Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 General Introduction: About the Contents and Form of this Book -- Abstract -- References -- Web site -- 2 A Glimpse at the Eighteenth Century: From John Bernoulli to Lagrange -- Abstract -- 2.1…John Bernoulli and the Principle of Virtual Work -- 2.2…''Bernoulli's Theorem'' by Daniel Bernoulli -- 2.3…D'Alembert and the Metaphysical Notion of Force -- 2.4…The Notion of Internal Pressure and the Fundamental Equations of Hydrodynamics -- 2.5…Linear Momentum and Moment of Momentum: Newtonian Versus Variational Formulations -- 2.6…Calculus of Variations and Analytical Mechanics: Lagrange -- 2.7…The Age of Reason: Conclusion and Things to Come -- A.1. Appendix A -- A.2. Appendix B -- A.3. Appendix C -- References -- 3 What Happened on September 30, 1822, and What Were its Implications for the Future of Continuum Mechanics? -- Abstract -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.2…Preliminary Remarks -- 3.3…The Main Contents of Cauchy's 1822/1828 Memoir -- 3.4…Cauchy's Stress and Hyperstresses -- 3.5…Stress as a Secondary Notion -- 3.6…Stress as Part of Stress-Energy-Momentum -- 3.7…The Nec Plus Ultra: The Eshelby Stress and the Pseudo Tensor of Energy-Momentum -- 3.8…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- A.0. Appendix A -- A.0. Appendix B -- References -- 4 Piola and Kirchhoff: On Changes of Configurations -- Abstract -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Piola's Contribution -- 4.2.1 Some Words of Caution -- 4.2.2 The Strategy of Piola -- 4.2.3 Introduction of the ''Piola Format'' by Piola -- 4.2.4 Stresses as Lagrange Multipliers -- 4.3…The Role of Kirchhoff -- 4.4…Conclusion -- References -- 5 Duhamel's Pioneering Work in Thermo-elasticity and Its Legacy -- Abstract -- 5.1…The Roots of Duhamel's Contribution -- 5.2…Basic Ideas of Duhamel's 1837 Paper -- 5.3…Duhamel's Strategy and Equations of ''Thermo-elasticity''. , 5.4…Comments and Further Developments -- 5.5…Conclusion -- References -- 6 From Cauchy to Boussinesq via Barré de Saint-Venant -- Abstract -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Cauchy and Lamé -- 6.3…Barré de Saint-Venant -- 6.3.1 On his Name -- 6.3.2 Some Biographical Elements -- 6.3.3 Saint-Venant's Scientific Achievements -- 6.3.3.1 Elasticity -- 6.3.3.2 Anelastic Behaviour -- 6.3.3.3 Dynamics and Impact -- 6.3.3.4 Fluid Mechanics -- 6.3.3.5 Vector Calculus -- 6.3.3.6 Principles of Mechanics -- 6.3.3.7 Publication of Books -- 6.4…Boussinesq: A Disciple of Saint-Venant -- 6.4.1 Contributions to Fluid Mechanics -- 6.4.2 Contributions to the Mechanics of Deformable Solids -- 6.5…Conclusion -- References -- 7 Helmholtz Interpreted and Applied by Duhem -- Abstract -- 7.1…Hermann von Helmholtz and Pierre Duhem -- 7.2…Free Energy (''Freie Energie'') -- 7.3…Helmholtz-Duhem Electrodynamics -- 7.4…Stability -- 7.5…Conclusions -- References -- 8 About the Cosserats' Book of 1909 -- Abstract -- 8.1…Preliminaries -- 8.2…The Main Contents of the Cosserats' Book -- 8.3…Reception and Influence of the Cosserats' Book -- 8.4…Concluding Remarks -- A.0. Appendix A -- A.0.0 Theory of Deformable Bodies -- References -- 9 Caratheodory: Thermodynamics and Topology -- Abstract -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…On Caratheodory -- 9.3…The Standard Formulation -- 9.4…Caratheodory's Work -- 9.5…Reception of Caratheodory's Axiomatics -- 9.6…Toward Irreversible Thermodynamics -- References -- 10 On Duhem's Energetics or General Thermodynamics -- Abstract -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…On Duhem's Style and General View of Science -- 10.3…Some of Duhem's Creative Works in Thermo-mechanics -- 10.3.1 Physical Chemistry -- 10.3.2 Fluid Mechanics, Viscous Fluids -- 10.3.3 Deformable Solids -- 10.3.4 General ''Thermo-mechanics'' and Thermodynamic