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Note: Cover -- MECHANICAL ENGINEERING OF THE CYTOSKELETON IN DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Mechanical Stresses in Embryonic Tissues: Patterns, Morphogenetic Role, and Involvement in Regulatory Feedback -- I. Introduction -- II. Determination of Patterns of Mechanical Stresses in Amphibian Embryos -- Ill. Tentative Estimates of the Range of Absolute Stress Values -- IV. Morphogenetic Effects of Reorientation and Relaxation of Tensile Stresses in Amphibian Embryonic Tissues -- V. Surface Tension-like Components of Stresses in Embryonic Tissues -- VI. Some Concepts Related to Stress-Force Feedback -- VII. A Hypothesis of HyperrestorationŽ of Preexisting Stresses -- VIII. Some Standard Morphomechanical Situations -- IX. Qualitative Reconstruction of Morphogenetic Processes during Gastrulation and Neurulation of Amphibian Embryos -- X. Some Views on a Mechanical Approach to Ontogenetic Processes -- References -- Chapter 2. Locomotion of Tissue Culture Cells Considered in Relation to Ameboid Locomotion -- I. Introduction -- II. General Description and Nomenclature of Locomotion in Tissue Culture Cells -- Ill. Exertion of Rearward Traction Forces -- IV. Retrograde Surface Transport of Attached Markers -- V. Varieties of Ameboid Locomotion -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3. Role of Mechanical Stimulation in the Establishment and Maintenance of Muscle Cell Differentiation -- I. Introduction -- II. Cellular Responses to Mechanical Loading -- III. Response of Developing Myocytes to Mechanical Forces -- IV. Effect of Mechanical Force on Myofibril Formation -- V. Mechanical Regulation of Adult Cardiac Myocyte Physiology -- VI. Mechanical Effects on Skeletal Myocytes -- VII. Changes in Regulatory Molecules in Response to Load -- VIII. Effects of Decreased Mechanical Load. , IX. Effects of Load Changes in Vitro -- X. Pathophysiological Changes in Load -- XI. Receptors of Mechanical Force -- XII. Transduction of Mechanical Force by Integring -- XIII. Stretch-Activated Channels -- XIV. Nuclear Matrix -- XV. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4. Finite Element Methods for Developmental Biology -- I. Introduction -- II. Modeling in Developmental Biology -- Ill. Basis of the Finite Element Method -- IV. Formulation of the Finite Element Method -- V. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 5. Substratum Mechanics and Cell Differentiation -- I. Introduction -- II. Cytomechanics of Cell-Substratum Interactions -- III. Regulation of the Choice of Fate of the RPE Cells by Soluble Factors and the Substratum -- IV. Cellular Mechanics of Transdifferentiation -- References -- Chapter 6. Phase Transitions, Interfaces, and Morphogenesis in a Network of Protein Fibers -- I. Introduction -- II. Matrix-Driven Translocation -- Ill. Physical Mechanisms of MDT -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7. The Interphase Nucleus as a Dynamic Structure -- I. Introduction -- II. Nuclear Rotation: Chromatin Motion in lnterphase Nuclei in Vitro -- III. Chromosome Topology in lnterphase Nuclei -- IV. The Functional State of Cells and lnterphase Chromosome Patterns -- V. An Intranuclear Motor: Contractile Proteins in lnterphase Nuclei -- VI. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8. Cellular Tensegrity: Exploring How Mechanical Changes in the Cytoskeleton Regulate Cell Growth, Migration, and Tissue Pattern during Morphogenesis -- I. Introduction -- II. Mechanical Forces and Establishment of Tissue Pattern -- III. Transmembrane Mechanical Coupling within the Extended Cytoskeleton -- IV. Control of Cell Shape and Function by Alterations in the Cytoskeletal Force Balance -- V. Cytoskeletal Response to Mechanical Stress -- VI. Cytoskeletal Tensegrity. , VII. The Cytoskeleton as a Mechanical Signaling System -- VIII. Conclusions and Implications for Development -- References -- Chapter 9. Mechanics of the Cytoskeleton and Morphogenesis of Acetabularia -- I. Introduction -- II. Growth and Morphogenesis -- III. Calcium-Cytoskeletal Dynamics -- IV. Cell Wall Dynamics -- V. Simulations of Acetabularia Morphogenesis -- VI. Variations on a Theme -- VII. Conclusion -- VIII. Appendix -- References -- Chapter 10. The Chemical Basis of Diatom Morphogenesis -- I. Introduction -- II. The Diatom Shell and Observed Stages of Its Morphogenesis -- Ill. Theories and Speculations on Shell Morphogenesis -- IV. Instabilities in Diffusion-Limited Amorphous Precipitation of Silica Generate Space-Filling Branching Patterns -- V. The Role of Sintering -- VI. Modeling of Sintering -- VII. The Colloidal Nature of the Silica -- VIII. Valve Morphogenesis in the Context of the Cell -- IX. Discussion -- Glossary -- References -- Chapter 11. Appendix: Dialogue on Embryonic Induction and Differentiation Waves -- I. Introduction -- II. Authors' Dialogue -- References -- Addendum to The Chemical Basis of Diatom MorphogenesisŽ -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Habitability of the Universe before Earth -- Copyright -- Dedications -- References -- Further Reading -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface: Life as a Cosmic Phenomenon by Alexei A. Sharov & -- Richard Gordon -- Part I. Physical and Chemical Constraints -- Part II. Predicting Habitability -- Part III. Life in the Cosmic Scale -- Part IV. System Properties of Life -- Summary and Extrapolations -- References -- Part 1: Physical and Chemical Constraints -- Gravity and Life -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gravity as Source of Complexity -- 3. The Planet-Builder Force -- 4. The Goldilocks Gravity -- 5. Gravitational Biology -- 6. A Scalable Life? -- 7. The Plurality of Earth-Like Gravities -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Radiation as a Constraint for Life in the Universe -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Types of Radiation -- 3. Sources of High-Energy Radiation -- 3.1. Stellar Emissions -- 3.2. Stellar Explosions -- 4. Effects -- 4.1. Direct Effects -- 4.2. Indirect Effects -- 5. Rates -- 6. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- The When and Where of Water in the History of the Universe -- 1. Introduction. Why is Water Essential for Life? -- 2. What Is Water? -- 2.1. Chemical Properties of Water -- 2.2. Physical Properties -- 3. When Did Water Appear? -- 3.1. Primordial Nucleosynthesis -- 3.2. Energy Production in Stars -- 3.3. Stellar Nucleosynthesis -- 3.4. Water Molecule -- 4. Distribution of Water in the Universe -- 4.1. Water in Galaxies -- 4.2. Water in Stars and Interstellar Space -- 4.3. Water in Planetary Disks -- 4.4. Water in Extrasolar Planets -- 4.5. Water in the Solar System -- 4.5.1. Water in the outer solar system -- 4.5.2. Water in small bodies -- Comets -- Asteroids -- Meteorites -- 4.5.3. Water on Earth and other terrestrial planets -- Mercury -- Venus -- Earth -- Mars. , 5. Water and Life -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- The Cosmic Evolution of Biochemistry -- 1. Big Bang to Pale Blue Dots -- 2. The First Stars: The Increasing Metallicity of POP III and POP II stars -- 3. The Influence of C/O on the Rocky Planet Composition -- 4. The Ubiquity of Habitable Planetary Systems -- 5. What Can Terrestrial Life Tell us About Extraterrestrial Life? -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Astrophysical and Cosmological Constraints on Life -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Formation of the Elements of Life -- 1.2. Protection of Life on Planets -- 1.3. Assumptions -- 2. Hazardous Radiation and Particles -- 2.1. Solar/Stellar Energetic Particles (SEPs) -- 2.2. Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) -- 2.3. Extragalactic Cosmic Rays (EGCRs) -- 2.4. The Star Formation Rate (SFR) -- 3. Local Astrophysical Threats to Life -- 3.1. Supernovae (SNe) -- 3.2. Gamma-Ray Bursts (GRBs) -- 3.3. Nearby Super-Massive Black Holes (SMBHs) -- 3.4. Galaxy Mergers and SMBH Mergers -- 3.5. AGN, SMBHs, and Ultra-Luminous X-Ray Sources (ULXs) -- 3.6. The Galactic Center SMBH -- 4. Planetary Protection -- 4.1. The Rise of the Elements -- 4.2. Galactic Magnetic Fields: Protection From EGCRs -- 4.3. Astrospheres: Protection From GCRs -- 4.4. Planetary Magnetic Fields: Protection From GCRs and SEPs -- 4.5. The Atmosphere: A Strong Last Line of Protection -- 5. Habitability in Space and in Time -- 5.1. The Super-Galactic Habitable Zone (SGHZ) -- 5.2. The Galactic Habitable Zone (GHZ) -- 5.3. The Circumstellar Habitable Zone -- 6. Life as We Know It in the Universe -- 7. Summary of Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Primitive Carbon: Before Earth and Much Before Any Life on It -- 1. Introduction: The Foundational Carbon -- 2. Viewing the First Billion Years of the Universe -- 3. The Origin of Metallicity -- 3.1. Brief Overview of POP-II Stars. , 3.2. Carbon-Enhanced Metal Poor Stars -- 4. Carbon: The Reactant and Substrate in the Early Universe -- 4.1. Carbon Monoxide: The Reactant -- 4.2. Carbonaceous Dust: The Substrate -- 4.3. Dust-Grain Interaction: Escalating Organic Enrichment -- 5. Finding Organics: Analogues of High-Redshift Galaxies in the Local Universe -- 5.1. Signatures of Organics in the Local Universe -- 5.2. AGB Stars: Refuge for Organics? -- 6. Conclusion: Where Does the Science of Origins of Habitability Go from Here? -- 6.1. The First Yardstick of Finding Habitability in the Ancient Universe -- 6.2. The Cutting-Edge Science of Origins -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 2: Predicting Habitability -- The Habitability of Our Evolving Galaxy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Habitability -- 3. The Exoplanet Era -- 4. The Habitability of the Milky Way -- 5. The Habitability of Other Galaxies -- 6. Transient Radiation Events -- 7. The Habitability of the Galaxy Before the Earth -- 8. Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- N-Body Simulations and Galactic Habitability -- 1. Framing the Big Question: Where Are We? -- 2. Habitability Properties -- 2.1. Metallicity -- 2.2. Star Formation Rate -- 2.3. Dynamical Properties -- 2.4. The Galactic Habitable Zone -- 3. N-Body Simulations: Galactic Habitability in Dynamical Perspective -- 3.1. Description -- 3.2. Metallicity and SFR -- 3.3. Model Accuracy and Limitations -- 4. Simulations -- 4.1. General Description -- 4.2. Habitability Calculations -- 4.2.1. Model 1 -- 4.2.2. Model 2 -- 4.3. Comparison of Models -- 4.4. Results -- 4.4.1. Model 1 -- 4.4.2. Model 2 -- 4.5. Habitability Before the Earth Was Formed -- 4.6. Discussion -- 5. Comparison With Other Studies -- 5.1. Habitability of Other Galaxies in the Dynamical Perspective -- 6. Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Occupied and Empty Regions of the Space of Extremophile Parameters -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Parameter Space of Extremophilic Organisms on Earth -- 2.1. Hyperthermophiles -- 2.2. Psychrophiles -- 2.3. Extreme Halophiles -- 2.4. Tolerance for Low Water Activity -- 2.5. pH Extremophiles -- 2.6. Missing Life in Poly-Extremophilic Parameter Spaces -- 2.7. Radiation- and Pressure-Resistant Extremophiles: Parameter Spaces Analogous to the Interstellar Medium -- 2.7.1. Radiation -- 2.7.2. High Pressure: Mega-Pascal and Giga-Pascal Ranges -- 2.7.3. Vacuum and Low Pressure -- 2.7.4. Microbial Metabolism -- 3. Settings for Life in our Solar System: Physiochemical Parameter Space on Mars, Europa, Titan, and Enceladus -- 3.1. Mars -- 3.2. Europa: "Earth-like" Subsurface Ocean -- 3.3. Titan and Enceladus: Active Cryovolcanism on Moons of Saturn -- 3.4. Settings for Life in our Solar System: Plausible Ecosystems Based on Analog Niches -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Further Reading -- The Emergence of Structured, Living, and Conscious Matter in the Evolution of the Universe: A Theory of Structural Evolution a -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Physics of Matter and Structural Evolution -- 3. Building the Biostructure: The Mystery of Life -- 4. The Rhythms in the Dynamics of Structured Matter -- 5. The Emergence of Intelligence -- 6. Microstructural Evolution, Learning, Self-Organization, and Semantics -- 7. What is Balanced Excitation and Inhibition? -- 8. The Genetic Basis of Brain Disorders and Aging -- 9. On the Origin of Time, Matter, and Intelligence of Life -- 10. What is Holding us Back in Artificial Intelligence? -- 11. Incomplete Models, the Theory of Everything -- 12. Summary of Theoretical Concepts-New Predictions -- 13. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Part 3: Life in the Cosmic Scale -- Life Before Earth. , 1. The Increase of Genetic Complexity Follows Moore's Law -- 2. The Age of Life Is Estimated Based on Moore's Law -- 3. How Variable Are the Rates of Evolution? -- 4. Why Did Genome Complexity Increase Exponentially? -- 5. Could Life Have Started From the Equivalent of One Nucleotide? -- 6. How Heritable Surface Metabolism May Have Evolved Into an RNA-World Cell? -- 7. How Can Organisms Survive Interstellar Transfer? -- 8. Implications of the Cosmic Origin of Life on Earth -- 9. Genetic Complexity Lags Behind the Functional Complexity of Mind -- 10. Extrapolating the Growth of Complexity Into the Future -- 11. A Biosemiotic Perspective -- 12. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Earth Before Life -- 1. Background -- 2. Method -- 2.1. Regression Effect -- 2.2. Regression Dilution -- 2.3. Estimating Measurement Errors -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The Drake Equation as a Function of Spectral Type and Time -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Constraints From Observations -- 2.1. Rate of Star Formation -- 2.2. Fraction of Stars With Planets -- 2.3. Number of Habitable Planets Per System -- 3. Constraints From Theory -- 3.1. Fraction of Habitable Planets That Develop Life -- 3.2. Fraction of Life-Bearing Planets That Develop Intelligence -- 3.3. Fraction of Intelligence-Bearing Planets That Become Communicative -- 4. Rethinking the Longevity Parameter -- 4.1. Equal Evolutionary Time -- 4.2. Proportional Evolutionary Time -- 5. Discussion -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Are We the First: Was There Life Before Our Solar System? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Big Bang and the Elements -- 3. Interstellar Medium-Holes in the Sky -- 4. Making Organic Molecules-Cradle for Life? -- 4.1. Astrochemistry -- 4.2. Atmospheric Boundaries -- 4.3. Clay and Mineral Surfaces -- 4.4. Atmospheric Lightning. , 5. Origin of Life per se: Current Hypotheses.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication to Lawrence Bogorad -- Foreword -- References -- Introduction to Diatoms: Fundamentals and Applications -- The Topics Covered in This Volume are Varied -- Acknowledgment -- Chapter 1: A Memorial to Frithjof Sterrenburg: The Importance of the Amateur Diatomist -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Background and Interests -- 1.3 The Personality of an Amateur Diatomist -- 1.4 The Amateur Diatomist and the Importance of Collections -- 1.5 The Amateur Diatomist as Expert in the Tools of the Trade -- 1.6 The Amateur Diatomist as Peer-Reviewed Scientific Contributor -- 1.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2: Alex Altenbach - In Memoriam of a Friend -- References -- Chapter 3: The Beauty of Diatoms -- 3.1 Early History of Observations of Diatoms -- 3.2 Live Diatoms -- 3.3 Shapes and Structures -- 3.4 Diatom Beauty at Various Scales -- 3.5 Valves During Morphogenesis -- 3.6 Jamin-Lebedeff Interference Contrast Microscopy -- 3.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4: Current Diatom Research in China -- 4.1 Diatoms for Energy Conversion and Storage -- 4.2 Diatoms for Water Treatment -- 4.3 Study of Tribological Performances of Compound Dimples Based on Diatoms Shell Structures -- References -- Chapter 5: Cellular Mechanisms of Diatom Valve Morphogenesis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Valve Symmetry -- 5.3 Valve Silification Order -- 5.4 Silica Within SDV -- 5.5 Macromorphogenesis Control -- 5.6 Cytoskeletal Control of Morphogenesis -- 5.7 The Role of Vesicles in Morphogenesis -- 5.8 Valve Exocytosis and the SDV Origin -- 5.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Application of Focused Ion Beam Technique in Taxonomy-Oriented Research on Ultrastructure of Diatoms -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Material and Methods -- 6.3 Results -- 6.4 Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions. , Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7: On Light and Diatoms: A Photonics and Photobiology Review -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Unique Multiscale Structure of the Diatom Frustules -- 7.3 Optical Properties of Diatom Frustules -- 7.4 Diatom Photobiology -- 7.5 Diatom and Light Applications -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- Glossary -- References -- Chapter 8: Photosynthesis in Diatoms -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Chloroplast Structure Reflects the Two Steps Endosymbiosis -- 8.3 Photosynthetic Pigments -- 8.4 The Organization of the Photosynthetic Apparatus -- 8.5 Non-Photochemical Quenching (NPQ) -- 8.6 Carbon Uptake and Fixation -- 8.7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 9: Iron in Diatoms -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fe Acquisition by Diatoms -- 9.3 Fe-Containing Proteins in Diatoms and Economy of Fe Use -- 9.4 Iron Storage -- 9.5 Conclusions and Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10: Diatom Symbioses with Other Photoautotroph -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Diatoms with a N2-Fixing Coccoid Cyanobacterial Endosymbiont -- 10.3 Diatoms with N2-Fixing Filamentous Heterocytous Cyanobacterial Endosymbionts -- 10.4 Epiphytic, Endogloeic and Endophytic Diatoms -- 10.5 Diatom Endosymbionts in Dinoflagellates -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11: Diatom Sexual Reproduction and Life Cycles -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Centric Diatoms -- 11.3 Pennate Diatom Life Cycles and Reproduction -- 11.4 Auxospore Development and Structure -- 11.5 Induction of Sexual Reproduction -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12: Ecophysiology, Cell Biology and Ultrastructure of a Benthic Diatom Isolated in the Arctic -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Environmental Settings in the Arctic -- 12.3 Growth as Function of Temperature -- 12.4 Growth After Long-Term Dark Incubation. , 12.5 Cell Biological Traits After Long-Term Dark Incubation -- 12.6 Ultrastructural Traits -- 12.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 13: Ecology of Freshwater Diatoms - Current Trends and Applications -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Diatom Distribution -- 13.3 Diatom Dispersal Ability -- 13.4 Functional Classification in Diatom Ecology -- 13.5 Spatial Ecology and Metacommunities -- 13.6 Aquatic Ecosystems Biomonitoring -- 13.