Note: Front Cover -- Pediatric Bone: Biology and Diseases -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1. Structure of Growth Plate and Bone Matrix -- Introduction -- Type I Collagen -- Type V Collagen -- Type II Collagen -- Type IX Collagen -- Type XI Collagen -- Type X Collagen -- Aggrecan -- Cartilage Link Protein 1 -- Small, Leucine-Rich, Interstitial Proteoglycans -- Perlecan -- Matrilins -- Thrombospondins -- Osteonectin -- Osteocalcin -- Matrix Gla Protein -- Bone Sialoprotein -- Bone Acidic Glycoprotein-75 -- Dentin Matrix Acidic Phosphoprotein-1 -- Osteopontin -- References -- Chapter 2. Bone Cell Biology: Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, and Osteoclasts -- Introduction -- Ontogeny of Osteoblasts and Control of Osteoblast Development -- Osteoprogenitor Cells and Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation and Activity -- Regulation of Osteoblast Differentiation and Activity -- Osteocytes -- Morphological Features of Osteoclasts -- Mechanisms of Osteoclastic Bone Resorption -- Origin of Osteoclasts -- Regulation of Ostoclast Activity and Differentiation -- Osteoclast Size: Multinucleation and Function -- Stem Cell, Osteoblast, and Osteoclast Changes in Disease -- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Therapy for Skeletal Diseases -- References -- Chapter 3. Prenatal Bone Development: Ontogeny and Regulation -- Introduction -- Skeletogenesis -- Skeletal Organization and Embryonic Origin of Bones -- Molecular Regulation of Bone Formation -- References -- Chapter 4. Postnatal Bone Growth: Growth Plate Biology, Modeling, and Remodeling -- Endochondral and Intramembranous Bone Formation -- Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor- 1 -- Fibroblast Growth Factors -- Thyroid Hormone -- Estrogen and Androgen -- Osteoblasts and Bone Growth -- Endocrine Regulation of Bone Formation -- References. , Chapter 5. Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Homeostasis -- Cellular and Extracellular Calcium Homeostasis -- Parathyroids and Secretion and Metabolism of Parathyroid Hormone -- Assay of PTH -- Parathyroid Hormone Action -- References -- Chapter 6. Phosphate Homeostasis Regulatory Mechanisms -- Introduction -- Physiological Aspects -- Cellular and Molecular Aspects -- Pathophysiological Aspects -- References -- Chapter 7. Vitamin D Biology -- Metabolic Activation of Vitamin D -- Mechanism of Action -- Role of Vitamin D in Calcium Homeostasis -- Summary and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 8. Other Factors Controlling Bone Growth and Development: Calcitonin, CGRP, Osteostatin, Amylin, and Adrenomedullin -- Introduction -- Calcitonin -- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide -- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Protein -- Amylin -- Adrenomedullin -- References -- Chapter 9. Peak Bone Mass and Its Regulation -- Definition and Importance of Peak Bone Mass -- Characteristics of Peak Bone Mass Acquisition -- Calcium-Phosphate Metabolism During Growth -- Determinants of Bone Mass Gain -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10. Pregnancy and Lactation -- Introduction -- Mineral Fluxes from Mother to Offspring -- Pregnancy -- Lactation -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 11. Fetal Mineral Homeostasis -- Fetal Adaptive Goals -- Placental Calcium Transport -- Placental Transport of Magnesium and Phosphate -- Fetal Parathyroids -- Calcium-Sensing Receptor -- Thymus -- Fetal Kidneys and Amniotic Fluid -- Fetal Skeleton -- Maternal Skeleton -- Fetal Response to Maternal Hypoparathyroidism -- Fetal Response to Maternal Hypoparathyroidism -- Integrated Fetal Calcium Homeostasis -- References -- Chapter 12. Noninvasive Techniques for Bone Mass Measurement -- Indications for Bone Mass Measurements. , Challenges to Interpreting Bone Mass Measurements in Childhood and Adolescence -- Noninvasive Measurement Techniques -- Data Interpretation -- References -- Chapter 13. Assessment of Maturation: Bone Age and Pubertal Assessment -- Background -- Initial Considerations -- Methods of Assessment -- Reliability -- Comparability of the Atlas and