Potentials -- 10.3.5 Contributions to Mathematics. , 10.4…Short Analysis of Some Exemplary Writings -- 10.4.1 On the General Treatise on Energetics -- 10.4.2 On the Evolution of Mechanics -- 10.4.3 On Permanent Alterations and Hysteresis -- 10.5…Influence on Contemporaries and Later on -- 10.6…Conclusion -- A.1. Appendix A -- A.2. Appendix B -- References -- 11 A Course of Continuum Mechanics at the Dawn of the Twentieth Century (Volume III of Appell's Treatise on Rational Mechanics) -- Abstract -- 11.1…Prolegomena: On Paul Appell -- 11.2…Setting the Stage -- 11.3…The Contents of Appell's Volume on the Mechanics of Continua -- 11.3.1 Some Words of Introduction -- 11.3.2 Vector Analysis and Potential Theory -- 11.3.3 Equilibrium and Internal Motion of a Continuous Mass -- 11.3.4 Hydrostatics and Stability -- 11.3.5 Deformation of Continua -- 11.3.6 Kinematics of Continua -- 11.3.7 General Theorems of the Dynamics of Perfect Fluids -- 11.3.8 Theory of Vortices -- 11.3.9 Parallel Flows -- 11.3.10 Barocline Fluids -- 11.3.11 Elements of Elasticity Theory -- 11.3.12 On Viscous Fluids -- 11.4…The Cosserats' Theory of Euclidean Action -- 11.5…Concluding Comments -- A.1. Appendix: Biography of Paul Appell -- References -- 12 A Successful Attempt at a Synthetic View of Continuum Mechanics on the Eve of WWI: Hellinger's Article in the German Encyclopaedia of Mathematics -- Abstract -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…The Scientific Environment -- 12.3…The Contents of Hellinger's Article -- 12.3.1 Introductory Remark -- 12.3.2 The Layout and Articulation of the Contribution -- 12.4…The Identified Fields of Marked Interest of Hellinger -- 12.4.1 On General Principles of Mechanics and General Equations -- 12.4.2 On Variational Formulations -- 12.4.3 On Finite Strains and Elasticity -- 12.4.4 On Oriented Media -- 12.4.5 On One-Dimensional and Two-Dimensional Bodies -- 12.4.6 On Thermodynamics and Dissipative Behaviours. , 12.4.7 On Newly Studied Behaviours -- 12.4.8 On Relativistic Continuum Mechanics -- 12.5…Conclusion -- A.1. Appendix A -- A.2. Bibliography -- A.3. 12.8…The Basic Laws of Statics -- A.4. 12.9…The Basic Laws of Kinetics [Dynamics] -- References -- 13 Epilogue -- Abstract -- 13.1…On the Method -- 13.2…The Main General Themes and Breakthroughs -- 13.3…The Breakthroughs of Second Rank -- 13.4…The Timid Steps in Coupled Fields -- References -- Retrospective A Gallery of Portraits of the Main Actors.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Particles/Molecules Versus Continuum: The Never-Ending Debate -- Abstract -- 1.1 Old Times, New Ideas -- 1.2 Three-Dimensional Elasticity in the Early Nineteenth Century -- 1.2.1 Poisson on Elastic Surfaces (1812) -- 1.2.2 Navier's Corpuscular Theory (1820) -- 1.2.3 Fresnel's Corpuscular Approach to Wave Optics (1822) -- 1.2.4 Cauchy's First Theory (1822--3 -- 1828) -- 1.2.5 Poisson's Memoir (1827--1828) and Cauchy's Second Theory (1828, 1833) -- 1.2.6 Piola's Original Works (1836, 1845) -- 1.2.7 Green's Energy Argument (1839) -- 1.2.8 Other Works: Lam00E9, Clapeyron, etc. -- 1.3 Action at a Distance, Electromagnetism and Crystal Dynamics -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Hydraulics: The Importance of Observations and Experiments -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Ancient Times: Hydraulic Technology -- 2.3 The Renaissance Experimentalists-Thinkers: Leonardo, Stevin, Galileo Galilei -- 2.4 Seventeenth Century Experiments: Torricelli, Pascal, Mariotte -- 2.5 Eighteenth Century Theoreticians: Clairaut, Daniel Bernoulli, D'Alembert, Euler -- 2.6 The True Experimentalists: Borda, Bossut, and Du Buat -- 2.7 The Role of Viscosity: Poiseuille, Hagen -- 2.8 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 3 On Porous Media and Mixtures -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Reminder: Poiseuille and Blood Flow -- 3.3 Darcy and the Fountains in Dijon -- 3.3.1 Generalizations of Darcy's Law -- 3.4 Porous Media and Homogenization Technique -- 3.5 Porous Media and the Theory of Mixtures -- 3.6 Continuum Thermo-Mechanics and Constitutive Modelling -- 3.7 Conclusion -- Appendix: Elements of APH -- References -- Specialized Journals -- 4 Viscosity, Fast Flows and the Science of Flight -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 The World of Vortices -- 4.3 Reynolds and the Transition to Turbulence. , 4.4 Prandtl and Boundary-Layer Theory -- 4.5 The Science of Non-dimensional Numbers -- 4.6 Summary -- References -- 5 Duhem on Hydrodynamics and Elasticity -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Lectures of 1890--1891 -- 5.3 Duhem's General Views on Continuum Mechanics -- 5.4 Advances in Hydrodynamics -- 5.5 Advances in Elasticity -- 5.6 Contemporary Reception of Duhem's HEA and His Two ``Recherches'' Volumes -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Poincar00E9 and Hilbert on Continuum Mechanics -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Poincar00E9 on Elasticity -- 6.2.1 Preliminary Remark -- 6.2.2 The Course on Elasticity -- 6.2.3 Concluding Comments -- 6.3 Hilbert on Continuum Mechanics -- 6.3.1 Preliminary Remark -- 6.3.2 Critical Analysis of Hilbert's Lecture Notes -- 6.3.2.1 On the Introduction (pp. 1--7) -- 6.3.2.2 On the Notion of Continuum (Chap. 1, pp. 8--26) -- 6.3.2.3 Elements of Vector Analysis (Chap. 2, pp. 27--41) Vector Analysis -- 6.3.2.4 The Kinematics of Continua (Chap. 3, pp. 41--66) -- 6.3.2.5 Bases of the Dynamics of Continua (Chap. 4, pp. 67--121) -- 6.3.2.6 Special Problems of Hydrodynamics (Chap. 5, pp. 122--171) -- 6.3.2.7 Capillarity (Chap. 6, pp. 172--180) -- 6.3.2.8 Electrodynamics (Chap. 7, pp. 181--225) -- 6.3.2.9 Thermodynamics (Chap. 8, pp. 226--239) -- 6.4 Conclusion -- Appendix -- Mathematical Treatment of the Axioms of Physics -- References -- 7 Viscoelasticity of Solids (Old and New) -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Early Developments (1860--1950) -- 7.3 Early Thermodynamics (1940--1965) -- 7.4 Engineering Viscoelasticity (1940--1960), Dynamic Studies -- 7.5 Mathematical Visco-Elasticity (1960--1975) -- 7.6 Recent Developments -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Plasticity Over 150 Years (1864--2014) -- Abstract -- 8.1 By Way of Introduction -- 8.2 Timid Experimental Steps and First Mathematical Modelling. , 8.3 Enter Evolution and Thermodynamics -- 8.3.1 Duhem's Pioneering Works -- 8.3.2 Incremental Laws -- 8.3.3 Rate Equations -- 8.3.4 Prandtl-Reuss Relations -- 8.3.5 Hypo-elasticity as a Path to Elasto-Plasticity -- 8.4 Mathematical Plasticity and Convexity -- 8.4.1 Variational Principles -- 8.4.2 Application of Convex Analysis -- 8.4.3 Uniqueness and Existence of Solutions -- 8.5 Physical Plasticity and Dislocations -- 8.6 Finite-Strain Plasticity -- 8.7 Varia -- 8.7.1 Anisotropy -- 8.7.2 Numerical Plasticity -- 8.7.3 Homogenization in Elastoplasticity -- 8.7.4 Viscoplasticity -- 8.7.5 Coupling with Other Properties (Porosity, Damage, Magnetism) -- 8.7.6 Gradient Plasticity -- 8.8 Conclusion -- 8.9 Note on the Bibliography -- References -- 9 Fracture: To Crack or Not to Crack. That Is the Question -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Birth of Fracture Theory: Inglis, Griffith -- 9.3 The Analysis of the Stress Field at Cracks -- 9.4 Irwin and Energy-Release Rate -- 9.5 Accounting for the Plastic Zone -- 9.6 Invariant Integrals as Measures of Toughness -- 9.7 The Realm of Configurational-Material Forces -- 9.8 Dynamic Fracture -- 9.9 Extensions and More Recent Developments -- 9.9.1 Electro-Magneto-Elastic Generalizations -- 9.9.2 The Consideration of Generalized Functions -- 9.9.3 Computational Mechanics of Material