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14: Diatoms from Hot Springs of the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russia) -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Materials and Methods -- 14.3 Description of Sampling Sites -- 14.4 Results -- 14.5 Summary -- References -- Chapter 15: Biodiversity of High Mountain Lakes in Europe with Special Regards to Rila Mountains (Bulgaria) and Tatra Mountains (Poland) -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Recent Datom Biodiversity in High Mountain Lakes in Bulgaria and Poland -- 15.3 Diatom Community Changes in High-Mountain Lakes in Bulgaria and Poland from Pre-Industrial Times to Present Day -- 15.4 Monitoring Data '2015' and Correlations Between the Data Sets of the Rila Mts. and the Tatra Mts. -- 15.5 Red-List Data: Cirque "Sedemte Ezera", Rila Mts. and Tatra Mts. -- 15.6 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 16: Diatoms of the Southern Part of the Russian Far East -- 16.1 History of the Study of Freshwater Algae of the Southern Part of the Russian Far East -- 16.2 Diatom Flora of the Southern Part of the Russian Far East -- References -- Chapter 17: Toxic and Harmful Marine Diatoms -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Harmful Diatoms -- 17.3 Toxic Diatoms -- 17.4 Gaps in Knowledge and Thoughts for Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 18: Diatoms in Forensics: A Molecular Approach to Diatom Testing in Forensic Science -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Postmortem Forensic Counter Measures. , 18.3 Differences in Drowned Victims vs Those that Die of Other Causes -- 18.4 Techniques to Identify Diatoms in Biological Sample -- 18.5 Case Studies -- 18.6 Identification of Diatom Using Molecular Tools in Tissue and Water Samples -- 18.7 Differentiation of Diatom DNA in the Tissue of a Drowned Victim -- 18.8 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) -- 18.9 Diatom DNA Extraction from Biological Samples of a Drowned Victim -- 18.10 Best Barcode Markers for Diatoms to Diagnose Drowning -- 18.11 DNA Sequencing -- 18.12 Advancement in Sequencing Leads to Advancement of Data Interpretation -- 18.13 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- List of Abbreviations Used -- References -- Chapter 19: Diatomite in Use: Nature, Modifications, Commercial Applications and Prospective Trends -- 19.1 The Nature of Diatomite -- 19.2 The History of Discovery and Ancient Applications -- 19.3 Diatomite Occurrence and Distribution -- 19.4 Diatomite Mining and Processing -- 19.5 Diatomite Characterization -- 19.6 Diatom Frustules Modifications -- 19.7 Diatomite in Use -- 19.8 Diatomite Fabrication and Future Aspects -- 19.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 20: Diatom Silica for Biomedical Applications -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Diatoms: Natural Silica Microcapsules for Therapeutics Delivery -- 20.3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 21: Diafuel™ (Diatom Biofuel) vs Electric Vehicles, a Basic Comparison: A High Potential Renewable Energy Source to Make India Energy Independent -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Debate on Relation of Green House Gas Emissions (GHG) with CO2 and Temperature -- 21.3 Outcomes of Paris Agreement 2015 -- 21.4 Energy Demands for India -- 21.5 Critics Talking About Entry of EV in Market -- 21.6 Comparison Between Electric Vehicles vs Vehicles with Diafuel™ at Large. , 21.7 Source for Generation of Electricity to Drive EVs -- 21.8 CO2 Emissions by Electric Vehicle vs Gasoline Driven Vehicles -- 21.9 Depletion of Earth Metals to Run EV's vs Abundant Resources for Diafuel™ -- 21.10 Current Status -- 21.11 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- List of Abbreviations Used -- References -- Chapter 22: Bubble Farming: Scalable Microcosms for Diatom Biofuel and the Next Green Revolution -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Mechanical Properties -- 22.3 Optical Properties -- 22.4 Surface Properties -- 22.5 Toxicity Restrictions -- 22.6 Biofilms -- 22.7 Bacterial Symbionts -- 22.8 Demand -- 22.9 Exponential Growth vs Stationary Phase -- 22.10 Carbon Recycling -- 22.11 Packaging -- 22.12 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Index -- End User License Agreement.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword, "Are There Men on the Moon?" by Winston S. Churchill -- Preface -- Appendix to Preface by Richard Gordon and George Mikhailovsky -- Part I: Introduction to the Origin of Life Puzzle -- Chapter 1 Origin of Life: Conflicting Models for the Origin of Life -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Top-Down Approach-The Phylogenetic Tree of Life -- 1.3 Bottom-Up Approach-The Hypotheses -- 1.4 The Emergence of Chemolithoautotrophs and Photolithoautotrophs? -- 1.5 Viruses: The Fourth Domain of Life? -- 1.6 Where are We with the Origin of Life on Earth? -- References -- Chapter 2 Characterizing Life: Four Dimensions and their Relevance to Origin of Life Research -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Debate About (Defining) Life -- 2.2.1 The Debate and the Meta-Debate -- 2.2.2 Defining Life is Only One Way to Address the Question "What is Life?" -- 2.3 Does Origin of Life Research Need a Characterization of Life? -- 2.4 Dimensions of Characterizing Life -- 2.4.1 Dimension 1: Dichotomy or Matter of Degree? -- 2.4.2 Dimension 2: Material or Functional? -- 2.4.3 Dimension 3: Individual or Collective? -- 2.4.4 Dimension 4: Minimal or Inclusive -- 2.4.5 Summary Discussion of the Dimensions -- 2.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 Emergence, Construction, or Unlikely? Navigating the Space of Questions Regarding Life's Origins -- 3.1 How Can We Approach the Origins Quest(ion)? -- 3.2 Avian Circularities -- 3.3 Assuming That... -- 3.4 Unlikely -- 3.5 Construction -- 3.6 Emergence -- References -- Part II: Chemistry Approaches -- Chapter 4 The Origin of Metabolism and GADV Hypothesis on the Origin of Life -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 [GADV]-Amino Acids and Protein 0th-Order Structure -- 4.3 Exploration of the Initial Metabolism: The Origin of Metabolism. , 4.3.1 From What Kind of Enzymatic Reactions Did the Metabolic System Originate? -- 4.3.2 What Kind of Organic Compounds Accumulated on the Primitive Earth -- 4.3.3 What Organic Compounds were Required for the First Life to Emerge? -- 4.4 From Reactions Using What Kind of Organic Compounds Did the Metabolism Originate? -- 4.4.1 Catalytic Reactions with What Kind of Organic Compounds Were Incorporated Into the Initial Metabolism? -- 4.4.2 Search for Metabolic Reactions Incorporated Into the Initial Metabolism -- 4.4.3 Syntheses of [GADV]-Amino Acids Leading to Produce [GADV]-Proteins/Peptides Were One of the Most Important Matters for the First Life -- 4.4.4 Nucleotide Synthetic Pathways were Integrated at the Second Phase in the Initial Metabolism -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.5.1 Protein 0th-Order Structure Was the Key for Solving the Origin of Metabolism -- 4.5.2 Validity of GPG-Three Compounds Hypothesis on the Origin of Metabolism -- 4.5.3 Establishment of the Metabolic System and the Emergence of Life -- 4.5.4 The Emergence of Life Viewed from the Origin of Metabolism -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Chemical Automata at the Origins of Life -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Theoretical Models -- 5.2.1 The Chemoton Model -- 5.2.2 Autopoiesis -- 5.2.3 Biotic Abstract Dual Automata -- 5.2.4 Automata and Diffusion-Controlled Reactions -- 5.2.5 Quasi-Species and Hypercycle -- 5.2.6 Computer Modeling -- 5.2.7 Two-Dimensional Automata -- 5.3 Experimental Approach -- 5.3.1 The Ingredients for Life -- 5.3.2 Capabilities Required for the Chemical Automata -- 5.3.2.1 Autonomy -- 5.3.2.2 Self-Ordering and Self-Organization -- 5.3.2.3 About Discriminating Aggregation -- 5.3.2.4 Autocatalysis and Competition -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 A Universal Chemical Constructor to Explore the Nature and Origin of Life -- 6.1 Introduction. , 6.2 Digitization of Chemistry -- 6.3 Environmental Programming, Recursive Cycles, and Protocells -- 6.4 Measuring Complexity and Chemical Selection Engines -- 6.5 Constructing a Chemical Selection Engine -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 How to Make a Transmembrane Domain at the Origin of Life: A Possible Origin of Proteins -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Initial "Core" Amino Acids -- 7.3 The Thickness of Membranes of the First Vesicles -- 7.4 Carbon-Carbon Distances Perpendicular to a Membrane -- 7.5 The Thickness of Modern Membranes -- 7.6 A Prebiotic Model for the Coordinated Growth of Membrane Thickness and Transmembrane Peptides -- 7.7 A Model for the Coordinated Growth of Membrane Thickness and Transmembrane Peptides -- 7.8 RNA World with the Protein World -- 7.