Bone-Specific Methods -- Secondary Sexual Development -- References -- Chapter 14. Biochemical Markers o f Bone Metabolism -- Introduction -- Markers of Bone Formation -- Markers of Bone Resorption -- Bone Markers During Normal Development -- Puberty -- Bone and Collagen Markers in Metabolic Bone Diseases -- Clinical and Research Value of Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism -- References -- Chapter 15. Bone Histomorphometry -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Pediatric Bone Histomorphometry in Health and Disease -- Indications for Bone Biopsy and Histomorphometry in Pediatric Bone Diseases -- References -- Chapter 16. A Diagnostic Approach to Skeletal Dysplasias -- Introduction -- Background -- History and Physical Examination -- Diagnostic Imaging -- Biochemical Investigations -- Cartilage Histology -- Molecular Basis -- Prenatal Detection of Suspected Skeletal Dysplasia -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 17. The Spectrum of Pediatric Osteoporosis -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Definition and Diagnosis of Osteopenia/Osteoporosis in Pediatric Patients -- The Role of the Mechanostat in the Pathogenesis of Pediatric Osteoporosis -- The Scope of the Problem -- Approach to Prevention and Intervention -- Differentiating Child Abuse from Bone Fragility Conditions -- Summary and Future Directions -- References -- Chapter 18. Osteogenesis Imperfecta -- Introduction -- Classification -- Types of OI -- Differential Diagnosis -- General Clinical Findings -- Pathophysiology -- Therapy -- References. , Chapter 19. Sclerosing Bony Dysplasia -- Introduction -- Defects in Osteoclastic Bone Resorption -- Skeletal Abnormalities Related to Overproduction of Bone: Involvement of Transforming Growth Factors -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 20. Parathyroid Disorders -- Introduction -- PTH Gene Structure and Function -- Hypocalcemic Disorders -- Hypercalcemic Diseases -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 21. Fibrous Dysplasia -- Introduction -- Clinical Features -- Molecular Genetics -- Determinants of Phenotypic Variability -- Pathology -- Pathogenesis -- Management and Treatment -- References -- Chapter 22. Nutritional Rickets -- Introduction -- Definition of Rickets -- Classification of Rickets -- Nutritional Rickets -- References -- Chapter 23. Metabolic Bone Disease of Prematurity -- Introduction -- In Utero Mineral Accretion and Bone Growth -- Physiological Changes in Mineral Homeostasis at Birth -- Metabolic Bone Disease -- Skeletal Health in Preterm Infants -- Suggested Guidelines for the Prevention of Metabolic Bone Disease in Preterm Infants -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 24. Rickets Due to Hereditary Abnormalities of Vitamin D Synthesis or Action -- Introduction -- Biosynthesis of Vitamin D -- Vitamin D Biosynthetic Enzymes -- Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylase and 24-Hydroxylase -- Vitamin D laL-Hydroxylase -- Rickets Due to Abnormalities of Vitamin D Metabolism -- Rickets Due to Abnormalities of Vitamin D Action -- References -- Chapter 25. Familial Hypophosphatemia and Related Disorders -- Introduction -- Clinical Description of Disease Entities -- Treatment -- Family/Genetic Studies -- Molecules, Pathophysiology, and Lessons from Animal Models -- Current Problems and Unresolved Questions -- References -- Chapter 26. Rickets Due to Renal Tubular Abnormalities -- Introduction -- Fanconi Syndrome -- Renal Magnesium Wasting -- Hypercalciuria. , Renal Tubular Acidosis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 27 . Hypophosphatasia -- Biology of Alkaline Phosphatase -- Clinical Hypophosphatasia -- References -- Chapter 28. Renal Osteodystrophy: Pathogenesis , Diagnosis, and Treatment -- Introduction -- The Spectrum of Renal Osteodystrophy -- Pathogenesis of Renal Osteodystrophy -- Clinical Manifestations -- Biochemical Determinations -- Histologic Manifestations -- Radiographic Features of Renal Osteodystrophy -- Long-Term Consequences -- Treatment -- References -- Chapter 29. Bone Tumors in Children -- Introduction -- General Principles of Treatement -- Diagnosis -- Classification and Nomenclature -- Back Pain and Spinal Neoplasms in Children -- Fibrous Tumors of Bone -- Cartilage-Forming Tumors -- Bone-Forming Tumors -- Hematopoietic -- Vascular -- Neurogenic -- Adipose -- Mixed -- Notochord -- Tumor-Like -- Conclusion -- References -- Index -- Color Plate Section.