Forces -- 9.9.4 Peridynamics -- 9.9.5 Size Effects -- 9.10 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 10 Geometry and Continuum Mechanics: An Essay -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 A Fundamental Theorem by Killing -- 10.3 The Role of Elie Cartan -- 10.4 The Influence of the Theory of General Relativity -- 10.5 The Influence of the Theory of Dislocations -- 10.6 The Theory of Local Structural Rearrangements -- 10.7 Modern Differential Geometry and Its Use in Continuum Mechanics -- Gallery of Portraits -- References. , 11 The Masters of Modern Continuum Mechanics -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Rivlin and Truesdell -- 11.3 The Co-workers and Direct Disciples of Truesdell -- 11.4 The Co-workers and Direct Disciples of Rivlin -- 11.5 A.E. Green and Paul Naghdi -- 11.6 A.C. Eringen and Engineering Science -- 11.7 Outside the USA and the UK -- 11.8 Conclusion: Some Sociological Remarks -- A Gallery of Portraits -- References -- 12 Epilogue -- References -- Index.

Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 657-747) and index

Note: Front Cover -- Human Sleep and Cognition Part II: Clinical and Applied Research -- Copyright -- Contributors -- Dedication -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- Section I: Sleep disorders and cognitive functioning -- Chapter 1: Cognition in circadian rhythm sleep disorders -- Introduction -- Circadian biology -- Cognition and circadian rhythms -- Circadian preference and cognitive performance -- Circadian rhythm sleep disorders -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 2: Sleep-wake changes and cognition in neurodegenerative disease -- Introduction -- Sleep-wake changes in normal aging -- Sleep-wake changes in neurodegenerative disease -- Sleep and cognition -- Treatments for sleep-wake disturbance in neurodegenerative diseases -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3: Cognition and daytime functioning in sleep-related breathing disorders -- Introduction -- Mechanisms of cognitive impairment in OSA -- Daytime function -- Other factors associated with cognitive decline in sleep-related breathing disorders -- Conclusion -- References -- Section II: Cognitive effects of clinical interventions in sleep and wakefulness -- Chapter 4: Cognitive recovery following positive airway pressure (PAP) in sleep apnea -- Introduction -- OSAHS treatment -- Neurobehavioral deficits in OSAHS -- Cognitive domains and OSAHS -- Models of neuropsychological deficits in OSAHS -- Alteration in brain morphology and cognitive function -- Neurobehavioral recovery after PAP -- Changes in brain structure and function after PAP -- Conclusions and future directions -- References -- Chapter 5: Effects of the use of hypnotics on cognition -- Introduction -- Hypnotics -- Acute effects -- Residual effects -- Long-term effects -- Novel hypnotics -- Summary and conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Effects of caffeine on sleep and cognition -- Introduction. , Caffeine and sleep deprivation -- Caffeine and recovery sleep -- Caffeine and self-imposed sleep deprivation -- Caffeine, sleepiness, and work quality -- Remaining issues -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Can light make us bright? Effects of light on cognition and sleep -- Introduction -- Effects of light on the circadian timing system and sleep-wake cycles -- Light directly impacts on sleep and cognition -- Cerebral correlates of light impacts´ on cognitive performance -- Summary -- References -- Section III: Sleep and cognition in real-world settings -- Chapter 8: Sleep´s effects on cognition and learning in adolescence -- References -- Chapter 9: Individual differences in cognitive vulnerability to fatigue in the laboratory and in the workplace -- Trait individual differences in vulnerability