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Part III: Physics Approaches -- Chapter 8 Patterns that Persist: Heritable Information in Stochastic Dynamics -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Markov Processes -- 8.2.1 Simple Examples of Markov Processes -- 8.2.2 Stochastic Dynamics -- 8.2.3 Master Equation -- 8.2.4 Dynamic Persistence -- 8.2.5 Coarse Graining -- 8.2.6 Entropy Production -- 8.3 Results -- 8.3.1 The Persistence Filter -- 8.4 Mechanisms of Persistence -- 8.5 Effects of Size N and Disequilibrium γ -- 8.6 Probability of Persistence -- 8.6.1 Continuity Constraint -- 8.6.2 Locality Constraint -- 8.6.3 New Strategies for Persistence -- 8.7 Measuring Persistence in Practice -- 8.7.1 Computable Information Density (CID) -- 8.7.2 Quantifying Persistence in Dynamic Assemblies of Colloidal Rollers -- 8.8 Conclusions -- 8.9 Methods -- 8.9.1 Coarse-Graining -- 8.10 Monte Carlo Optimization -- 8.11 Experiments on Ferromagnetic Rollers -- 8.12 A Persistence in Equilibrium Systems -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Chapter 9 When We Were Triangles: Shape in the Origin of Life via Abiotic, Shaped Droplets to Living, Polygonal Archaea During the Abiocene -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 What Correlates with Archaea Shape? Nothing! -- 9.1.2 Archaea's Place in the Tree of Life -- 9.1.3 The Discovery and Exploration of Shaped Droplets -- 9.1.4 Shaped Droplets as Protocells -- 9.1.5 Comparison of Shaped Droplets with Archaea -- 9.1.6 The S-Layer -- 9.1.7 The S-Layer as a Two-Dimensional Liquid with Fault Lines -- 9.1.8 The Analogy of the S-Layer to Bubble Rafts -- 9.1.9 Energy Minimization Model for the S-Layer in Polygonal Archaea -- 9.2 Discussion -- 9.3 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10 Challenges and Perspectives of Robot Inventors that Autonomously Design, Build, and Test Physical Robots -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Physical Evolutionary-Developmental Robotics -- 10.2.1 Robotic Invention -- 10.2.2 Physical Morphology Adaptation -- 10.3 Falling Paper Design Experiments -- 10.3.1 Design-Behavior Mapping -- 10.3.2 More Variations of Paper Falling Patterns -- 10.3.3 Characterizing Falling Paper Behaviors -- 10.4 Evolutionary Dynamics of Collective Bernoulli Balloons -- 10.5 Discussions and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV: The Approach of Creating Life -- Chapter 11 Synthetic Cells: A Route Toward Assembling Life -- 11.1 Compartmentalization: Putting Life in a Box -- 11.2 The Making of Cell-Sized Giant Liposomes -- 11.3 Coacervate-Based Synthetic Cells -- 11.4 Adaptivity and Functionality in Synthetic Cells -- 11.5 Synthetic Cell Information Processing and Communication -- 11.6 Intracellular Information Processing: Making Decisions with All the Noise -- 11.7 Extracellular Communication: the Art of Talking and Selective Listening -- 11.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 12 Origin of Life from a Maker's Perspective-Focus on Protocellular Compartments in Bottom-Up Synthetic Biology -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Unifying the Plausible Protocells in Line with the Crowded Cell -- 12.3 Self-Sustained Cycles of Growth and Division -- 12.4 Transport and Energy Generation at the Interface -- 12.4.1 Energy and Complexity -- 12.4.2 Energy Compartmentation -- 12.5 Synergistic Effects Towards the Origin of Life -- References -- Part V: When and Where Did Life Start? -- Chapter 13 A Nuclear Geyser Origin of Life: Life Assembly Plant - Three-Step Model for the Emergence of the First Life on Earth and Cell Dynamics for the Coevolution of Life's Functions -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Natural Nuclear Reactor -- 13.2.1 Principle of a Natural Nuclear Reactor -- 13.2.2 Natural Nuclear Reactor in Gabon -- 13.2.3 Radiation Chemistry to Produce Organics -- 13.2.4 Hadean Natural Nuclear Reactor -- 13.3 Nuclear Geyser Model as a Birthplace of Life on the Hadean Earth -- 13.4 Nine Requirements for the Birthplace of Life -- 13.5 Three-Step Model for the Emergence of the First Life on Hadean Earth -- 13.5.1 The Emergence of the First Proto-Life -- 13.5.1.1 Domain I: Inorganics -- 13.5.1.2 Domain II: From Inorganic to Organic -- 13.5.1.3 Domain III: Production of More Advanced BBL -- 13.5.1.4 Domain IV: Passage Connecting Geyser Main Room with the Surface and Fountain Flow -- 13.5.1.5 Domain V: Production of BBL in an Oxidizing Wet-Dry Surface Environment -- 13.5.1.6 Domain VI: Birthplace of the First Proto-Life -- 13.5.1.7 Utilization of Metallic Proteins -- 13.5.2 The Emergence of the Second Proto-Life -- 13.5.2.1 Drastic Environmental Change from Step 1 to Step 2 -- 13.5.2.2 Biological Response from Step 1 to Step 2 -- 13.5.3 The Emergence of the Third Proto-Life, Prokaryote. , 13.5.3.1 Drastic Environmental Changes from Step 2 to Step 3.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication to Jeremy D. Pickett-Heaps In Memoriam 1940-2021 -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Some Observations of Movements of Pennate Diatoms in Cultures and Their Possible Interpretation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Kinematics and Analysis of Trajectories in Pennate Diatoms with Almost Straight Raphe along the Apical Axis -- 1.3 Curvature of the Trajectory at the Reversal Points -- 1.4 Movement of Diatoms in and on Biofilms -- 1.5 Movement on the Water Surface -- 1.6 Formation of Flat Colonies in Cymbella lanceolata -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 The Kinematics of Explosively Jerky Diatom Motility: A Natural Example of Active Nanofluidics -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Material and Methods -- 2.2.1 Diatom Preparation -- 2.2.2 Imaging System -- 2.2.3 Sample Preparation -- 2.2.4 Image Processing -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Comparison of Particle Tracking Algorithms -- 2.3.2 Stationary Particles -- 2.3.3 Diatom Centroid Measurements -- 2.3.4 Diatom Orientation Angle Measurements -- 2.3.5 Is Diatom Motion Characterized by a Sequence of Small Explosive Movements? -- 2.3.6 Future Work -- 2.4 Conclusions -- Appendix -- Dynamics of Diatom in Low Reynolds Number Regime -- References -- 3 Cellular Mechanisms of Raphid Diatom Gliding -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Gliding and Secretion of Mucilage -- 3.3 Cell Mechanisms of Mucilage Secretion -- 3.4 Mechanisms of Gliding Regulation -- 3.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Motility of Biofilm-Forming Benthic Diatoms -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General Motility Models and Concepts -- 4.2.1 Adhesion -- 4.2.2 Gliding Motility -- 4.2.3 Motility and Environmental Responsiveness -- 4.3 Light-Directed Vertical Migration -- 4.4 Stimuli-Directed Movement -- 4.4.1 Nutrient Foraging. , 4.4.2 Pheromone-Based Mate-Finding Motility -- 4.4.3 Prioritization Between Co-Occurring Stimuli -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Photophobic Responses of Diatoms - Motility and Inter-Species Modulation -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of Observed Photoresponses -- 5.2.1 Light Spot Accumulation -- 5.2.2 High-Intensity Light Responses -- 5.3 Inter-Species Effects of Light Responses -- 5.3.1 Inter-Species Effects on High Irradiance Direction Change Response -- 5.3.2 Inter-Species Effects on Cell Accumulation into Light Spots -- 5.4 Summary -- References -- 6 Diatom Biofilms: Ecosystem Engineering and Niche Construction -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Diatoms: A Brief Portfolio -- 6.1.2 Benthic Diatoms as a Research Challenge -- 6.2 The Microphytobenthos and Epipelic Diatoms -- 6.3 The Ecological Importance of Locomotion -- 6.4 Ecosystem Engineering and Functions -- 6.4.1 Ecosystem Engineering -- 6.4.2 Ecosystem Functioning -- 6.5 Microphytobenthos as Ecosystem Engineers -- 6.5.1 Sediment Stabilization -- 6.5.2 Beyond the Benthos -- 6.5.3 Diatom Architects -- 6.5.4 Working with Others: Combined Effects -- 6.5.5 The Dynamic of EPS -- 6.5.6 Nutrient Turnover and Biogeochemistry -- 6.6 Niche Construction and Epipelic Diatoms -- 6.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Diatom Motility: Mechanisms, Control and Adaptive Value -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Forms and Mechanisms of Motility in Diatoms -- 7.2.1 Motility in Centric Diatoms -- 7.2.2 Motility in Pennate Raphid Diatoms -- 7.2.3 Motility in Other Substrate-Associated Diatoms -- 7.2.4 Vertical Migration in Diatom-Dominated Microphytobenthos -- 7.3 Controlling Factors of Diatom Motility -- 7.3.1 Motility Responses to Vectorial Stimuli -- 7.3.2 Motility Responses to Non-Vectorial Stimuli -- 7.3.3 Species-Specific Responses and Interspecies Interactions -- 7.3.4 Endogenous Control of Motility. , 7.3.5 A Model of Diatom Vertical Migration Behavior in Sediments -- 7.4 Adaptive Value and Consequences of Motility -- 7.4.1 Planktonic Centrics -- 7.4.2 Benthic Pennates -- 7.4.3 Ecological Consequences of Vertical Migration -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Motility in the Diatom Genus Eunotia Ehrenb. -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Accounts of Movement in Eunotia -- 8.3 Motility in the Context of Valve Structure -- 8.3.1 Motility and Morphological Characteristics in Girdle View -- 8.3.2 Motility and Morphological Characteristics in Valve View -- 8.3.3 Motility and the Rimoportula -- 8.4 Motility and Ecology of Eunotia -- 8.4.1 Substratum-Associated Environments -- 8.4.2 Planktonic Environments -- 8.5 Motility and Diatom Evolution -- 8.6 Conclusion and Future Directions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 A Free Ride: Diatoms Attached on Motile Diatoms -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Adhesion and Distribution of Epidiatomic Diatoms on Their Host -- 9.3 The Specificity of Host-Epiphyte Interactions -- 9.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis of Host-Epiphyte Interactions -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Towards a Digital Diatom: Image Processing and Deep Learning Analysis of Bacillaria paradoxa Dynamic Morphology -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Organism Description -- 10.1.2 Research Motivation -- 10.2 Methods -- 10.2.1 Video Extraction -- 10.2.2 Deep Learning -- 10.2.3 DeepLabv3 Analysis -- 10.2.4 Primary Dataset Analysis -- 10.2.5 Data Availability -- 10.3 Results -- 10.3.1 Watershed Segmentation and Canny Edge Detection -- 10.3.2 Deep Learning -- 10.