Note: Intro -- Foreword by the Series Editor -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I Solar Wind-Magnetosphere Interaction -- 1 The Magnetopause, Its Boundary Layers and Pathways to the Magnetotail -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Magnetic Reconnection at the Magnetopause -- 1.2.1 Basics of Magnetopause Reconnection -- 1.2.1.1 Concept of Reconnection -- 1.2.1.2 Signatures of Magnetic Reconnection -- 1.2.2 Quantifying Magnetic Reconnection -- 1.2.2.1 Bulk Plasma Heating at the Magnetopause -- 1.2.2.2 Measurement of the Hall Term in the Generalized Ohms Law -- 1.2.2.3 Anti-parallel Versus Component Magnetic Reconnection -- 1.2.2.4 Estimates of the Magnetic Reconnection Rate -- 1.2.2.5 Determination of the Local Magnetic Topology -- 1.2.3 Continuous and Intermittent Magnetic Reconnection -- 1.2.3.1 Continuous Magnetic Reconnection -- 1.2.3.2 Intermittent or Unsteady Magnetic Reconnection: Flux Transfer Events -- 1.2.4 Magnetic Reconnection for Northward IMF -- 1.3 KelvinHelmholtz Instability and Diffusive Processes -- 1.3.1 Location and Signatures of the KelvinHelmholtz Instability -- 1.3.2 KelvinHelmholtz and Secondary Processes -- 1.3.2.1 KelvinHelmholtz and Secondary Diffusive Processes -- 1.3.2.2 KelvinHelmholtz and Localized Magnetic Reconnection -- 1.3.3 Other Diffusive Processes -- 1.4 Global Coupling and Pathways for Solar Wind Plasma -- 1.4.1 Global Coupling and Magnetic Reconnection -- 1.4.2 Pathways to the Magnetotail -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 Quantifying Energy Transfer at the Magnetopause -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.2.1 GUMICS-4 Simulation -- 2.2.2 Magnetopause Energy Transfer -- 2.2.3 Dayside Reconnection Line -- 2.2.4 Magnetopause Reconnection and Dynamo -- 2.3 Hysteresis in Energy Transfer -- 2.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 3 Long-Period ULF Waves Driven byINTtie. , Periodic Solar Wind Disturbances -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Numerical Results -- 3.2.1 The Numerical Model -- 3.2.2 Waveforms of the Plasma Pressure in the Magnetosphere -- 3.2.3 Force Balance in the Dayside Magnetopause -- 3.2.4 Nature of the Magnetospheric Current -- 3.3 Discussion and Summary -- References -- Part II Magnetotail Dynamics -- 4 Magnetotail Dynamics: Survey of Recent Progress -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Thin Current Sheets -- 4.2.1 Formation and Structure -- 4.2.2 Stability -- 4.2.2.1 Observations -- 4.2.2.2 Theory: Ballooning and Interchange -- 4.2.2.3 Theory: Tearing -- 4.2.3 Active Modes: Flapping -- 4.2.4 Conclusions -- 4.3 Onset Timing -- 4.4 Bursty Bulk Flows and Dipolarization -- 4.4.1 Observations -- 4.4.2 Source Mechanism -- 4.4.3 Conclusions -- 4.5 Summary and Conclusions -- 4.5.1 Formation and Stability of Thin Current Sheets -- 4.5.2 Substorm Onset Timing -- 4.5.3 BBFs and Dipolarization -- References -- 5 Physical Processes for Magnetospheric Substorm Expansion Onsets -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 External Conditions -- 5.2.1 Northward Turning of IMF as a Substorm Trigger -- 5.2.2 Interplanetary Shock as a Substorm Trigger -- 5.2.3 Overall Assessment -- 5.3 Activity Prior to Onset -- 5.3.1 Magnetic Field Reconfiguration -- 5.3.2 Plasma Sheet Thinning and Poynting Flux Consideration -- 5.3.3 Ion Temperature Drop -- 5.3.4 Neutral-Sheet-Pointing Electric Field -- 5.3.5 Dimming of Auroral Arcs -- 5.3.6 Auroral Activity Poleward of Breakup Arc -- 5.3.7 Azimuthal Auroral Forms and Waves -- 5.4 Activity After Onset -- 5.4.1 Magnetic Field Dipolarization and Current Disruption -- 5.4.2 Plasma Flows -- 5.4.3 Mid-Tail Plasma Sheet Thinning and Rarefaction Wave -- 5.4.4 Plasma Waves and Turbulence -- 5.5 Time History Analysis -- 5.5.1 2008 February 26 Event -- 5.5.2 2008 February 16 Event -- 5.5.3 2008 February 25 Event. , 5.5.4 Weaknesses in the Time History Approach -- 5.6 System-Wide Approach -- 5.7 Implications on Substorm Onset Theories -- 5.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 6 Cluster Observations of Plasma Bubbles, BBFs and Their Wakes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Case Study One: 21 September 2005 -- 6.3 Case Study Two: 25 August 2003 -- 6.4 Case Study Three: 24 September 2004 -- 6.5 Discussion -- 6.6 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 7 A Statistical Study of Pressure Changes in the Near-Earth Magnetotail Associated with Substorm Expansion Onsets -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Superposed Epoch Analysis -- 7.3 Discussion -- References -- 8 Categorization of the Time Sequence of Events Leading to Substorm Onset Based on THEMIS All-Sky Imager Observations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Case Study -- 8.2.1 15 February 2008 Auroral Breakup -- 8.2.2 4 February 2008 