to fatigue -- Individual differences in vulnerability to fatigue in operational settings -- New research into distinct cognitive dimensions of vulnerability to fatigue -- References -- Chapter 10: Predicting cognitive impairment and accident risk -- Homeostatic and circadian regulation of sleep and performance -- Modern approaches for modeling the relationship between sleep and cognition -- Predicting fatigue-related accident risk -- References -- Chapter 11: Sleep loss and accidents-Work hours, life style, and sleep pathology -- Work hours and life style -- Sleep pathology -- References -- Chapter 12: Occupational sleep medicine: Practice and promise -- Introduction to occupational sleep medicine -- Components of fatigue and relation to fatigue risk management -- Measuring fatigue -- Sleep, circadian rhythm, workload, the operational environment, and operational performance -- Consolidated sleep, split sleep, and sleep fragmentation -- Individual differences in response to factors causing fatigue. , Predicting performance from the components of fatigue -- Systems of fatigue risk management -- Summary of current practice and future promise -- References -- Subject Index -- Other Volumes in Progress in Brain Research.

Note: Front cover -- Progress in Brain Research -- Copyright -- List of Contributors -- Dedication -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1 - Cognitive neuroscience of sleep -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Spontaneous physiological processes during natural sleep to support cognition -- Sleep deprivation: physiological ramifications -- Some unsolved mysteries -- Future directions -- Summary -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 - Measurement of sleep -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Introduction -- Recording EEG, EOG and EMG -- Human (visual) sleep staging -- Computerized amplitude (or power) analysis -- Neuro-loop analysis -- Topographic analysis -- Discussion -- References -- Chapter 3 - Measurement of cognition in studies of sleep deprivation -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Introduction -- Attention and choice reaction time tasks -- Working memory -- Executive functioning -- Conclusions and recommendations -- References -- Chapter 4 - Sleep, memory and emotion -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Introduction -- Memory processing and brain plasticity -- Association, integration and creativity -- Emotional regulation -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 - How treatment affects cognitive deficits in patients with sleep disorders: methodological issues and results -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Introduction -- Factors influencing cognitive performance -- The measurement of cognitive deficits in patients with sleep disturbances -- Study design and sampling strategies -- How treatment acts on cognitive functioning in patients with sleep disorders -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 6 - Total sleep deprivation, chronic sleep restriction and sleep disruption -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Basal sleep need -- Total sleep deprivation -- Sleep restriction -- Sleep disruption. , A comparison between sleep deprivation, restriction and disruption -- Conclusion -- Abbreviations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 7 - Effects of sleep deprivation on cognition -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Introduction -- Alertness, vigilance and simple attention -- Sensory perception -- Emotional processing -- Learning and memory -- Executive functions -- Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 - Circadian rhythms and cognition -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Background -- Changes in cognitive performance after time-zone