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Diatom Triboacoustics -- 11.1 State-of-the-Art -- 11.1.1 Diatoms and Their Movement -- 11.1.2 The Navier-Stokes Equation -- 11.1.3 Low Reynolds Number -- 11.1.4 Reynolds Number for Diatoms -- 11.1.5 Further Thoughts About Movement of Diatoms. , 11.1.6 Possible Reasons for Diatom Movement -- 11.1.7 Underwater Acoustics, Hydrophones -- 11.2 Methods -- 11.2.1 Estimate of the Momentum of a Moving Diatom -- 11.2.2 On the Speed of Expansion of the Mucopolysaccharide Filaments -- 11.2.3 Gathering Diatoms -- 11.2.4 Using a Hydrophone to Detect Possible Acoustic Signals from Diatoms -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Spectrograms -- 11.3.2 Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Movements of Diatoms VIII: Synthesis and Hypothesis -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Review of the Conditions Necessary for Movements -- 12.3 Hypothesis -- 12.4 Analysis - Comparison with Observations -- 12.4.1 Translational Apical Movement -- 12.4.2 The Transapical Toppling Movement -- 12.4.3 Diverse Pivoting -- 12.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 Locomotion of Benthic Pennate Diatoms: Models and Thoughts -- 13.1 Diatom Structure -- 13.1.1 Ultrastructure of Frustules -- 13.1.2 Bending Ability of Diatoms -- 13.2 Models for Diatom Locomotion -- 13.2.1 Edgar Model for Diatom Locomotion -- 13.2.2 Van der Waals Force Model (VW Model) for Diatom Locomotion -- 13.3 Locomotion and Aggregation of Diatoms -- 13.3.1 Locomotion Trajectory and Parameters of Diatoms -- 13.4 Simulation on Locomotion, Aggregation and Mutual Perception of Diatoms -- 13.4.1 Simulation Area and Parameters -- 13.4.2 Diatom Life Cycle and Modeling Parameters -- 13.4.3 Simulation Results of Diatom Locomotion Trajectory with Mutual Perception -- 13.4.4 Simulation Results of Diatom Adhesion with Mutual Perception -- 13.4.5 Adhesion and Aggregation Mechanism of Diatoms -- References -- 14 The Whimsical History of Proposed Motors for Diatom Motility -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Historical Survey of Models for the Diatom Motor -- 14.2.1 Diatoms Somersault via Protruding Muscles (1753). , 14.2.2 Vibrating Feet or Protrusions Move Diatoms (1824) -- 14.2.3 Diatoms Crawl Like Snails (1838) -- 14.2.4 The Diatom Motor Is a Jet Engine (1849) -- 14.2.5 Rowing Diatoms (1855) -- 14.2.6 Diatoms Have Protoplasmic Tank Treads (1865) -- 14.2.7 Diatoms as the Flame of Life: Capillarity (1883) -- 14.2.8 Bellowing Diatoms (1887) -- 14.2.9 Jelly Powered Jet Skiing Diatoms (1896) -- 14.2.10 Bubble Powered Diatoms (1905) -- 14.2.11 Diatoms Win: "I Have No New Theory to Offer and See No Reason to Use Those Already Abandoned"12 (1940) -- 14.2.12 Is Diatom Motility a Special Case of Cytoplasmic Streaming? (1943) -- 14.2.13 Diatom Adhesion as a Sliding Toilet Plunger (1966) -- 14.2.14 Diatom as a Monorail that Lays Its Own Track (1967) -- 14.2.15 The Diatom as a "Compressed Air" Coanda Effect Gliding Vehicle (1967) -- 14.2.16 The Electrokinetic Diatom (1974) -- 14.2.17 The Diatom Clothes Line or Railroad Track (1980) -- 14.2.18 Diatom Ion Cyclotron Resonance (1987) -- 14.2.19 Diatoms Do Internal Treadmilling (1998) -- 14.2.20 Surface Treadmilling, Swimming and Snorkeling Diatoms (2007) -- 14.2.21 Acoustic Streaming: The Diatom as Vibrator or Jack Hammer (2010) -- 14.2.22 Propulsion of Diatoms Via Many Small Explosions (2020) -- 14.2.23 Diatoms Walk Like Geckos (2019) -- 14.3 Pulling What We Know and Don't Know Together, about the Diatom Motor -- 14.4 Membrane Surfing: A New Working Hypothesis for the Diatom Motor (2020) -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Appendix -- References -- Index -- Also of Interest -- Check out these published and forthcoming related titles from Scrivener Publishing -- EULA.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Part 1: General Issues -- 1 Introduction for a Tutorial on Diatom Morphology -- 1.1 Diatoms in Brief -- 1.2 Tools to Explore Diatom Frustule Morphology -- 1.3 Diatom Frustule 3D Reconstruction -- 1.3.1 Recommended Steps to Understand the Complex Diatom Morphology: A Guide for Beginners -- 1.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 The Uncanny Symmetry of Some Diatoms and Not of Others: A Multi-Scale Morphological Characteristic and a Puzzle for Morphogenesis* -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Recognition and Symmetry -- 2.1.2 Symmetry and Growth -- 2.1.3 Diatom Pattern Formation, Growth, and Symmetry -- 2.1.4 Diatoms and Uncanny Symmetry -- 2.1.5 Purpose of This Study -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.2.1 Centric Diatom Images Used for Analysis -- 2.2.2 Centric Diatoms, Morphology, and Valve Formation -- 2.2.3 Image Entropy and Symmetry Measurement -- 2.2.4 Image Preparation for Measurement -- 2.2.5 Image Tilt and Slant Measurement Correction for Entropy Values -- 2.2.6 Symmetry Analysis -- 2.2.7 Entropy, Symmetry, and Stability -- 2.2.8 Randomness and Instability -- 2.3 Results -- 2.3.1 Symmetry Analysis -- 2.3.2 Valve Formation-Stability and Instability Analyses -- 2.4 Discussion -- 2.4.1 Symmetry and Scale in Diatoms -- 2.4.2 Valve Formation and Stability -- 2.4.3 Symmetry, Stability and Diatom Morphogenesis -- 2.4.4 Future Research-Symmetry, Stability and Directionality in Diatom Morphogenesis -- References -- 3 On the Size Sequence of Diatoms in Clonal Chains -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Mathematical Analysis of t he Size Sequence -- 3.2.1 Alternative Method for Calculating the Size Sequence -- 3.2.2 Self-Similarity and Fractal Structure -- 3.2.3 Matching Fragments to a Generation Based on Known SizeIndices of the Fragment. , 3.2.4 Sequence of the Differences of the Size Indices -- 3.2.5 Matching Fragments to a Generation Based on Unknown SizeIndices of the Fragment -- 3.2.6 Synchronicity of Cell Divisions -- 3.3 Observations -- 3.3.1 Challenges in Verifying the Sequence of Sizes -- 3.3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.3.3 Investigation of the Size Sequence of a Eunotia sp. -- 3.3.4 Synchronicity -- 3.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix 3A L-System for the Generation of the Sequence of Differences in Size Indices of Adjacent Diatoms -- Appendix 3B Probability Consideration for Loss of Synchronicity -- References -- 4 Valve Morphogenesis in Amphitetrasantediluviana Ehrenberg -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Material and Methods -- 4.3 Observations -- 4.3.1 Amphitetras antediluviana Mature Valves -- 4.3.2 Amphitetras antediluviana Forming Valves -- 4.3.3 Amphitetras antediluviana Girdle Band Formation -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part 2: Simulation -- 5 Geometric Models of Concentric and Spiral Areola Patterns of Centric Diatoms -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Set of Common Rules Used in the Models -- 5.3 Concentric Pattern of Areolae -- 5.4 Spiral Patterns of Areolae -- 5.4.1 Unidirectional Spiral Pattern -- 5.4.2 Bidirectional Spiral Pattern -- 5.4.3 Common Genesis of Unidirectional and Bidirectional Spiral Patterns -- 5.5 Conversion of an Areolae-Based Model Into a Frame-Based Model -- 5.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Diatom Pore Arrays' Periodicities and Symmetries in the Euclidean Plane: Nature Between Perfection and Imperfection -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Materials and Methods -- 6.2.1 Micrograph Segmentation -- 6.2.2 Two-Dimensional Fast Fourier Analysis and Autocorrelation Function Analysis -- 6.2.3 Lattice Measurements and Recognition -- 6.2.4 Accuracy of 2D ACF-Based Calculations. , 6.2.5 The Perfection of the Unit Cell Parameters Between Different Parts (Groups of Pore Arrays) of the Same Valve and the Same Micrograph -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.3.1 Toward Standardization of the Methodology for the Recognition of 2D Periodicities of Pore Arrays in Diatom Micrographs -- 6.3.1.1 Using Two-Dimensional Fast Fourier Transform Analysis -- 6.3.1.2 Using Two-Dimensional Autocorrelation Function -- 6.3.1.3 The Accuracy of Lattice Parameters' Measurements Using the Proposed 2D ACF Analysis -- 6.3.2 Exploring the Periodicity in Our Studied Micrographs and the Possible Presence of Different Types of 2D Lattices in Diatoms -- 6.3.2.1 Irregular Pore Scattering (Non-Periodic Pores) -- 6.3.2.2 Linear Periodicity of Pores in Striae (1D Periodicity) -- 6.3.2.3 The Different 2D Lattices in Diatom Pore Arrays -- 6.3.3 How Perfectly Can Diatoms Build Their 2D Pore Arrays? -- 6.3.3.1 Variation of the 2D Lattice Within the Connected Pore Array of the Valve -- 6.3.3.2 Comparison of 2D Lattice Parameters and Degree of Perfection of Distinct Pore Array Groups in the Same Micrograph and Va -- 6.3.3.3 The Perfection of 2D Lattices of Diatom Pore Arrays Compared to Perfect (Non-Oblique) 2D Bravais Lattices -- 6.3.4 Planar Symmetry Groups to Describe the Whole Diatom Valve Symmetries and Additionally Describe the Complicated 2D Periodic Pore Arrays' Symmetries -- 6.3.4.1 Rosette Groups -- 6.3.4.2 Frieze Groups -- 6.3.4.3 Wallpaper Groups -- 6.