Auroral Breakup -- 8.2.3 11 February 2008 Pseudo-breakup -- 8.3 Statistical Study -- Conclusion -- References -- Part III Inner Magnetospheric Processes -- 9 Dynamic Inner Magnetosphere: A Tutorial and Recent Advances -- 9.1 Preface -- 9.2 Plasmasphere -- 9.2.1 Structure of Plasmasphere -- 9.2.2 Formation of Plasmasphere -- 9.2.3 Fate of Plasmaspheric Plasma -- 9.3 Warm Plasma -- 9.4 Ring Current -- 9.4.1 Carrier of Ring Current -- 9.4.2 Structure of Ring Current -- 9.4.3 Transport and Acceleration of Ring Current Particles -- 9.4.3.1 Convection -- 9.4.3.2 Substorm -- 9.4.3.3 Compression of Magnetosphere -- 9.4.3.4 Wave-Particle Interaction -- 9.4.4 Source of Ring Current Particles -- 9.4.5 Loss of Ring Current Ions -- 9.4.5.1 Charge Exchange -- 9.4.5.2 Coulomb Drag -- 9.4.5.3 Coulomb Scattering -- 9.4.5.4 Wave-Particle Interaction -- 9.4.5.5 Adiabatic Loss Cone Loss -- 9.4.5.6 Violation of First Adiabatic Invariant -- 9.4.5.7 Magnetopause Loss. , 9.4.6 Influence on Other Regions and Other Energy Regimes -- 9.4.6.1 Ring Current-Ionosphere Coupling -- 9.4.6.2 Ring Current-Thermosphere Coupling -- 9.4.6.3 Ring Current-Plasmasphere Coupling -- 9.4.6.4 Ring Current-Ring Current Coupling -- 9.4.6.5 Ring Current-Radiation Belt Coupling -- 9.5 Proton Radiation Belt -- 9.5.1 Time Variation of Proton Radiation Belt -- 9.5.2 Source and Loss of Relativistic Protons -- 9.6 Electron Radiation Belt -- 9.6.1 Time Variation of Electron Radiation Belt -- 9.6.1.1 Storm-Time Variations -- 9.6.1.2 Semiannual Variations -- 9.6.1.3 Solar Cycle Variations -- 9.6.2 Response to Solar Wind and IMF -- 9.6.2.1 Solar Wind Speed -- 9.6.2.2 IMF -- 9.6.2.3 Solar Wind Density and Dynamic Pressure -- 9.6.3 Transport and Acceleration of Relativistic Electrons -- 9.6.3.1 Radial Diffusion -- 9.6.3.2 In Situ Accelerations by Wave-Particle Interactions -- 9.6.3.3 Which Mechanism Is Important -- 9.6.4 Loss of Relativistic Electrons -- 9.6.4.1 Adiabatic Effect -- 9.6.4.2 Precipitation into Atmosphere -- 9.6.4.3 Magnetopause Loss -- 9.6.4.4 Which Mechanism Is Important -- 9.6.5 Cross-Energy Couplings for Acceleration of Relativistic Electrons -- 9.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 10 Self-Consistent Simulations of Plasma Waves and Their Effects on Energetic Particles -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Global Simulations of Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves -- 10.2.1 Effects of Heavy Ions on EMIC Wave Generation and Propagation -- 10.2.2 Observations and Modeling of Subauroral Proton Arcs -- 10.2.3 Scattering of Radiation Belt Electrons by EMIC Waves -- 10.3 Global Simulations of Whistler Mode Chorus Waves -- 10.3.1 Evolution of Ring Current Electrons -- 10.3.2 Observations and Modeling of Chorus Waves -- 10.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 11 Topology of High-Latitude Magnetospheric Currents -- 11.1 Introduction. , 11.2 Auroral Oval and Plasma Distribution in the High Latitude Magnetosphere -- 11.3 Transverse Currents at Geocentric Distances 7RE -- 11.4 Auroral Oval and Field-Aligned Currents -- 11.5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 12 Detection of Dynamical Complexity Changes in Dst Time Series Using Entropy Concepts and Rescaled Range Analysis -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Theoretical Background -- 12.2.1 Fundamentals of Symbolic Dynamics -- 12.2.2 The Concept of Dynamical (Shannon-Like) Block Entropy -- 12.2.3 T-complexity -- 12.2.4 Principles of Non-extensive Tsallis Entropy -- 12.2.5 Approximate Entropy -- 12.2.6 Rescaled Range Analysis -- 12.3 Results -- 12.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Part IV Waves and Turbulence in Magnetosphere-Ionosphere Coupling -- 13 Magnetospheric ULF Waves: A Review -- 13.1 ULF Wave Sources -- 13.1.1 Sources in the Solar Wind -- 13.1.2 Instabilities at the Magnetopause -- 13.1.3 Interactions within the Magnetosphere -- 13.2 Wave Generation and Propagation Mechanisms -- 13.2.1 Global Cavity Modes -- 13.2.2 Field Line Resonances (FLRs) -- 13.2.3 Other Alfvn Modes -- 13.3 Electromagnetic Ion-Cyclotron Waves (EMICWs) -- 13.3.1 Observational Studies -- 13.3.2 Modeling and Simulation Studies -- 13.4 The Ionosphere Boundary -- 13.4.1 Effects of the Ionosphere on ULF Waves -- 13.4.2 Effects of ULF Waves on the Ionosphere -- 13.5 Consequences and Applications of ULF Waves -- 13.5.1 Magnetospheric Remote Sensing -- 13.5.2 Energization of Magnetospheric Particles -- 13.5.3 Precipitation of Magnetospheric Particles -- 13.5.4 New Techniques -- 13.5.5 Other Effects -- References -- 14 ULF Waves in the Topside Ionosphere: Satellite Observations and Modeling -- 14.1 Introduction: Simultaneous Observations of ULF Waves by Low-Altitude Satellites and Ground Stations -- 14.1.1 Pc3 Waves -- 14.1.2 Pi2 Waves. , 14.1.3 Pc1 Wave Packets.