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  • 1
    ISSN: 1365-2044
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We have used the up-and-down allocation technique to assess the relative analgesic potencies of epidural ropivacaine alone and ropivacaine combined with sufentanil 0.75 µg.ml−1 in 42 women requesting epidural analgesia in the first stage of labour. Parturients were randomly allocated to one of the two epidural solutions in a double-blind manner. The concentration of local anaesthetic was determined by the response of the previous parturient: an effective concentration (pain ≤ 10 mm on a 10-cm visual analogue pain score within 30 min) resulted in a 0.01% decrease in the concentration of ropivacaine for the next parturient, an ineffective concentration resulted in a 0.01% increase. Minimum local analgesic concentration of ropivacaine alone was 0.13% (95% CI 0.12–0.13%) compared with 0.09% (95% CI 0.08–0.1%) for ropivacaine with sufentanil (p 〈 0.00001).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Der Schmerz 12 (1998), S. 282-303 
    ISSN: 1432-2129
    Keywords: Schlüsselwörter Sympathisch unterhaltener Schmerz ; Sympathikus ; Sympathikusblockade ; Key words Sympathetically maintained pain ; Sympathetic blockade ; Neuralgia ; Complex regional pain syndrom ; Diagnosis ; Treatment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The term ”sympathetically maintained pain” (SMP) describes a symptom that might accompany a variety of diseases (CRPS, (post-) herpetic and post-injury neuralgia), which might transform into sympathetically independent pain (SIP) after some time. Patients with SMP present a bunch of disorders of the autonomic and sensory system, but the only reliable way to diagnose a pain as SMP is a positive response to an intervention at the sympathetic nervous system. Three ways of influencing the sympathetic system are commonly used: (a) local anesthetic sympathetic blockade (SB), (b) intravenous regional sympathectomy (IVRS) and (c) ganglionic local opioid application (GLOA). A review of current literature shows that SB has certain advantages in diagnostic sensitivity, whereas GLOA might be slightly superior in therapy of some diseases with longstanding pain history. Obviously, the therapeutic benefit of all interventions is complete independent of the accompanying autonomic disorder and of a blockade of efferent fibers. A new heuristic model of the SMP mechanism is presented, including both experimental and clinical data. For reducing the risks of false positive or negative diagnosis of SMP and SIP, a diagnostic algorithm is proposed. This includes optimizing the technique, changes of interventional measures, and adequate monitoring both of analgesia and as well of the extend of efferent sympathetic blockade (e.g. measurement of sympathetic reflexes). The treatment recommendations in patients with SMP vary in dependence of the kind of disease. In SMP, invasive measures play an important, but only limited role within the comprehensive treatment concept. As an example a three-stage, symptom-adapted treatment algorithm is demonstrated for CRPS, including also drug therapy, psychologic and physiotherapeutic approaches.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der „sympathisch unterhaltene Schmerz” (SMP) ist ein Symptom mit variabler Ausprägung und Häufigkeit mit verschiedenen Schmerzerkrankungen (u.a. CRPS, Zoster- und posttraumatische Neuralgie), das in einen vom Sympathikus unabhängigen Schmerz (SIP) übergehen kann. Ein SMP kann nicht durch klinische Merkmale, sondern nur durch die Analgesie nach einer Sympathikusblockade verifiziert werden. Die Interventionsverfahren (Grenzstrangblockade, IVRS, GLOA) unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihrer diagnostischen Sensitivität und Spezifität und der therapeutischen Effektivität. Das Risiko einer falsch-positiven Diagnose eines SMP wird durch optimale Technik und differenzierte Dokumentation, das einer Fehldiagnose eines SIP nur durch aufwendiges Monitoring (Messung sympathischer Reflexe) verringert. Es werden ein Modell für den Pathomechanismus, das die klinische Symptomatik in bislang experimentell begründete Hypothesen integrieren soll, sowie Algorithmen für die Diagnostik und die Therapie des SMP diskutiert.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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