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Glossary -- References -- 7 Quantified Ensemble 3D Surface Features Modeled as a Window on Centric Diatom Valve Morphogenesis -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 From 3D Surface Morphology to Morphogenesis -- 7.1.2 Geometric Basis of 3D Surface Models and Analysis -- 7.1.3 Differential Geometry of 3D Surface -- 7.1.4 3D Surface Feature Geometry and Morphological Attributes. , 7.1.5 Centric Diatom Taxa Used as Exemplars in 3D Surface Models for Morphogenetic Analysis -- 7.1.6 Morphogenetic Descriptors of Centric Diatoms in Valve Formation as Sequential Change in 3D Surface Morphology -- 7.1.7 Purposes of This Study -- 7.2 Methods -- 7.2.1 Measurement of Ensemble Surface Features and 3D Surface Morphology: Derivation and Solution of the Jacobian, Hessian, Laplacian, and Christoffel Symbols -- 7.2.1.1 The Jacobian of 3D Surface Morphology -- 7.2.1.2 Monge Patch -- 7.2.1.3 First and Second Fundamental Forms and Surface Characterization of the Monge Patch -- 7.2.1.4 3D Surface Characterization via Gauss and Weingarten Maps and the Fundamental Forms -- 7.2.1.5 Peaks, Valleys, and Saddles of Surface Morphology and the Hessian -- 7.2.1.6 Smoothness as a Characterization of Surface Morphology and the Laplacian -- 7.2.1.7 Point Connections of 3D Surface Morphology and Christoffel Symbols -- 7.2.1.8 Protocol for Using Centric Diatom 3D Surface Models and Their Ensemble Surface Features in Valve Formation Analysis -- 7.3 Results -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.4.1 Ensemble Surface Features and Physical Characteristics of Valve Morphogenesis -- 7.4.2 Factors Affecting Valve Formation -- 7.4.3 Diatom Growth Patterns-Buckling and Wave Fronts -- 7.4.4 Valve Formation, Ensemble Surface Features, and Self-Similarity -- 7.4.5 Diatom Morphogenesis: Cytoplasmic Inheritance and Phenotypic Plasticity -- 7.4.6 Phenotypic Variation and Ensemble Surface Features: Epistasis and Canalization -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 Buckling: A Geometric and Biophysical Multiscale Feature of Centric Diatom Valve Morphogenesis -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Purpose of Study -- 8.3 Background: Multiscale Diatom Morphogenesis -- 8.3.1 Valve Morphogenesis-Schemata of Schmid and Volcani and of Hildebrand, Lerch, and Shrestha. , 8.3.2 Valve Formation-An Overview at the Microscale -- 8.3.3 Valve Formation-An Overview at the Mesoand Microscale -- 8.3.4 Valve Formation-An Overview at the Mesoand Nanoscale -- 8.4 Biophysics of Diatom Valve Formation and Buckling -- 8.4.1 Buckling as a Multiscale Measure of Valve Formation -- 8.4.2 Valve Formation-Cytoplasmic Features and Buckling -- 8.4.3 Buckling: Microtubule Filaments and Bundles -- 8.4.4 Buckling: Actin Filament Ring -- 8.5 Geometrical and Biophysical Aspects of Buckling and Valve Formation -- 8.5.1 Buckling: Geometry of Valve Formation as a Multiscale Wave Front -- 8.5.2 Buckling: Valve Formation and Hamiltonian Biophysics -- 8.5.3 Buckling: Valve Formation and Deformation Gradients -- 8.5.4 Buckling: Multiscale Measurement With Respect to Valve Formation -- 8.5.5 Buckling: Krylov Methods and Association of Valve Surface Buckling With Microtubule and Actin Buckling -- 8.6 Methods -- 8.6.1 Constructing and Analyzing 3D Valve Surface and 2D Microtubule and Actin Filament Models -- 8.6.2 Krylov Methods: Associating Valve Surface With Microtubule and Actin Filament Buckling -- 8.7 Results -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- 9. Are Mantle Profiles of Circular Centric Diatoms a Measure of Buckling Forces During Valve Morphogenesis? -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods -- 9.2.1 Background: Circular Centric 2D Profiles and 3D Surfaces of Revolution -- 9.3 Results -- 9.3.1 Approximate Constant Profile Length Representing Approximate Same Sized Valves -- 9.3.2 Change in Profile Length Representing Size Reduction During Valve Morphogenesis -- 9.3.3 Are Profiles Measures of Buckling Forces During Valve Morphogenesis? -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.4.1 Laminated Structures and Mantle Buckling Forces Affecting the Valve Profile -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Part 3: Physiology, Biochemistry and Applications. , 10 The Effect of the Silica Cell Wall on Diatom Transport and Metabolism*.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- 1 Astrobioethics: Epistemological, Astrotheological, and Interplanetary Issues -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Epistemological Issue -- 1.3 Astrotheological Issue -- 1.4 Interplanetary Issue -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Astroethics for Earthlings: Our Responsibility to the Galactic Commons -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Laying the Foundation for an Astroethics of Responsibility -- 2.2.1 First Foundational Question: Who Are We? -- 2.2.2 Second Foundational Question: What Do We Value? -- 2.2.2.1 Science and Value -- 2.2.2.2 Religious Reliance on the Common Good -- 2.2.2.3 A Secular Grounding for Astroethics? -- 2.2.3 Third Foundational Question: What Should We Do? -- 2.2.3.1 From Quandary to Responsibility -- 2.2.3.2 From Space Sanctuary to Galactic Commons -- 2.3 Astroethical Quandaries Arising Within the Solar Neighborhood -- 2.3.1 Does Planetary Protection Apply Equally to Both Earth and Off-Earth Locations? -- 2.3.2 Does Off-Earth Life Have Intrinsic Value? -- 2.3.3 Should Astroethicists Adopt the Precautionary Principle? -- 2.3.4 Who's Responsible for Space Debris? -- 2.3.5 How Should We Govern Satellite Surveillance? -- 2.3.6 Should We Weaponize Space? -- 2.3.7 Which Should Have Priority: Scientific Research or Making a Profit? -- 2.3.8 Should We Earthlings Terraform Mars? -- 2.3.9 Should We Establish Human Settlements on Mars? -- 2.3.10 How Do We Protect Earth from the Sky? -- 2.4 Levels of Intelligence in the Milky Way Metropolis -- 2.4.1 What is Our Responsibility Toward Intellectually Inferior ETI? -- 2.4.2 What is Our Responsibility Toward Peer ETI? -- 2.4.3 What is Our Responsibility Toward Superior ETI or Even Post-Biological Intelligence? -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Moral Philosophy for a Second Genesis. , 3.1 Moral Philosophy on Earth and Elsewhere -- 3.1.1 The Origin of Ethics and Its Universal Relevance -- 3.1.2 Why Should We Act Morally? -- 3.1.3 Is a New Morality Needed for Astrobiological Explorations? -- 3.2 Identifying the Lack of Ethical Substance in Science Communication -- 3.2.1 Understanding the Boundaries of Knowledge -- 3.2.2 Implications of the Limits and Horizons of Science -- 3.3 Going from Astrobiology to Astrobioethics: A Big Step for Science and Humanism -- 3.3.1 The Pathway from Ethics to Bioethics and to Astrobioethics -- 3.3.2 The Question of the Role of Ethics in Astrobiology -- 3.4 Would There Be New Ethical Principles if There Were a Second Genesis? -- 3.4.1 Inevitability of the Emergence of a Particular Biosignature -- 3.4.2 Universalizable Ethical Criteria -- 3.5 Astrobioethics is Subject to Constraints on Chance -- 3.5.1 Not All Genes Are Equally Significant Targets for Evolution -- 3.5.2 Evolutionary Changes Are Constrained -- 3.6 How Are We Going to Treat Non-Human Life Away from the Earth? -- 3.6.1 Can Ethical Behavior Be Extended into a Cosmic Context -- 3.6.2 Instrumentation for the Search of Life -- 3.7 Ethical Principles in Early Proposals for the Search for Non-Human Life in the Solar System -- 3.7.1 Ethical Considerations in Previous Research in the Solar System -- 3.7.2 Instrumentation That Might Harm Exo-Microorganisms -- 3.8 Conclusion -- Glossary -- References -- 4 Who Goes There? When Astrobiology Challenges Humans -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The Copernican Revolution -- 4.3 Religious Reactions to the Copernican Revolution -- 4.4 Astrobiology and Speculation -- 4.5 Heretics -- 4.6 The Many Worlds Hypothesis -- 4.7 Desecration of Planets Beyond Earth -- 4.8 The Precautionary Principle -- 4.9 The Sacred Beyond Earth -- 4.10 Who Goes There? -- 4.11 Conclusion: The Astrobiological Apocalypse -- Further Readings. , 5 Social and Ethical Currents in Astrobiological Debates -- 5.1 Introductory Musings -- 5.2 Uncertainty Opens the Door -- 5.3 Time Frames -- 5.4 Conceptual Frames -- 5.4.1 Error Avoiders vs. Optimizers -- 5.4.2 Ecologicals vs. Anthropocentrists -- 5.4.3 Communalists vs. Commercialists -- 5.5 Complications, Connections, and CYA -- 5.6 A Concluding Thought -- References -- 6 The Ethics of Biocontamination -- 6.1 The Beresheet Tardigrades -- 6.2 Our Conflicting Intuitions -- 6.3 The Intelligibility of Microbial Value -- 6.4 Contamination and Discovery -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Astrobiology Education: InspiringDiverse Audiences with the Search for Life in the Universe -- 7.1 The State of Astrobiology -- 7.2 Astrobiology as a Profession -- 7.3 Graduate Programs -- 7.4 Undergraduate Programs -- 7.5 Conferences and Schools -- 7.6 Courses for Non-Science Majors -- 7.7 Massive Open Online Classes -- 7.8 Teaching Materials and Books -- References -- 8 Genetics, Ethics, and Mars Colonization: A Special Case of Gene Editing and Population Forces in Space Settlement -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 The Complex Relationship Between Population Forces and Ethics -- 8.1.2 Humans Evolving on Earth and Mars -- 8.1.3 Bioenhancements: Science, Technology, and Ethics -- 8.1.4 A Set of Astrobioethical Guidelines for Off-World Exploration -- 8.2 Population Forces and the Ethical Issues They Raise -- 8.2.1 Natural Selection and Genetic Drift on Mars -- 8.2.2 Contrasting and Convergent Population Forces on Earth and Mars -- 8.2.3 Population Forces When Humans Colonize Mars, the Asteroids, and Outer Planets -- 8.3 Ethical Issues Implied by Population Forces and Genome Modification -- 8.3.1 Selection of Interplanetary Migrants Based on Invasive Genetic Procedures -- 8.3.2 Required Pre-Settlement Genetic Remediation -- 8.3.3 Moral Context for Genetic Engineering for Space. , 8.4 Case Types for Off-World Population Change and Their Ethical Implications -- 8.4.1 The Case of the Isolated Space Colony -- 8.4.2 The Case of an Inclusivist or Exclusivist Space Colony: Science, Research, Intelligence -- 8.4.3 The Case of the Space Refuge as an Ethically Expensive Option -- 8.4.4 The Case of the Formation of a New Species of Human -- 8.5 Religious Ethics and Population Forces -- 8.