Note: 9780122526879v1 -- Front Cover -- Vitamin D -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface to the 2nd Edition -- Preface to the 1st Edition -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Chapter 1. Historical Perspective -- Section I: CHEMISTRY, METABOLISM, AND CIRCULATION -- Chapter 2. Vitamin D Metabolism -- Chapter 3. Photobiology of Vitamin D -- Chapter 4. The Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylase -- Chapter 5. The 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 1- -Hydroxylase -- Chapter 6. The 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 24-Hydroxylase -- Chapter 7. Mutant Mouse Models of Vitamin D Metabolic Enzymes -- Chapter 8. Vitamin D Binding Protein -- Chapter 9. New Aspects of DBP -- Chapter 10. Endocytic Pathways for 25-(OH) Vitamin D3 -- Section II: MECHANISM OF ACTION -- Chapter 11. The Vitamin D Receptor -- Chapter 12. Vitamin D Receptor Promoter and Regulation of Receptor Expression -- Chapter 13. Nuclear Vitamin D Receptor: Structure-Function, Molecular Control of Gene Transcription, and Novel Bioactions -- Chapter 14. Vitamin D Receptor Cofactors: Function, Regulation, and Selectivity -- Chapter 15. VDR LBD Crystal Structures -- Chapter 16. Comodulators of VDR-Mediated Gene Expression -- Chapter 17. Promoter Targeting of VDR Through A Chromatin Remodeling Complex -- Chapter 18. Molecular Basis of the Diversity of Vitamin D Target Genes -- Chapter 19. Intranuclear Organization of the Regulatory Machinery for Vitamin D-Mediated Control of Skeletal Gene Expression -- Chapter 20. Mouse Models of Vitamin D Receptor Ablation -- Chapter 21. Intranuclear Vitamin D Response Element Binding Proteins -- Chapter 22. VDR and RXR Subcellular Trafficking -- Chapter 23. 1 ,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3 Mediated Rapid and Genomic Responses are Dependent upon Critical Structure-Function Relationships for Both the Ligand and Receptor(s) -- Section III: MINERAL HOMEOSTASIS. , Chapter 24. Vitamin D and the Intestinal Absorption of Calcium: A View and Overview -- Chapter 25. Intestinal Calcium Absorption: Lessons from Knockout Mice and Men -- Chapter 26. Phosphate Homeostasis -- Chapter 27. Mineralization -- Chapter 28. Modeling and Remodeling: How Bone Cells Work Together -- Chapter 29. Vitamin D and the Kidney -- Chapter 30. Vitamin D and the Parathyroids -- Chapter 31. Calcium-Sensing Receptor -- Section IV: TARGET ORGANS AND TISSUES -- Chapter 32. Bone -- Chapter 33. Cartilage and Vitamin D: Genomic and Nongenomic Regulation by 1,25(OH)2D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 -- Chapter 34. Dento-alveolar Bone Complex and Vitamin D -- Chapter 35. Vitamin D: Role in Skin and Hair -- Chapter 36. Regulation of Immune Responses by Vitamin D Receptor Ligands -- Chapter 37. Vitamin D and Osteoblasts -- Chapter 38. Vitamin D and Osteoclastogenesis -- Chapter 39. Vitamin D Control of the Calcitonin Gene in Thyroid C Cells -- Chapter 40. Vitamin D Regulation of Type I Collagen Expression in Bone -- Chapter 41. Target Genes: Bone Proteins -- Chapter 42. The Calbindins: Calbindin-D9K and Calbindin-D28K -- Chapter 43. Target Genes: PTHrP -- Chapter 44. Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 on Voltage-Sensitive Calcium Channels in the Vitamin D Endocrine System -- Chapter 45. Vitamin D and the Cellular Response to Oxidative Stress -- Section V: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY -- Chapter 46. Vitamin D: Role in the Calcium Economy -- Chapter 47. Effects of Race, Geography, Body Habitus, Diet, and Exercise on Vitamin D Metabolism -- Chapter 48. Perinatal Vitamin D Actions -- Chapter 49. Vitamin D Deficiency and Calcium Absorption During Infancy and Childhood -- Chapter 50. Vitamin D Metabolism and Aging -- Chapter 51. Vitamin D Metabolism in Pregnancy and Lactation -- Chapter 52. Vitamin D and Reproductive Organs. , Chapter 53. Vitamin D Receptor as a Sensor for Toxic Bile Acids -- Chapter 54. Vitamin D and the Renin-Angiotensin System -- Chapter 55. Vitamin D and Muscle -- Chapter 56. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Medicine -- 9780122526879v2 -- Front Cover -- Vitamin D -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface to the 2nd Edition -- Preface to the 1st Edition -- Abbreviations -- Section VI: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT -- Chapter 57. Approach to the Patient with Metabolic Bone Disease -- Chapter 58. Detection of Vitamin D and Its Major Metabolites -- Chapter 59. Bone Histomorphometry -- Chapter 60. Radiology of Rickets and Osteomalacia -- Chapter 61. The Pharmacology of Vitamin D, Including Fortification Strategies -- Section VII: DISORDERS OF THE VITAMIN D ENDOCRINE SYSTEM -- Chapter 62. How to Define Normal Values for Serum Concentrations of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D? An Overview -- Chapter 63. Vitamin D and the Pathogenesis of Rickets and Osteomalacia -- Chapter 64. The Hypocalcemic Disorders: Differential Diagnosis and Therapeutic Use of Vitamin D -- Chapter 65. Vitamin D Deficiency and Nutritional Rickets in Children -- Chapter 66. Vitamin D Insufficiency in Adults and the Elderly -- Chapter 67. Vitamin D and Osteoporosis -- Chapter 68. Genetic Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and Risk of Disease -- Chapter 69. Clinical Disorders of Phosphate Homeostasis -- Chapter 70. Disorders of Phosphate Metabolism: Autosomal Dominant Hypophosphatemic Rickets, Tumor Induced Osteomalacia, Fibrous Dysplasia, and the Pathophysiological Relevance of FGF23 -- Chapter 71. Vitamin D Pseudodeficiency -- Chapter 72. Hereditary 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Resistant Rickets -- Chapter 73. Glucocorticoids and Vitamin D -- Chapter 74. Drug and Hormone Effects on Vitamin D Metabolism -- Chapter 75. Bone Disorders Associated with Gastrointestinal &. , Hepatobiliary Disease -- Chapter 76. Vitamin D and Renal Failure -- Chapter 77. Idiopathic Hypercalciuria and Nephrolithiasis -- Chapter 78. Hypercalcemia Due to Vitamin D Toxicity -- Chapter 79. Extra-renal 1 -hydroxylase Activity and Human Disease -- Section VIII: NEW VITAMIN D ANALOGS -- Overview -- Chapter 80. Overview: Rational Design of 1 ,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogs (Deltanoids) -- Chapter 81. Analog Metabolism -- Chapter 82. Mechanisms for the Selective Actions of Vitamin D Analogs -- Chapter 83. Molecular Basis for Differential Action of Vitamin D Analogs -- Chapter 84. Development of New Vitamin D Analogs -- Chapter 85. Gemini: The 1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D Analogs with Two Side-Chains -- Chapter 86. Development of OCT and ED-71 -- Chapter 87. 2-Carbon-Modified Analogs of 19-Nor-1 , 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 -- Chapter 88. Non-steroidal Analogs -- Section IX: VITAMIN D AND CANCER -- Chapter 89. Vitamin D: Cancer and Differentiation -- Chapter 90. Vitamin D, Sunlight, and the Natural History of Prostate Cancer -- Chapter 91. Epidemiology of Cancer Risk: Vitamin D and Calcium -- Chapter 92. Differentiation and the Cell Cycle -- Chapter 93. Vitamin D and Breast Cancer -- Chapter 94. Vitamin D and Prostate Cancer -- Chapter 95. Vitamin D and Colon Cancer -- Chapter 96. Vitamin D and Hematological Malignancy -- Chapter 97. Clinical Development of Calcitriol and Calcitriol Analogs in Oncology: Progress and Considerations for Future Development -- Section X: EMERGING USES -- Chapter 98. Vitamin D3: Autoimmunity and Immunosuppression -- Chapter 99. Vitamin D and Diabetes -- Chapter 100. Vitamin D, A Neuroactive Hormone: From Brain Development to Neurodegenerative Disorders -- Chapter 101. Psoriasis and Other Skin Diseases -- Chapter 102. Muscles and Falls -- Chapter 103. Renal Failure and Secondary Hyperparathyroidism. , Chapter 104. Inhibition of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia by Vitamin D Receptor Ligands -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Pediatric Bone : Biology & -- Diseases -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface to the Second Edition -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 - Bone Cell Biology: Osteoclasts, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes -- Introduction to Bone -- Osteoclasts -- The osteoblast Cell Lineage -- The Osteocyte -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 - Bone Matrix and Mineralization -- Structural Hierarchy in Bone -- Organic Matrix of Bone -- Mineralization of Bone -- References -- Chapter 3 - Prenatal Bone Development -- Modes of Bone Formation -- Timing and Sequence of Bone Formation in Humans -- Molecular Regulation of Skeletal Development -- References -- Chapter 4 - Postnatal Bone Growth: Growth Plate Biology, Bone Formation, and Remodeling -- Endochondral and Intramembranous Bone Formation -- Cellular and Molecular Control of Skeletal Growth -- Endocrine Control of Postnatal Bone Growth -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 5 - Dental Development and Maturation, from the Dental Crypt to the Final Occlusion -- The tooth bud -- Mechanism of single tooth eruption -- Development of the dental occlusion -- Maturation of the Periodontal Ligament -- Dento-alveolar growth and displacement of bone structures -- Dental defects and syndromes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 - Parathyroid Hormone and Calcium Homeostasis -- Introduction -- Physiological Role of PTH -- PTH-Dependent Regulation of Calcium Homeostasis -- Parathyroid Hormone-Related Peptide -- Receptors for PTH and PTHrP -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 7 - Phosphate Homeostasis Regulatory Mechanisms -- Introduction -- Physiological Aspects -- Endocrine Regulation of Phosphate Homeostasis -- References -- Chapter 8 - Vitamin D Biology -- Metabolic Activation of Vitamin D -- Mechanism of Action -- Role of Vitamin D in Calcium Homeostasis -- Summary and Perspectives -- References. , Chapter 9 - Peak Bone Mass and Its Regulation -- Definition and Importance of Peak Bone Mass -- Characteristics of Bone Mass and Strength Acquisition -- Determinants of Peak Bone Mass and Strength -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10 - Pregnancy and Lactation -- Introduction -- Mineral Fluxes from Mother to Offspring -- Pregnancy -- Lactation -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 11 - Fetal Mineral Homeostasis -- Fetal Adaptive Goals -- Minerals -- Calciotropic Hormones -- Fetal Parathyroids and Thymus -- Calcium Sensing Receptor -- Placental Calcium Transport -- Placental Transport of Magnesium and Phosphorus -- Fetal Kidneys and Amniotic Fluid -- Fetal Skeleton -- Fetal Response to Maternal Hyperparathyroidism -- Fetal Response to Maternal Hypoparathyroidism -- Integrated Fetal Calcium Homeostasis -- References -- Appendix -- Chapter 12 - Radiology -- Imaging Techniques, Interpretation, and Strategies -- Imaging Strategies -- Genetic Disorders -- Rickets and Metabolic Bone Disorders -- A Radiological Approach to Non-Accidental Injury -- References -- Chapter 13 - Non-invasive Techniques for Bone Mass Measurement -- Introduction -- Indications for Bone Mass Measurements -- Assessment of Bone Quality in Children -- Classification of Bone Health in Children -- Radiation Dose in Bone Densitometry -- Non-Invasive Measurement Techniques -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 14 - Assessment of Maturation: Bone Age and Pubertal Assessment -- Background -- The Methods of Assessment -- Reliability -- Comparability of the Atlas, Bone-Specific and Automatic Methods -- Secondary Sexual Development -- References -- Chapter 15 - Biochemical Markers of Bone Metabolism -- Introduction -- What is bone metabolism in children? -- Biochemical considerations -- Markers of bone formation -- Markers of bone resorption -- Pediatric reference data. , Bone markers during normal development -- Bone and collagen markers in metabolic bone diseases -- Clinical areas of interest -- Clinical and research value of biochemical markers of bone metabolism -- References -- Chapter 16 - Pediatric Bone