Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Challenges in Air Pollution Control -- 1.2 Green Chemistry Principles: Roadmap to Air Pollution Control and Design -- 1.3 Air and Energy Nexus -- 1.4 Structure and Contents of This Book -- 2 SOx Control -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Importance and Significance -- 2.1.2 Regulations and Standards -- 2.1.3 Technology Development -- 2.1.4 Contents of Chapters -- 2.2 SOx Formation -- 2.2.1 Oxidation of Sulfur -- 2.2.2 SO2 Conversion to SO3 -- 2.3 Control Principles -- 2.3.1 Process Chemistry -- 2.3.2 Mass Transfer -- 2.4 Control Technologies -- 2.4.1 Wet FGD -- 2.4.2 Semi-dry FGD -- 2.4.3 Dry FGD -- 2.5 Comparison of SOx Control Technologies -- 2.5.1 4E Evaluation -- 2.5.2 Technology Selection -- 2.5.3 Challenges and Perspectives -- References -- 3 NOx Control -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Importance and Significance -- 3.1.2 Regulations and Standards -- 3.1.3 Technology Development -- 3.1.4 Objectives of Chapter -- 3.2 NOx Formation -- 3.2.1 Thermal NOx -- 3.2.2 Fuel NOx -- 3.2.3 Prompt NOx -- 3.3 Control Principles -- 3.3.1 Thermodynamics -- 3.3.2 Reaction Kinetics -- 3.3.3 Catalytic Reaction -- 3.4 Control Technologies -- 3.4.1 Combustion Modification -- 3.4.2 SNCR Technology -- 3.4.3 SCR Technology -- 3.5 Comparison of NOx Control Technologies -- 3.5.1 4E Evaluation of NOx Control Technologies -- 3.5.2 Technology Selection -- 3.5.3 Challenges and Perspectives -- References -- 4 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Control -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Importance and Significance -- 4.1.2 Control Regulations -- 4.1.3 Technology Development -- 4.1.4 Objectives of Chapter -- 4.2 Formation -- 4.2.1 Emission Sources of VOCs -- 4.2.2 Classification and Characteristics -- 4.3 Control Principles -- 4.3.1 Adsorption -- 4.3.2 Absorption -- 4.3.3 Condensation -- 4.3.4 Oxidation -- 4.4 Control Technologies. , 4.4.1 Adsorption -- 4.4.2 Absorption -- 4.4.3 Condensation -- 4.4.4 Oxidation -- 4.4.5 Biological Treatment -- 4.5 Technology Comparison -- 4.5.1 4E Evaluation -- 4.5.2 Technology Selection -- 4.5.3 Challenges and Perspectives -- References -- 5 PM Control -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.1.1 Importance and Significance -- 5.1.2 Regulations and Standards -- 5.1.3 Technology Development -- 5.1.4 Contents of Chapters -- 5.2 Formation -- 5.2.1 Emission Sources of PM -- 5.2.2 Properties of Particles -- 5.3 Control Principles -- 5.3.1 Dust Removal Mechanisms -- 5.3.2 Fundamental Forces in Particle Migration and Collection -- 5.3.3 Particle Transport Properties -- 5.4 Control Technologies -- 5.4.1 Cyclone -- 5.4.2 Wet Scrubbers -- 5.4.3 Baghouse -- 5.4.4 Electrostatic Precipitator -- 5.5 Comparison of PM Control Technologies -- 5.5.1 4E Evaluation of PM Control Technologies -- 5.5.2 Technology Selection -- 5.5.3 Challenges and Perspectives -- References -- 6 CO2 Control -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 CO2 Emission Sources -- 6.2.1 Stationary CO2 Emission Sources -- 6.2.2 Mobile CO2 Emission Sources -- 6.3 CO2 Control Principles -- 6.3.1 Capture -- 6.3.2 Sequestration -- 6.3.3 Utilization -- 6.3.4 Conversion -- 6.3.5 Control