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 9 Constructing a Space Ethics Upon Natural Law Ethics -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Space Ethics and Natural Law Ethics -- 9.3 A Natural Law Ethics Including Space -- 9.4 The Disadvantages, Ambiguities, and Advantages of a Natural Law Space Ethics -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Two Elephants in the Room of Astrobiology -- Abbreviations -- 10.1 Identifying the Two Elephants -- 10.2 The Phenomenon Elephant -- 10.3 The Weaponization Elephant -- 10.4 U.S. Government Spending on Weapons for Space -- 10.5 The Military-Industrial Complex Operates Under Euphemisms Citing "GovernmentIndustry" Linkages -- 10.6 How the Two Elephants Are Connected -- 10.7 The Astroethics Public Policy Path Forward -- References -- 11 Microbial Life, Ethics and the Exploration of Space Revisited -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Critiques of Intrinsic Value -- 11.2.1 The Argument from Existing Destruction -- 11.2.2 The Argument from Sheer Numbers -- 11.2.3 The Argument from Impracticality -- 11.2.4 The Argument from Prevailing View -- 11.2.5 The Argument from Respect -- 11.3 What of Intrinsic Value? -- 11.4 Adjudicating Other Interests -- 11.5 Do We Need a Cosmocentric Ethic for Microbial-Type Life? -- 11.6 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Astrobiology, the United Nations, and Geopolitics -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 What is Astrobiology? -- 12.3 Ethical Issues in Astrobiology -- 12.4 Astrobiology and Planetary Protection. , 12.5 Conflicting Ideologies -- 12.6 International Cooperation-or Not? -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References -- 13 An Ethical Assessment of SETI, METI, and the Value of Our Planetary Home -- 13.1 A Brief History of SETI and METI -- 13.2 Ethical Analyses of SETI and METI -- 13.3 Ethical Proposals for the Road Ahead -- References -- 14 The Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 The Relation Between the Epistemic and the Axiological Dimensions of Planetary Protection -- 14.3 The Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection Today -- 14.4 The Nature of Epistemic Values -- 14.5 The Outer Space Treaty and the Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection -- 14.6 The Axiological Dimension of Planetary Protection - Historical Background -- 14.7 Ethics and Planetary Protection -- 14.8 Competing Values - Planetary Protection and the Commercial Use of Space -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Who Speaks for Humanity? The Need for a Single Political Voice -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Need for Global Decision-Making in an Astrobiological Context -- 15.3 Some Socio-Political Implications of Astrobiological Perspectives -- 15.4 Who Speaks for Humanity? Building Appropriate Political Institutions for Space Activities -- 15.4.1 A World Space Agency -- 15.4.2 Strengthening the United Nations for the Governance of Space Activities -- 15.4.3 Space Activities in the Context of a Future World Government -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Interstellar Ethics and the Goldilocks Evolutionary Sequence: Can We Expect ETI to Be Moral? -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 The Little Broached Question of Ethics -- 16.2 Astronomical Detection of Possible Life -- 16.2.1 The Complex Relationship Between Signals and Ethics -- 16.2.2 Astronomical Signal Detection, the Goldilocks Zone, Habitation, and Ethics -- 16.2.2.1 Exoplanets. , 16.2.2.2 Exoplanets in the Goldilocks Zone.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Investigation of Diatoms with Optical Microscopy -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Light Microscopy -- 1.2.1 Phase Contrast Microscopy -- 1.2.2 Differential Interference Contrast (DIC) Microscopy -- 1.2.3 Darkfield Microscopy -- 1.3 Fluorescence Microscopy -- 1.4 Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy -- 1.5 Multiphoton Microscopy -- 1.6 Super-Resolution Optical Microscopy -- 1.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 2 Nanobioscience Studies of Living Diatoms Using Unique Optical Microscopy Systems -- Abbreviations -- 2.1 Trajectory Analysis of Gliding Among Individual Diatom Cells Using Microchamber Systems -- 2.2 Direct Observation of Floating Phenomena of Individual Diatoms Using a "Tumbled" Microscope System -- 2.3 Three-Dimensional Physical Imaging of Living Diatom Cells Using a Holographic Microscope System -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Recent Insights Into the Ultrastructure of Diatoms Using Scanning and Transmission Electron-Microscopy -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) of Diatoms -- 3.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) of Diatoms -- 3.3.1 Limitations -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Atomic Force Microscopy Study of Diatoms -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of AFM Modes -- 4.3 Sample Preparation and Methods -- 4.4 Study of Diatom Ultrastructure Under AFM -- 4.5 Conclusion -- Glossary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 5 Refractive Index Tomography for Diatom Analysis -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fundamentals of PC-ODT -- 5.3 Experimental Setup for PC-ODT -- 5.4 Diatom RI Reconstructions with Bright-Field Illumination -- 5.5 Illumination Impact on PC-ODT Performance -- 5.6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 6 Luminescent Diatom Frustules: A Review on the Key Research Applications. , 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Key Research Applications of Luminescence Properties of Diatom Frustules -- 6.2.1 Novel Nanophotonic and Optoelectronic Applications of Luminescent Diatom Frustules -- 6.2.2 Applications of Diatom Luminescence in Sensing -- 6.2.3 Biomedical Applications of Diatom Luminescence -- 6.2.4 Other Studies on Diatom Luminescence -- 6.3 Future Perspectives -- 6.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 7 Micro to Nano Ornateness of Diatoms from Geographically Distant Origins of the Globe -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methods -- 7.2.1 Diatom Samples and Microscopy -- 7.2.1.1 By Michael J. Stringer -- 7.2.1.2 Diatom Oamaru Slides by Diane Winter -- 7.2.1.3 By Daniel Mathys -- 7.2.1.4 Diatom Sampling, Slide Preparation and Imaging from Himalayas, Plains and Arabian Sea, India -- 7.3 Diatoms from Different Geographical Origins of the World -- 7.3.1 Oamaru Diatoms -- 7.3.2 Diatom Images Gifted by Michael J. Stringer -- 7.3.3 Diatoms from Natural History Museum Basel, Switzerland a Piece of Art by Daniel Mathys -- 7.3.4 Diatoms from India -- 7.4 Conclusion -- 7.5 Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Types of X-Ray Techniques for Diatom Research -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Applications -- 8.2.1 Synchrotron Radiation-Based X-Ray Techniques -- 8.2.2 X-Ray Computed Tomography -- 8.2.3 X-Ray Fluorescence-Based Techniques -- 8.2.4 X-Ray Microanalysis -- 8.2.5 X-Ray Absorption-Based Techniques -- 8.2.6 X-Ray Diffraction -- 8.2.7 Other X-Ray-Based Techniques -- 8.3 Conclusions -- Glossary -- References -- 9 Diatom Assisted SERS -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Diatom -- 9.2.1 Basic Overview -- 9.2.2 Physiological Characteristics -- 9.2.3 Optical and Relevant Properties -- 9.3 Raman Scattering -- 9.3.1 Basics -- 9.3.2 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering -- 9.3.3 Optoelectronic Investigations. , 9.4 SERS Through Diatom: Fundamentals and Application Overview -- 9.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- 10 Diatoms as Sensors and Their Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Diatoms as Biosensors -- 10.2.1 Electrochemical Sensors -- 10.2.2 Plasmonic Sensors -- 10.2.3 Immunoassay Sensors -- 10.2.4 Optical and Optofluidic Sensors -- 10.2.5 Biochemical Sensors -- 10.2.6 FRET-Based Sensors -- 10.2.7 Microfluidics-Based Sensors -- 10.3 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Diatom Frustules: A Transducer Platform for Optical Detection of Molecules -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Optical Properties of Diatom Frustules -- 11.2.1 Diatom as a Photoluminescent Materials -- 11.2.2 Diatom as a Photonic Crystal -- 11.2.3 Diatoms as a SERS Substrate -- 11.3 Methods Involved in Thin Film Deposition of Diatom Frustules -- 11.4 Diatom as an Optical Transducer for Biosensors -- 11.5 Diatom as an Optical Transducer for Gas/ Chemical Sensors -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Effects of Light on Physico-Chemical Properties of Diatoms -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Effect of Light on Diatom Function and Morphology -- 12.2.1 Effect of Light Intensity on Diatom Morphology -- 12.2.2 Effect of Light Intensity on Diatom Growth -- 12.2.3 Effect of Light Intensity on Photosynthesis in Diatoms -- 12.2.4 Effect of Wavelength of Light on Diatom Pigment System -- 12.2.5 Effect of Light Intensity on the Physiology of Diatoms -- 12.3 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Index -- Also of Interest -- EULA.