Histomorphometry -- Introduction -- Basic concepts -- Methodology -- Histomorphometric measures -- Pediatric bone histomorphometry in health and disease -- Indications for bone biopsy and histomorphometry in pediatric bone disorders -- References -- Chapter 17 - A Diagnostic Approach to Skeletal Dysplasias -- Introduction -- Background -- History and physical examination -- Diagnostic imaging -- Biochemical investigations -- Cartilage histology -- Molecular basis -- Prenatal detection of suspected skeletal dysplasia -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 18 - The Spectrum of Pediatric Osteoporosis -- Introduction -- Definition and diagnosis of osteoporosis in pediatric patients -- The mechanostat model: muscle-bone interaction in bone growth and development -- The spectrum of pediatric osteoporosis -- General aspects of prevention and treatment -- Summary and future directions -- Appendix: differentiating child abuse from bone fragility conditions -- References -- Chapter 19 - Osteogenesis Imperfecta -- Introduction -- Classification -- The Widening Spectrum of OI Types -- Differential Diagnosis -- General Clinical Findings -- Pathophysiology -- Therapy -- References -- Chapter 20 - Sclerosing Bone Dysplasias -- Introduction -- Neonatal Osteosclerotic Dysplasias -- Diseases without Major Changes in Bone Shape -- Increased Bone Density Group with Metaphyseal and/or Diaphyseal Involvement -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 21 - Parathyroid Disorders -- Introduction -- PTH Gene Structure and Function -- Hypocalcemic Disorders -- Hypercalcemic Diseases -- Concluding Remarks -- References. , Chapter 22 - Fibrous Dysplasia -- Introduction -- Clinical Features -- Molecular Genetics -- Determinants of Phenotypic Variability -- Pathology -- Pathogenesis -- Management and Treatment -- References -- Chapter 23 - Nutritional Rickets -- An Overview of Rickets -- Nutritional Rickets -- References -- Chapter 24 - Metabolic Bone Disease in the Neonatal Period and its Later Sequelae -- Early Life Influences on Skeletal Health and Development -- Skeletal Development and Mineral Accretion in Utero -- Physiological Changes in Mineral Homeostasis at Birth -- Preterm Delivery and Bone Metabolism -- Skeletal Health and Metabolic Bone Disease in Preterm Infants -- Recommendations -- Neonatal Hypocalcemia -- Term Infants: Early Growth and Later Bone Development -- Specific Environmental Exposures in Utero -- Potential Mechanisms: Developmental Plasticity, Gene-Environment Interactions and Epigenetics -- Summary -- References -- Chapter 25 - Rickets Due to Hereditary Abnormalities of Vitamin D Synthesis or Action -- Introduction -- Biosynthesis of Vitamin D -- Vitamin D Biosynthetic Enzymes -- Rickets Due to Abnormalities of Vitamin D Metabolism -- Rickets Due to Abnormalities of Vitamin D Action -- References -- Chapter 26 - Familial Hypophosphatemia and Related Disorders -- Introduction -- Regulation of phosphate homeostasis -- Clinical disorders of phosphate homeostasis -- Molecules, pathophysiology, and lessons from animal models -- Current problems and unresolved questions -- References -- Chapter 27 - Hereditary Tubular Disorders of Mineral Handling -- Introduction -- Phosphate -- Calcium and Magnesium -- Acid-base -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 28 - Hypophosphatasia -- Introduction -- Biochemistry and molecular biology of alkaline phosphatase -- Physiology of skeletal formation and alkaline phosphatase function -- Hypophosphatasia. , Physiological role of tissue-non-specific alkaline phosphatase explored in hypophosphatasia -- References -- Chapter 29 - Chronic Kidney Disease Mineral and Bone Disorder -- Introduction -- Pathogenesis of CKD-MBD -- Renal Osteodystrophy -- Treatment of CKD-MBD -- Bone Disease after Successful Kidney Transplantation -- References -- Chapter 30 - Extraskeletal Bone Formation -- Introduction -- Non-hereditary forms of pediatric heterotopic ossification -- Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) -- Progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) -- Conclusions -- References -- Index -- Color Plates.