transitions and during night work -- Irregular sleeps and & -- lsquo -- anchor& -- rsquo -- sleeps -- References -- Chapter 9 - The effects of napping on cognitive functioning -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Overview -- Benefits of naps -- Duration of the nap and sleep inertia -- Circadian placement of the nap -- Other factors: prior wake time and experience with napping -- Can experiments capture the naturalistic use of napping? -- Theoretical implications of brief nap benefits -- An additional sleep process (Process & -- lsquo -- O& -- rsquo -- ) -- Relative impacts of brief and long naps on subsequent nocturnal sleep and clinical implications -- Applications for napping -- References -- Chapter 10 - Sleep, intelligence and cognition in a developmental context: -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Introduction -- Developmental aspects of sleep -- Cognition, learning and intelligence -- Assessment of cognitive processes and intelligence -- Sleep: a trait and state-dependent perspective -- Sleep and cognitive processes & -- ndash -- the state approach -- Sleep and intellectual ability & -- ndash -- the trait approach -- Conclusions and implications -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 11 - Do sleep complaints contribute to age-related cognitive decline? -- Abstract -- Keywords -- Introduction. , Insomnia: diagnosis, risk factors and its association with age -- Subjective complaints about functioning ineveryday life -- Objective functioning in everyday life -- Neuropsychological task performance -- Computerized psychomotor task performance -- Structural magnetic resonance imaging -- Functional magnetic resonance imaging -- Electroencephalography (EEG) -- Event-related potentials -- Positron emission tomography -- Transcranial magnetic stimulation -- Concluding remarks -- References -- Index -- Other volumes in PBR.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Main Contributions by Authors and Reviewers -- Chapter 1: General Introduction -- 1.1 Towards Better Communication -- 1.1.1 An Axiomatic Approach -- 1.2 Contributions by Systems Theory and Philosophy of Science -- 1.3 Why Focus on Definitions and Classification? -- 1.3.1 Why Worry About Marginal Cases? -- 1.3.2 The Value of Definitions When Compared to Predictions -- 1.3.3 The Philosophical Basis of Stringent Definitions -- 1.4 Resolving Definition Problems -- 1.4.1 Guiding Principles -- 1.5 Subjects Discussed in this Book -- 1.5.1 The Operator Hierarchy (Chaps. 2 and 3) -- 1.5.2 Defining the Concept of Darwinian Evolution (at the Smallest Scale) (Chaps. 4 and 5) -- 1.5.3 Generalisations Based on Darwinian Evolution at the Smallest Scale (Chaps. 6 and 7) -- 1.5.4 Transitions in Complexity that Lead to Objects (Chaps. 8 and 9) -- 1.5.5 Transitions in Complexity that Lead to Interaction Systems (Chaps. 10 and 11) -- 1.5.6 Defining the Concept of Life (Chaps. 12 and 13) -- 1.5.7 A Thermodynamic Account of the Emergence of Organised Matter (Chaps. 14 and 15) -- 1.6 Enjoy Reading this Book -- References -- Part I: The Operator Theory and Its Applications -- Chapter 2: Introducing the Operator Theory -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Why Was the Operator Theory Constructed? -- 2.2 Introducing Systems and Objects -- 2.2.1 Existing Ideas About Systems -- 2.2.2 The Role of Objects in a System -- 2.2.3 Systems and Objects in this Book -- 2.3 Introducing Closure -- 2.3.1 An Intuitive, General Explanation of the Concept of Closure -- 2.3.2 The Utility of Using Closure When Analysing Complexity -- 2.4 Defining Closure as It Is Used in This Book -- 2.4.1 From a Rope to a Chain of Objects Connected by Relationships -- 2.4.2 Closure Caused by One or More Moving Objects -- 2.4.3 A Definition of Closure. , 2.5 Kinds of Closure -- 2.5.1 Uniform Closure -- 2.5.2 