Note: Intro -- The Science of Algal Fuels -- Dedication -- Table of Contes -- Brief Introduction to the Science of Algal Fuels: Phycology, Gelogy, Biophotonics, Genomics, and Nanotechnology -- Foreword -- The Production of Algal Biofuels -- Easy Algal Oil? -- Energetic Return on (Energy) Investment -- Algal Biofuels as Coproduct -- Preface -- References -- Acknowledgements -- Editor's Bios -- List of Authors and theier Addresses -- Part I: Methods and Ways of Research -- Quitting Cold Turkey: Rapid Oil Independence for the USA -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Case Study: World War II Cutoff from Natural Rubber -- 3. Parallels -- 4. Crude Oil Reserves -- 5. Natural Gas, Uranium, and Coal Reserves -- 6. Minimizing Overlaps in Energy Use for Electricity, Transportation, and Food -- 7. Maximizing Competition Between Alternative Energy Sources -- 8. Who Are We Importing Oil from Now? -- 9. The Alternative of Importing Oil from Real Democracies -- 10. Impact of Oil Prices on Labor -- 11. The Benefits of Leading: Public Policy -- 12. Summary -- 14. References -- Algal Biorefinery: Sustainable Production of Biofuels and Aquaculture Feed? -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Interrelatedness of Biofuels and Aquaculture -- 3. The Concept of an Algal Biorefinery -- 4. The Algal Biorefinery for Algal Biofuels -- 4.1. Algal Biodiesel -- 4.2. Algal Bioethanol -- 5. The Potential of an Algal Biorefinery in Aquaculture -- 6. Trends for the Algal Biorefinery -- 7. Future Research Directions on Microalgae for Biofuels and Aquaculture Feed -- 8. Conclusion -- 9. References -- Approaches and Prospectives for Algal Fuel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microalgal Species Considered for Oil Production -- 3. Approaches for Biofuel Production from Microalgae -- 4. Advantages of Biodiesel from Algae Oil -- 5. Algaculture for Biodiesel Production -- 5.1. Culture Systems -- 5.1.1. Open Ponds. , 5.1.2. Enclosed Photobioreactors -- 6. Harvesting -- 7. Techniques for Oil Extraction from Algal Biomass -- 8. Conversion of Algal Oil into Biodiesel -- 9. Utilization of Algae Leftover After the Extraction of Oil -- 10. Future Prospects and Perspectives of Algae Biofuels -- 11. Challenges of Biofuel Production from Algae -- 12. References -- From Isolation of Potential Microalgal Strains to Strain Engineering for Biofuel -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Isolation of Potential Strains -- 2.1. Sampling -- 2.2. Isolation of as Many Unialgal Strains as Possible -- 2.2.1. Serial Dilution -- 2.2.2. Capillary Pipette -- 2.2.3. Micromanipulation -- 2.2.4. Streak Plating -- 2.2.5. Spray Plating -- 2.2.6. Density Centrifugation -- 2.2.7. Antibiotics -- 2.3. Screening of Strains for Lipid Production -- 2.4. Further Analysis of Identified Strains -- 3. Algae Cultivation Process -- 3.1. Open Pond System -- 3.2. Closed Photobioreactors -- 3.3. Hybrid System -- 4. Increasing the Lipid Content of Microalgae -- 4.1. Biosynthetic Control -- 4.2. Metabolic Engineering -- 5. Future Perspectives -- 6. References -- Integrated Approach to Algae Production for Biofuel Utilizing Robust Algal Species -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Robustness Concept as Applied to Algae Biofuel Research -- 2.1. Robustness Characteristics -- 2.1.1. Algal Robustness at Community Level and Lipid Production -- 2.1.2. Algal Robustness at Species Level and High-End Lipid Content -- 2.1.3. Evolutionary Forces to Shape Oil Production by Algae -- 3. Robust Algae and Integrated System Challenges and Solutions -- 3.1. Nutrient Recovery Correlated with Lipid Content -- 3.2. Carbon-Dioxide Utilization Combined with Nutrient Recovery for Wastewater Treatment -- 3.3. Valued By-Products -- 5. References -- Biological Constraints on the Production of Microalgal-Based Biofuels -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Physiological Constraints -- 2.1. Photosynthetic Efficiency -- 2.2. Lipid Production -- 2.3. Lipid Storage -- 2.4. Productivity -- 3. Molecular Constraints -- 3.1. Genetic Engineering to Enhance Productivity -- 3.2. Genetic Engineering of Lipid Production -- 3.3. Production Strain Genetic Stability -- 4. Interactions with Other Organisms -- 4.1. Competition by Other Algal Taxa -- 4.2. Allelopathy and Interactions with Bacteria -- 4.3. Infection by Other Microorganisms -- 4.4. Grazing -- 5. Concluding Comments -- 6. Acknowledgments -- 7. References -- Adapting Mass Algaculture for a Northern Climate -- 1. Uncertainty About the Future of Microalgal Biofuels -- 2. Problems Specific to Algal Biofuels in a Northern Climate -- 3. Non-biofuel Advantages of Microalgal Culture: Tertiary Wastewater Treatment -- 4. CO 2 Abatement and Waste Heat Dissipation -- 5. Downstream Processing: Energy Recovery, Biorefining and Potential Postharvest Nutrient Recycling -- 6. Conclusion -- 7. Appendix -- 8. References -- Nanotechnology for Algal Biofuels -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Challenges in Commercialization of Algal Biofuels -- 2. What Is Nanotechnology? -- 3. Nanotechnology Applications for Algal Biofuels -- 3.1. Nanotechnology for Bioreactor Design -- 3.2. Nanotechnology and Culture Illumination -- 3.3. Nanotechnology for Growth of Algal Cultures -- 3.3.1. Nanobubbles -- 3.4. Nanotechnology for Conversion of Biomass to Biofuel Products -- 3.4.1. Nanotechnology for Biomass Transformation -- 3.4.2. Nanocatalysts for Cracking/Hydrocracking -- 3.4.3. Nanocatalysts for Transesteri cation -- 3.4.4. Metal Nanocatalysts for Biogasi cation of Wet Biomass -- 3.4.5. Zeolites -- 3.4.6. Nanohybrid Catalysts as Emulsion Stabilizers -- 3.5. Nanotechnology and Biofuel Additives -- 4. Concluding Remarks -- 5. References -- From Algae to Biofuel: Engineering Aspects. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Properties of Algae Biomass: Suitability as a Biofuel Feedstock -- 3. Processing Steps and Design -- 3.1. Algae Biomass Growth -- 3.2. Algae Biomass Harvest -- 3.3. Conversion to Biofuel -- 4. Engineering Challenges and Potential Solutions -- 4.1. Algae Biomass Growth -- 4.2. Algae Oil Extraction -- 5. Concluding Remarks -- 6. References -- Making Fuel from Algae: Identifying Fact Amid Fiction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biofuels -- 3. Oil from Algae -- 3.1. Yields of Oil from Algae -- 4. Production of Algae -- 4.1. Open Ponds -- 4.2. Photobioreactors -- 5. Screening Algae for Oil Content Using Near-Infrared (NIR) Spectroscopy -- 6. Processing Algae: Transesterification or Hydrothermal Liquefaction? -- 6.1. Transesterification -- 6.2. Hydrothermal Liquefaction -- 7. An Integrated Algae/Environmental Management System -- 8. First "Artificial Cell" May Provide Source of Algal Fuel -- 9. Conclusions -- 10. References -- Algal Oils: Biosynthesis and Uses -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lipid Functions -- 2.1. Storage (Liquid/Solid) -- 2.2. Structure (In Membranes) -- 2.3. Pigments (Some of These Also Belong to the Lipids) -- 2.3.1. Chlorophylls -- 2.3.2. Carotenoids -- 3. Uses of Lipids -- 3.1. Extraction Methods -- 4. Factors That Affect Algal Lipid Production -- 4.1. Temperature -- 4.1.1. Light Intensity -- 4.1.2. Salinity -- 4.1.3. Nitrogen (N) Starvation -- 5. Summary -- 6. References -- Biofuel Production from Algae Through Integrated Biore nery -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Bioethanol -- 1.2. Biodiesel -- 2. Need for Alternative Feedstock for Biofuel -- 3. Algae for Biofuel Production -- 3.1. Seaweeds for Bioethanol -- 3.2. Processing of Seaweeds Biomass for Bioethanol Production -- 3.3. Microalgae for Biodiesel -- 3.4. Processing of Microalgal Biomass for Biodiesel Production -- 3.4.1. Flocculation -- 3.4.2. Filtration. , 3.4.3. Centrifugation -- 3.4.4. Drying -- 3.4.5. Disruption of Microalgal Biomass -- 3.4.6. Oil Extraction -- 4. Algal Biorefinery for Biofuel Production -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. References -- Part II: Production of Biodiesels and Hydrogen -- Dinoflagellates as Feedstock for Biodiesel Production -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dinoflagellates and Raphidophytes Microalgal Groups -- 3. Strains Growth in Microalgae -- 4. Lipids in the Target Microalgae -- 4.1. Enhanced Lipid Production in Target Microalgae -- 5. Dinoflagellate Cultures: Indoor vs. Outdoor Conditions -- 6. Comparison of the Target Species Against the Commonest "Green Algae" -- 7. Conclusion -- 8. References -- Biodiesel Production from Microalgae: Methods for Microalgal Lipid Assessment with Emphasis on the Use of Flow Cytometry -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conventional Methods -- 2.1. Microalgal Disruption Methods -- 2.2. Gravimetric Methods -- 3. At-Line Fast Methods -- 3.1. Nonfluorescent Methods -- 3.2. Fluorescent Methods -- 3.2.1. Flow Cytometry -- 4. References -- Approaches and Perspectives About Biodiesel and Oil Production Using Algae in Mexico -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sites and Methods for Data Gathering -- 3. General Findings -- 3.1. Microalgae Land Area Advantage -- 3.2. Seaweed as Complimentary Source of Oil -- 3.3. Microalgae and Seaweeds as Net Energy -- 3.4. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) -- 3.5. Energy Return on Invested (EROI) -- 3.6. EROEI Comparisons -- 3.7. Seaweed Availability, Life Cycle, and Potential Biodiesel Content -- 4. Summary -- 5. References -- 6. Internet References -- Biodiesel Production from Microalgae: A Mapping of Articles and Patents -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Objective -- 3. Methodology -- 3.1. Search for Articles -- 3.2. Search for Patents -- 3.3. Tech Mining -- 4. Results and Discussions -- 4.1. Countries of Origin of Published Papers and Patents. , 4.2. Sector-Wise Holders of Patents and Its Networks.