Note: Literaturangaben

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- Acknowledgements -- Chapter 1 The Marine Environment -- 1.1 Marine Habitats -- 1.1.1 The Pelagic and Benthic Realms -- 1.2 The Coastal and Fjord Biotopes -- 1.2.1 The Littoral and Sublittoral Habitats -- 1.2.2 The Continental Shelf and Slope -- 1.2.3 The Deep Ocean -- 1.3 Physical Characteristics of the Pelagic System -- 1.3.1 The Light Environment -- 1.3.1.1 Inherent Optical Properties: Scattering and Absorption Coefficients -- 1.3.1.2 Visibility, Sighting Distance, and the Beam Attenuation Coefficient -- 1.3.1.3 Light Penetration and the Attenuation Coefficient of Diffuse Light -- 1.3.1.4 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) -- 1.4 Temperate Marine Communities - Environment and Organisms -- 1.4.1 Littoral Organisms -- 1.4.1.1 Species, Zonation, and Communities -- 1.4.2 Sublittoral Organisms -- 1.4.3 Demersal and Benthic Organisms -- 1.4.3.1 Bottom-associated Organisms -- 1.4.3.2 Continental Shelf and Slope Benthos -- 1.4.3.3 Benthic Fish of the Continental Shelf and Slope -- 1.4.3.4 Deep Bottom Fish of Fjords and the Norwegian Deeps -- 1.4.4 Pelagic Organisms -- 1.4.4.1 Plankton and Micronekton -- 1.4.4.2 Pelagic Fish -- 1.4.4.3 Mesopelagic Organisms -- 1.4.4.4 Deep-pelagic Fish -- References -- Chapter 2 Planning Marine Field Studies -- 2.1 Survey and Sampling Design -- 2.1.1 Survey Design -- 2.1.2 Sampling at a Station -- 2.2 Littoral Survey Design -- 2.2.1 Sampling Methods -- 2.3 Benthos Survey Design -- 2.3.1 Mapping the Biodiversity of Sognefjord - An Example of a Multi-sampling Approach -- 2.3.1.1 The Objectives of the Project -- 2.3.1.2 Sampling Strategy and Sampling Design -- 2.3.1.3 Methods and Sampling Activities -- 2.4 Oceanic Survey Design -- 2.4.1 Pelagic Trawl Survey for Abundance Estimation of Mackerel -- 2.4.1.1 Background. , 2.4.1.2 Primary Objectives -- 2.4.1.3 Survey Design -- 2.4.1.4 Equipment -- 2.4.1.5 Sampling -- 2.4.1.6 Assumptions -- 2.4.1.7 Computations -- 2.4.1.8 Results -- 2.4.1.9 Potential Uncertainties and Bias -- 2.4.1.10 What are the Data Used for? -- 2.4.2 Bottom Trawl Surveys to Monitor Demersal Fish -- 2.4.2.1 Background -- 2.4.2.2 Primary Objectives -- 2.4.2.3 Survey Design -- 2.4.2.4 Equipment -- 2.4.2.5 Assumptions -- 2.4.2.6 Computations -- 2.4.2.7 What are the Data Used for? -- 2.5 Ecological Process Studies -- 2.5.1 Studying Diel Vertical Migration (DVM) of Mesopelagic Organisms Using Acoustics -- 2.5.1.1 Background -- 2.5.1.2 Primary Objectives -- 2.5.1.3 Survey Design -- 2.5.1.4 Equipment -- 2.5.1.5 Sampling -- 2.5.1.6 Assumptions -- 2.5.1.7 Computations -- 2.5.1.8 Results -- 2.5.1.9 Potential Uncertainties and Bias -- 2.5.1.10 What are the Data Used for? -- 2.5.2 Studying Barotrauma Impacts in Physoclistous Fish Species -- 2.5.2.1 Background -- 2.5.2.2 Primary Objectives -- 2.5.2.3 Survey Design -- 2.5.2.4 Equipment -- 2.5.2.5 Assumptions -- 2.5.2.6 Computations -- 2.5.2.7 Results -- 2.5.2.8 What are the Data Used for? -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3 Sampling Gears and Equipment -- 3.1 Sampling Organisms -- 3.1.1 Direct Observations -- 3.1.1.1 Littoral Zone Methods -- 3.1.1.2 ROV Sampling -- 3.1.1.3 Video/image-based Methods -- 3.1.1.4 Manned Submersibles -- 3.1.1.5 Scuba Diving -- 3.1.2 Active Gears -- 3.1.2.1 Sampling Trawls (Midwater and Bottom) -- 3.1.2.2 Beach Seine -- 3.1.2.3 Plankton Nets -- 3.1.2.4 Multiple Nets -- 3.1.2.5 Sledges and Dredges -- 3.1.2.6 Grabs and Corers -- 3.1.2.7 Water Samplers -- 3.1.3 Passive Gears -- 3.1.3.1 Gillnets and Entangling Nets -- 3.1.3.2 Pots -- 3.1.3.3 Fyke Nets -- 3.1.3.4 Hook-and-line -- 3.1.4 Remote Sensing -- 3.1.4.1 Acoustics -- 3.1.4.2 AUVs -- 3.1.4.3 Satellite or Infrared Light. , 3.2 Sampling the Physical Environment -- 3.2.1 Conductivity, Salinity, Temperature, Oxygen -- 3.2.1.1 CTD -- 3.2.1.2 Weather Station -- 3.2.2 Light -- 3.2.2.1 Secchi Disc -- 3.2.2.2 Transmission Meters -- 3.2.2.3 PAR Sensors -- 3.2.2.4 Spectroradiometers -- 3.2.3 Currents (Direction, Speed) -- 3.2.3.1 ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) -- 3.2.3.2 LADCP (Lowered Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) -- 3.2.3.3 Small Handheld ADCPs -- 3.2.3.4 Moorings with ADCPs -- 3.2.4 Sediment -- 3.3 Suitability of Equipment in Given Habitat Types -- References -- Chapter 4 Sorting Specimens and Preserving Materials -- 4.1 Sampling Diary -- 4.2 Sorting and Preserving Littoral Collections -- 4.3 Sorting Zooplankton -- 4.3.1 Procedure for Processing Small Zooplankton Samples for Total Biomass -- 4.4 Sieving and Sorting Benthic Samples -- 4.5 Fish and Nekton -- 4.5.1 Trawl Samples -- 4.5.1.1 Sorting a Codend Sample and Subsampling -- 4.5.2 Sorting Hook-and-Line Samples -- 4.6 Data Records -- 4.6.1 Station Records and Species Composition -- 4.6.2 Detailed Individual Measurements -- 4.6.3 Information Transfer to Data Files -- 4.7 Samples for Storage -- 4.7.1 Fixatives -- 4.7.2 Health and Security When Using Fixatives -- References -- Chapter 5 Data Analysis -- 5.1 Scripts -- 5.2 Setting the Working Directory -- 5.3 Importing Data -- 5.4 Working with Data -- 5.4.1 Error Checking -- 5.4.2 Saving Data -- 5.5 Data Exploration and Statistical Testing -- 5.5.1 Analysis of Marine Communities -- 5.5.1.1 The Bray-Curtis Dissimilarity Index -- 5.5.2 Physical Environment -- 5.5.3 Zooplankton Samples -- 5.5.4 Fish and Nekton -- 5.5.4.1 Hook-and-line -- 5.5.4.2 Trawls -- 5.5.5 Mapping -- 5.5.5.1 Making Maps with R -- References -- Index -- EULA.