Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Epigraph -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Part One: Desert Agriculture Past and Future -- Twenty-Five Years of Research on Runoff Desert Agriculture in the Middle East -- I. Introduction -- II. The Ancient Agricultural Systems of the Negev -- a. Terraced Wadis -- b. Farm Units -- c. Division Systems -- d. Microcatchments -- III. Origin and History of Ancient Runoff Agriculture -- a. In the Negev -- b. Runoff Agriculture in Other Regions -- IV. Modern Runoff Agriculture -- V. References -- Plant Introduction in the Deserts of Israel and Its Theoretical Basis -- I. Problems and Aims -- II. The Deserts of Israel and Their Ecological Diversity -- III. The Agro-Ecological Subdivision of the Deserts -- IV. Introduction and Its Theoretical Basis -- V. References -- Contribution of Animal Studies to Human Settlement in the Desert -- I. The Arena: The Desert Ecosystem -- II. Animal Studies Can Help -- a. Animals as Sources of Health Hazards for Man -- b. Animals as Monitors of Environmental Hazards -- c. Animals as Models for the Study of Desert Diseases or Physiological Stress -- d. Animals as Providers of High Quality Food for Peoples of the Desert -- III. Conclusion -- IV. Acknowledgement -- V. References -- Algae Production for Biomass in Arid Zones -- I. Introduction -- II. Biological and Environmental Aspects -- III. Technical Aspects -- a. Pond Construction -- b. Separation of the Algal Mass from the Medium -- c. Dehydration of the Algal Mass -- IV. Uses for Alga -- V. References -- High Yields and Low Water Requirements in Closed System Agriculture in Arid Regions: Potentials and Problems -- I. Introduction -- II. Plant Growth Considerations -- a. Water Balance -- b. Potential Growth. , III. The Optical Liquid-Filter Solution for Closed Systems -- IV. Closed System Agriculture and Water Use -- V. Summary -- VI. Acknowledgement -- VII. References -- Part Two: Resource Economics of the Desert -- Desert Meteorology -- I. Introduction -- II. A Desert Meteorology Unit -- a. Observations -- b. Prediction -- c. Modification -- III. Conclusions -- IV. References -- The Role of Non-Replenishable Aquifers in Development Projects in Arid Regions -- I. Introduction -- II. Storage -- a. Underground Storage -- b. Aquifers -- c. Non-replenishable Aquifers (Fossil) -- III. Concluding Remarks -- IV. References -- Solar Energy for Desert Settlements -- I. Historical Introduction -- II. Solar Retrofit -- a. Single Family Domestic Hot Water -- b. Community Hot Water -- c. Winter Space Heating -- III. The Solar Future -- a. Optimizing the Back-Up -- b. Process Heat -- c. Solar Electricity -- d. Saline Ponds -- IV. Conclusions -- V. References -- Is Desert Settlement Economically Viable? Theory vs. Reality -- I. Introduction -- II. Theoretical Considerations -- III. Application: Development in the Negev -- IV. References -- Ecology as a Tool for Desert Management -- I. Introduction -- II. Species Richness -- III. Life History Strategy -- a. The Desert Snail -- b. The Desert Isopod -- IV. Ecological Flow Chains -- V. Unsolved Problems -- VI. References -- Part Three: The Desert as Human Habitat -- Economic Change Among Pastoral Nomads in the Middle East -- I. Introduction -- II. Integration in the Wider Economy -- III. Maintaining Traditional Frameworks -- IV. Conclusions -- V. Acknowledgements -- VI. References -- Desert Towns as a Social Type -- I. Identification of the Problem -- II. A Tentative Model -- III. Some Tests of the Model -- IV. Factors Requiring Further Research -- V. Acknowledgements -- VI. References. , Regional Strategies and the Evolution of the Negev Urban System -- I. Introduction -- II. Ideology, Planning and Early Development -- III. Emergence of the Negev Growth Centre Region -- IV. Recent Development - The Evolving Regiopolis -- V. Future Goals and Conclusions -- VI. References -- Extreme Conditions and Responsive Architecture -- I. Introduction - Extreme Conditions in Israel's Desert -- II. Three Different Approaches to Creating Desert Settlements -- a. The Vernacular Approach to Extreme Conditions -- b. The Preconceived Approach to Desert Architecture -- c. A Responsive Approach to Architecture -- III. Responsive Architecture -- a. The Structural Hierarchy of Responsive Architecture -- b. Responsiveness Related to the Definition of the Edge Condition -- c. Framework for Responsiveness -- IV. Acknowledgement -- V. References -- Heating and Cooling Via the Utilization of Natural Energies -- I. Introduction -- II. Classification of Passive Heating Systems -- a. Direct Heating by Penetrating Solar Radiation -- b. Sun-Porches and Attached Greenhouses -- c. Southern Walls as Solar Collectors -- d. Roofs as Energy Collectors -- III. Classification of Natural Cooling Systems -- a. Cooling by Nocturnal Radiation -- b. Cooling by Night Convection (Natural and Mechanical) -- c. Night Evaporation Cooling -- IV. References -- Some Details About the Authors -- Author Index.