Functional Versus Structural Closure -- 2.5.3 Dual Closure -- 2.5.4 The Use of Dual Closure in the Operator Hierarchy -- 2.6 Primary Structure and Secondary Structure of the Operator Hierarchy -- 2.6.1 Primary Structure of the Operator Hierarchy -- 2.6.2 Secondary Structure of the Operator Hierarchy -- Secondary Structure in the Ranking of All the Operators -- Extending the Secondary Structure Below the Level of the Hadron -- 2.6.3 Systems That Include Two or More Operators: The Interaction Systems -- 2.7 Discussion -- 2.7.1 General Remarks -- 2.7.2 Using the Operator Hierarchy for Defining the Organism Concept -- 2.7.3 Relating Classical Hierarchy and the Operator Theory -- 2.7.4 Relationships with the Major Evolutionary Transitions Theory -- 2.7.5 Using the Operator Theory for an Ontology of Artefacts -- 2.7.6 Summarising What Is New About the Operator Theory -- 2.7.7 Current Status and Future Goals -- References -- Chapter 3: Reflections on the Operator Theory -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Other Aspects of the O-Theory -- Chapter 4: Darwinian Evolution: Process or Pattern? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Darwinian Evolution -- 4.1.2 Goals and Strategy -- 4.1.3 Imbedding -- 4.1.4 Outline of This Chapter -- 4.2 Criteria for Defining Darwinian Evolution (Definition Oriented) -- 4.3 Preparations for Creating a Graph-based Model for Darwinian Evolution (Application Oriented) -- 4.3.1 Kinds of Objects, Individuality and Levels of Material Complexity -- 4.3.2 Naming Transitions Within and Between (Sub-)kinds of Operators -- 4.3.3 Graph and Pattern -- 4.3.4 Relationships in Evolution Graphs: Processes and Evaluations -- 4.3.5 Derivation and Selection: Two Fundamental Relationships Relevant for Darwinian Evolution -- Derivation: A Dynamic Relationship Fundamental to Darwinian Evolution. , Selection: A Static Relationship Fundamental to Darwinian Evolution -- 4.4 Darwinian Evolution at the Smallest Scale -- 4.5 The Naming of Non-Darwinian Graph-Patterns -- 4.6 Discussion and Conclusions -- 4.6.1 Darwinian Evolution: A Process or a Mixed Graph-Pattern? -- 4.6.2 Population-Based Approaches -- 4.6.3 Viewing Levels of Selection as Conceptual Tools -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Reflections on the Graph Representation of Darwinian Evolution -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Evolution as a Graph Pattern -- 5.3 Link with Evolutionary Narrative -- References -- Chapter 6: Generalising Darwinian Evolution by Using Its Smallest-Scale Representation as a Foundation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Goal and Outline of This Chapter -- 6.2 Elaborations of Darwinian Evolution at the Smallest Scale -- 6.2.1 Darwinian Evolution at the Smallest Scale -- 6.2.2 Patterns of Darwinian Evolution Based on Multiple Generations -- 6.2.3 A Developmental History Can Add New Kinds of Organisation -- 6.2.4 Sexual Reproduction -- 6.2.5 From an Object-Based to a Kind-Based Graph-Pattern of Evolution -- 6.2.6 Thoughts as Nodes in the Pattern of Darwinian Evolution -- 6.2.7 Feedback and Niche Construction -- 6.2.8 Nested Darwinian Evolution -- 6.3 Discussion -- 6.3.1 A Family of Darwinian Patterns -- 6.3.2 Object-Based Graphs of Population-Based Models of Darwinian Evolution -- 6.3.3 Generalised Darwinism and Cultural Evolution -- 6.3.4 Statements About Darwinian Evolution -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: A Critical Assessment of Graph-Based Generalized Darwinism -- 7.1 The Epistemological Problem of Generalized Darwinism -- 7.2 From the Epistemological Problem to Ontological Problems -- 7.3 A Critical Analysis of the Graph-Based Solution -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 8: The Role of Structural Criteria in Transitions Theory: A Focus on Organisms -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Outline of This Chapter -- 8.2 Major Evolutionary Transitions that Relate to Organisms -- 8.3 Transitions in the Operator Theory That Are Relevant for the Identification of Organisms -- 8.4 Classifying Different Combinations of Cells -- 8.5 Discussion -- 8.5.1 Relating the Major Evolutionary Transitions Theory and the Operator Theory While Focusing on Organisms -- 8.5.2 The Organism, the Fundamental Object in Biology -- 8.5.3 Multicellularity Versus Pluricellularity -- 8.5.4 How Arbitrary Is a Listing of Transitions? -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9: In Defense of Gradualism -- 9.1 Comments -- References -- Chapter 10: The Role or Structural Criteria in Transition Theory: A Focus on Systems of Interacting Organisms -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Outline -- 10.3 Systems of Interacting Organisms in Major Evolutionary Transitions Theory and in the OT -- 10.3.1 Systems of Interacting Organisms in Major Evolutionary Transitions Theory -- 10.3.2 Systems of Interacting Organisms in the Operator Theory -- 10.4 An Integrated Approach to the Classification of Compound Objects and Groups -- 10.5 Fraternal Interactions ("Like" Organisms) -- 10.5.1 Fraternal Interactions Based on Centralised Coding -- 10.5.2 Fraternal Interactions Based on Democratic Coding -- 10.6 Egalitarian Interactions ("Unlike" Organisms) -- 10.6.1 Egalitarian Interactions That Produce a More Complex Organism -- 10.6.2 Egalitarian Interactions That Produce a Compound Object -- 10.6.3 Egalitarian Interactions Resulting in the Formation of a Group -- 10.7 Discussion -- 10.7.1 Comparing the Classifications of Major Evolutionary Transitions Theory and the OT -- 10.7.2 (De) Coupling Organismality and Multicellularity -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 11: Major Transitions, Operator Theory, and Human Organization -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 How "Operator Theory" and "Major Evolutionary Transitions Theory" Differ -- 11.3 What "Operator Theory" Adds to "Major Evolutionary Transitions Theory" -- 11.4 Reconciling Operator Theory with the Idea of Human Organization as a Major Transition -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Learning from Water: Two Complementary Definitions of the Concept of Life -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Homonymy -- 12.2 A Framework for Defining Water and Life -- 12.3 An Object Oriented Definition of Water (O-Water) -- 12.4 An Object Oriented Definition of Life (O-Life) -- 12.5 An Interaction System Based Definition of Water (S-Water) -- 12.6 An Interaction System Based Definition of Life (S-Life) -- 12.7 Discussion -- 12.8 Contributions to the Process of Defining Life -- 12.8.1 Contributions to Whether or Not the Concept of Life Can be Generalised Beyond the Earthen Situation -- 12.8.2 Contributions to the Thinking About Levels of Life -- 12.8.3 Contributions to Criteria for Defining Life -- 12.9 Summary and Conclusions -- 12.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 13: Adding (Thermo)dynamic Aspects to Definitions of Life -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Thermodynamic View of Organisms and Life -- References -- Chapter 14: A Thermodynamic Account of the Emergence of Organised Matter -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Thermodynamics and Organisation -- 14.1.2 Rates of Free Energy Degradation -- 14.1.3 Flows and Structure in Thermodynamics -- 14.1.4 Operators as Windows in Nature's Cabin -- The Era of Condensation -- The Era of Contained Dissipation -- 14.1.5 Interaction Systems as Windows in Nature's Cabin -- 14.2 Structural and Evolutionary Microstates -- 14.2.1 Using Operators for the Quantification of Informational Microstates. , 14.2.2 Operators of the Same Kind Can Vary Markedly in Complexity.