurons, as well as the neurons of the pars compacta of the substantia nigra, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, the nucleus interstitialis of Cajal, the colliculi superiores, and the pallidum. The long tracts were unaffected at all levels of the brain stem and spinal cord. There was no convincing evidence for the presence of a multiple system atrophy or progressive supranuclear palsy; the results rather revealed a pattern of vulnerability characteristic of a variant of motor neuron disease.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of neurology 237 (1990), S. 445-447 
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ; Wernicke's encephalopathy ; Thiamine deficiency ; Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Two non-alcoholic homosexual patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are reported who developed acute Wernicke's encephalopathy in the terminal stage of their illness. The first patient presented with vascular congestion, minute haemorrhages, proliferation of microglia and of the vessel walls at the predilection sites of the Wernicke-Korsakoff process. In the second patient only the mamillary bodies were involved. Besides Wernicke's encephalopathy, a primary cerebral immunoblastoma and cerebral toxoplasmosis were found in the first patient, whereas the second showed severe encephalitis with numerous microglial and multi-nucleated giant cells reacting positively with anti-HIV antibody. Just as in the development of Wernicke's encephalopathy in malignant diseases, the catabolic trend of the metabolism of the immunodeficient patients with consecutive thiamine deficiency must be considered the principal pathogenetic mechanism.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-1459
    Keywords: Rhabdomyolysis ; Type 2a fibres ; Myoadenylate-deaminase deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary A 31-year-old woman developed an acute, potentially fatal rhabdomyolysis of undetermined origin. Muscle biopsy revealed selective lysis involving exclusively type 2a fibers. Myoadenylate-deaminase (MAD) deficiency was proven by a negative histochemical reaction as well as by an enzymatic biochemical determination. The significantly greater energetic dependence of type 2a fibres on MAD explains their selective damage. The patient's mother also suffers from a similar muscle disease of still unclarified origin.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Acta neuropathologica 64 (1984), S. 213-221 
    ISSN: 1432-0533
    Keywords: Encephalitis ; Borna disease virus ; Immunohistochemistry ; Axonal transport ; Cytoplasmic filaments
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary The brains of eight horses that had suffered from natural Borna disease were examined with virologic, immunohistological, and electron-microscopic methods. All brains harbored infectious virus as shown by inoculation of experimental animals. Regional assessment of the infectivity exhibited the highest titers in the hippocampus and piriform cortex and the lowest in the cerebellum. Coventional histology yielded pathologic alterations very similar to those of the classical description of the disease. Immunohistology demonstrated the highest amounts of Borna disease virusspecific antigen in the nuclei of neurons. In the perikarya, dendrites, and axons smaller amounts of antigen were found. A comparison of the antigen distribution with the inflammatory reaction established a high concordance of these two parameters. The presence of virus-specific antigen seems to trigger the exsudation of inflammatory cells, which reflect the extension of the infectious process. Heavy inflammatory exsudates in the white matter underlying diseased cortical areas can be explained by the axonal presence of virus-specific antigen. Virus particles could not be demonstrated with the electron microscope. The most significant findings at the ultrastructural level were stacks of fine filaments, adhering closely to cytoplasmic cisterns. These structures might be related to virus components or might be involved in virus morphogenesis.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience 202 (1961), S. 463-480 
    ISSN: 1433-8491
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In einem Falle cerebraler Arteriosklerose wurde der rechte Fasc. long. med. (Flm) caudal vom IV.-Kern halbseitig durch einen Erweichungsherd zerstört. Die folgenden Augenbewegungsstörungen waren vorhanden: 1. homolaterale internucleäre Ophthalmoplegie; 2. Parese des Rectus lateralis mit dissoziiertem blickparetischem Nystagmus auf der herdentgegengesetzten Seite; 3. Ausfall der langsamen Phase des labyrinthären Nystagmus im herdgleichseitigen Rectus medialis, während an der herdgegenseitig gerichteten schnellen Phase auch der herdgleichseitige Augapfel teilnahm. Das klinische Bild entsprach mithin einer rechtsseitigen internucleären Ophthalmoplegie mit dissoziiertem Nystagmus und Dissoziation der labyrinthären Nystagmusphasen sowie einer linksseitigen Blickparese. Eine Analyse der klinischen und anatomischen Verhältnisse führt zu folgender Erklärung des Symptomenkomplexes: Die horizontale Blickbahn, die in der Formatio reticularis des Mittelhirns („subcorticales Blickzentrum“) umgeschaltet wurde, steigt nach Kreuzung im oralen Brückenabschnitt bis zur Höhe des VI.-Kerns in der Haube, jedoch außerhalb des Flm herab; von hier biegen sich die den Kern des M.rectus medialis versorgenden Fasern zurück und erreichen nach einer zweiten, etwas vom VI.-Kern oral stattfindenden Kreuzung im Flm den III.-Kern. Es ist wahrscheinlich, daß der Flm keine absteigenden horizontalen Blickfasern enthält. Die Teilnahme des M. rectus medialis an der langsamen Phase des Nystagmus unterbleibt infolge der Zerstörung der ungekreuzten vestibulo-okulären Verbindung. Die halbseitige partielle Läsion des Brachium conjunctivum hat in diesem Fall ein symptomenarmes, nur aus posturalem Tremor bestehendes klinisches Bild verursacht; ein Gaumensegelnystagmus fehlte.
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