Note: Cover -- Front Matter -- Contents -- Preface -- Foreword -- Contributors -- Drivers of Growth -- Early Influences of Nutrition on FetalGrowth -- Abstract -- Macronutrient Interventions That Have Varied Energy -- Nutrient Interventions That Do Not Vary Energy -- Conclusions -- References -- Early Influences of Nutritionon Postnatal Growth -- Abstract -- Postnatal Diet, Growth Patterns, and the Later Risk of Obesity and Related Non-Communicable Diseases -- Protective Effects of Breastfeeding on Obesity Risk in Later Life -- Mechanisms of Protective Effects of Breastfeeding: The 'Early Protein Hypothesis' -- Biochemical and Endocrine Markers -- Conclusions -- Appendix -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Genome-Wide Association Studies of Human Growth Traits -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The First Successes for GWA Studies of Growth Traits - FTO and HMGA2 -- Increasing Sample Size by Collaboration and Meta-Analysis Identifies Hundreds of Loci for Adult Height and Other Anthropometric Traits -- GWA Studies of Early Growth -- GWA Studies of Pubertal Growth -- The Genetics of Growth Is More Complex Than Previously Appreciated -- What GWA Studies Have Not Told Us - The Missing Heritability -- Conclusions -- References -- Discussion on Nutrition and Genetics -- Nutrition -- Genetics -- IGF- I in Human Growth: Lessons from Defects in the GH-IGF-I Axis -- Abstract -- Normal Human Growth Is Dependent on IGF-I -- The Human GH-IGF-I Axis in Human Growth -- Defects in the GH-IGF Axis: What Gene Analyses Reveal -- Conclusions -- References -- Non-Imprinted Epigenetics in Fetal and Postnatal Development and Growth -- Abstract -- References -- Epigenetic Anomalies in Childhood Growth Disorders -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Russell-Silver Syndrome -- Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome -- Human Multilocus Imprinting Disorders. , Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Loss of Imprinting -- Conclusion -- References -- Early Growth and Development of Later Life Metabolic Disorders -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Physiology of Growth -- Epidemiological Evidence of Early-Life Developmental Programming -- Genetic Factors Modulating Growth and Metabolic Disorder -- Epigenetic Programming -- Other Postulated Mechanisms -- Leptin and the GH-IGF Axis -- Uncertainties -- References -- Summary on Drivers of Growth -- Secular Trends in Growth -- Human Growth: Evolutionary and Life History Perspectives -- Abstract -- Some General Evolutionary Principles -- The Role of Developmental Plasticity -- Life History Theory -- Heritability, Genetics, Non-Genetic Inheritance and Phenotypic-Driven Evolution -- An Evolutionary and Life History Perspective on Human Growth -- Puberty -- Adolescence -- Final Remarks -- Appendix -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Secular Trends in Birthweight -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Trends in Mean Birthweight, Low Birthweight, and High Birthweight -- Gestation Length and Its Determinants -- Fetal Growth and Its Determinants -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Secular Changes in Childhood, Adolescent and Adult Stature -- Abstract -- Etymology and Usage of 'Secular' -- Secular Changes in Childhood, Adolescence and Adulthood -- Changes in Body Proportions -- Possible and Likely Causes of Secular Changes -- The Case of the Maya -- Is Adult Height Determined by the Age of 2 Years? -- Intergenerational Inertia, Epigenetic Assimilation and Secular Change -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Discussion on Human Biology in Motion -- References -- Economic Drivers and Consequences of Stunting -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Areas of Synergy between Economics and Nutrition -- Role of Income Growth in Addressing Nutrition. , Some Implications of the Double Burden of Malnutrition -- Additional Perspective: Are We Targeting the Right Outcome? -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Discussion on Economic Drivers and Consequences of Stunting -- Epidemiologic Transitions: Migration and Development of Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease in the Developing World -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Obesity and Comorbidities -- Energy Balance: Activity Energy Expenditure and Population Weight Gain -- Energy Balance: Dietary Energy Intake and Population Weight Gain -- Conclusions -- References -- Discussion on Migration and Development of Obesity and Cardiometabolic Disease in theDeveloping World -- References -- What Is Healthy Growth? -- State of the Art of Growth Standards -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Early History of Child Rearing and Anthropometry -- Early History of Weighing and Charting -- French Consultations de Nourrissons and Gouttes de Lait -- Variability of Growth in 20th Century -- Universal but Provisional Growth Standards -- Conclusions -- References -- Healthy Infant Growth: What Are the Trade-Offs in the Developed World? -- Abstract -- Overview of Trade-Offs -- Trade-Offs for Full-Term Infants -- Trade-Offs for Preterm Infants -- Trade-Offs for SGA Infants -- Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Research -- References -- Discussion on Growth Standards and Trade-Offs in Healthy Infant Growth -- Introduction -- Describing Infant Growth -- Interpreting Infant Growth -- Recommendations for Research -- References -- Relationship between Childhood Growth and Later Outcomes -- Abstract -- References -- Public Policy Implications of Promoting Growth -- Abstract -- Complexity and Norms of Reaction -- Predictive Utility and the Scale of Impact -- Amenability to Intervention -- Constructing a Policy Response -- Enhancing the Knowledge Base -- Crafting Social Strategies. , Building Political Will -- References -- Pharmacological Interventions for Short Stature: Pros and Cons -- Abstract -- The Growth Hormone Era -- Efficacy -- Cost -- Safety -- Conclusions -- References -- Discussion on Childhood Growth and Later Outcomes, Policy Implications and Treatment of Short Stature -- References -- Concluding Remarks -- Subject Index -- Cover.