Technologies -- 6.3.6 Adsorption Technology -- 6.3.7 Absorption Technology -- 6.3.8 Membrane Technology -- 6.3.9 Chemical Looping Technology -- 6.3.10 Cryogenic Technology -- 6.3.11 Biological Treatment Technology -- 6.3.12 Mineralization Technology -- 6.4 Comparison of Technologies -- References -- 7 Thermodynamics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Significance and Importance -- 7.1.2 Development of Thermodynamics -- 7.1.3 Contents of This Chapter -- 7.2 Principles -- 7.2.1 Fundamentals -- 7.2.2 The Zeroth and First Laws of Thermodynamics -- 7.2.3 The Second and Third Laws of Thermodynamics -- 7.2.4 Environmental Consideration -- 7.3 Applications. , 7.3.1 Combustion Modification -- 7.3.2 Thermodynamic Cycles (Rankine Cycle, Brayton Cycle, and Piston Engine Cycle) -- 7.3.3 Chemical Looping Process -- 7.3.4 Good Engineering Practice -- 7.4 Challenges and Perspectives -- 7.4.1 Barriers to be Overcome -- 7.4.2 4E Evaluation -- 7.4.3 Integration for Innovation -- References -- 8 Heat Transfer -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Importance and Significance -- 8.1.2 Technology Development -- 8.1.3 Contents of This Chapter -- 8.2 Principles -- 8.2.1 Conduction -- 8.2.2 Convection -- 8.2.3 Radiation -- 8.2.4 Overall Heat Transfer -- 8.3 Applications -- 8.3.1 Heat Exchanger: Recuperator and Regenerator -- 8.3.2 Cogeneration and Trigeneration -- 8.3.3 Phase Change Energy Storage -- 8.4 Challenges and Perspectives -- 8.4.1 Barriers to be Overcome -- 8.5 4E Analysis -- References -- 9 Advanced Combustion -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Significance and Importance -- 9.1.2 Development of Combustion Technology -- 9.1.3 Objective of This Chapter -- 9.2 Principles -- 9.2.1 Fundamentals -- 9.2.2 Thermodynamics -- 9.2.3 Heat and Mass Transfer -- 9.2.4 Fuel Property -- 9.2.5 Reaction Kinetics -- 9.2.6 Environmental Consideration -- 9.3 Applications -- 9.3.1 Combustion Modification: Novel Burners -- 9.3.2 Catalytic Oxidation -- 9.4 Comparison of Control Technologies -- 9.4.1 4E Evaluation -- 9.4.2 Affordable and Clean Combustion Technology -- 9.4.3 Integration for Innovation -- References -- 10 Renewable Energy -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Importance and Significance -- 10.1.2 Technology Development -- 10.1.3 Contents of the Chapter -- 10.2 Principles -- 10.2.1 Principles of Solar Energy -- 10.2.2 Principles of Wind Energy -- 10.2.3 Principles of Biomass Energy -- 10.2.4 Principles of Ocean Energy -- 10.2.5 Principles of Hydro Energy -- 10.2.6 Principles of Geothermal Energy -- 10.3 Applications -- 10.3.1 Solar Energy. , 10.3.2 Wind Energy -- 10.3.3 Biomass Energy -- 10.3.4 Ocean Energy -- 10.3.5 Hydro Energy -- 10.3.6 Geothermal Energy -- 10.4 Challenges and Perspectives -- 10.4.1 Barriers to Be Overcome -- 10.4.2 4E Evaluation -- 10.4.3 Integrated and Innovative Solutions -- References -- 11 Energy Materials -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Principles -- 11.2.1 Lithium-Ion Battery Materials -- 11.2.2 Fuel Cell Materials -- 11.2.3 Solar Cell Materials -- 11.2.4 Energy Storage Materials -- 11.3 Applications -- 11.3.1 Lithium-Ion Battery -- 11.3.2 Fuel Cell -- 11.3.3 Solar Cell Materials -- 11.3.4 Energy Storage -- 11.4 Challenges and Perspectives -- 11.4.1 4E Evaluation -- 11.4.2 Social, Economic, and Environmental Benefits -- 11.4.3 Perspectives -- References -- 12 Adsorption -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Features of Adsorption Process -- 12.1.2 Applications of Adsorption -- 12.2 Principles -- 12.2.1 Thermodynamics in Adsorption Process -- 12.2.2 Mass Transfer in Adsorption Process -- 12.2.3 Adsorption Isotherm -- 12.3 Design Methods -- 12.3.1 Bed-Depth Service-Time (BDST) Approach -- 12.3.2 Design Criteria -- 12.3.3 Good Engineering Practice -- 12.4 Design Procedures -- 12.4.1 Step 1: To Select the Appropriate Adsorption Reactor -- 12.4.2 Step 2: To Select the Appropriate Adsorbent -- 12.4.3 Step 3: To Determine Adsorption Reactor Dimensions -- 12.4.4 Step 4: To Specify the Regeneration Method -- 12.4.5 Step 5: To Estimate the Pressure Drop -- 12.4.6 A Rapid Method for Design of Adsorption Equipment -- 12.5 Performance Evaluation and Enhancement -- 12.5.1 Performance Evaluation -- 12.5.2 Performance Improvement -- 12.5.3 Innovative Technologies -- References -- 13 Absorption -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Features of Absorption Process -- 13.1.2 Applications of Absorption Process -- 13.2 Principles -- 13.2.1 Mass Transfer of Absorption. , 13.2.2 Process Intensification by High-Gravity (HiGee) Rotating Packed Bed (RPB) -- 13.3 Design Methods -- 13.3.1 Design Criteria -- 13.3.2 Theoretical Approach -- 13.3.3 Good Engineering Practice -- 13.4 Design Procedures -- 13.4.1 To Select the Appropriate Equipment and Absorbent (Step 1 and 2) -- 13.4.2 The Design of Packed Tower -- 13.4.3 The Design of Plate Tower -- 13.4.4 The Design of HiGee -- 13.5 Performance Evaluation and Improvement -- 13.5.1 Performance Evaluation -- 13.5.2 Performance Improvement -- 13.5.3 Innovative Technologies -- 13.5.4 Higee Enhanced Absorption -- References -- 14 Combustion Control -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Features of Combustion Process -- 14.1.2 Applications of Combustion Process -- 14.2 Principles -- 14.2.1 Combustion Stoichiometry -- 14.2.2 Material, Heat, and Energy Balance -- 14.2.3 3T's Principle -- 14.3 Design Methods -- 14.3.1 Combustion Kinetics -- 14.3.2 Good Engineering Practice -- 14.4 Design Procedure -- 14.4.1 Thermal Unit -- 14.4.2 Catalytic Unit -- 14.4.3 Flares -- 14.4.4 A Rapid Method for Sizing a Thermal Unit -- 14.5 Performance Evaluation and Enhancement -- 14.5.1 Performance Evaluation -- 14.5.2 Performance Improvement -- 14.5.3 Innovation Technologies -- References -- 15 Stack -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Principles -- 15.2.1 Fundamentals of Pollutant Dispersion -- 15.3 Plume Rise -- 15.3.1 Dispersion Model -- 15.4 Design Methods -- 15.4.1 Design Criteria -- 15.4.2 Modeling Approach -- 15.4.3 Good Engineering Practice -- 15.5 Design Procedures -- 15.5.1 Step 1: To Gather Background Information -- 15.5.2 Step 2: To Suggest the Physical Stack Height -- 15.5.3 Step 3: To Compute the Plume Rise -- 15.5.4 Step 4: To Confirm the Effective Stack Height -- 15.5.5 Step 5: To Estimate the Stack Draft -- 15.6 Safety Considerations -- 15.6.1 Forces Acting on Steel Stack -- 15.6.2 Safety Concerns. , 15.6.3 Auxiliaries.