Note: The German edition ... appeared in 1959 as the first volume in a series [entitled Ionenaustauscher] , Includes bibliography , Auf d. Buchrücken : Helffrich

Note: Cover -- Preface -- Preface to Second Edition -- Contents -- Introduction -- References -- 1. Concepts, Definitions, Conventions, and Notation -- Classification of Reactions -- Steps, Pathways, Networks, and Cycles -- Rates -- Rate Equations and Activation Energies -- Orders, Molecularities, and Ranks -- Conversion, Yield, and Selectivity -- Phase-Equilibrium and Transport Properties -- Summary -- References -- 2. Fundamentals -- Statistical Basis: Molecularities and Reaction Orders -- Nonideality -- Temperature Dependence -- Compilation of Rate Equations of Multistep Reactions -- Consistency Criteria -- Thermodynamic Consistency -- Microscopic Reversibility -- Adsorption Equilibria and Rates -- Summary -- References -- General References -- Specific References -- 3. Experiments and Their Evaluation -- Research Reactors -- Batch Reactors -- Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors -- Tubular Reactors -- Differential Reactors -- Techniques for Fast Reactions -- Analytical Support -- Reaction Orders and Apparent Rate Coefficients -- Irreversible Reactions with Single Reactant -- Irreversible Reactions with Two or More Reactants -- Reversible Reactions -- Gas-Phase Reactions at Constant Pressure -- Numerical Work-Up, Error Recognition, and Reliability -- Overview of Statistical Methods * -- Summary -- References -- General References -- Specific References -- 4. Tools for Reduction of Complexity -- Stoichiometric Constraints -- Rate-Controlling Steps -- Pathways of Irreversible Steps -- Pathways with Reversible Steps -- Quasi-Equilibrium Steps -- Quasi-Stationary States: the Bodenstein Approximation* -- Summary -- References -- 5. Elementary Combinations of Reaction Steps -- Reversible Reactions -- First Order-First Order Reactions -- First Order-Second Order Reactions -- Second Order-Second Order and Higher-Order Reactions -- Parallel Steps. , Parallel First-Order Steps -- Parallel Second-Order Steps -- Parallel Steps of Different Orders -- Coupled Parallel Steps -- Sequential Steps -- Sequential First-Order Steps -- Sequential Steps of other Orders -- Competing Steps -- Reactions with Fast Pre-Dissociation -- General Solution for First-Order Networks -- Summary -- References -- General References -- Specific References -- 6. Practical Mathematics of Multistep Reactions -- Simple and Non-Simple Pathways and Networks -- Pseudo-First Order Rate Coefficients -- General Formula for Simple Pathways -- Simple Networks -- Network Reduction -- Rate Equations -- Yield-Ratio Equations [8] -- Non-Simple Pathways and Networks -- Summary -- References -- 7. Network Elucidation -- Order and Rank -- Reaction Orders -- Ranks and Delplot * -- One-Plus" Rate Equations -- Types of One-Plus Rate Equations -- Establishment of One-Plus Rate Equations from Experimental Data -- Relationships between Network Properties and Kinetic Behavior -- Simple Pathways [7,9] -- Simple Networks -- Non-Simple Pathways and Networks -- Other Criteria and Guidelines -- Auxiliary Techniques -- Summary -- References -- 8. Homogeneous Catalysis -- Single-Species Catalysis -- Complex Catalysis -- Acid-Base Catalysis -- Catalysis by Metal Complexes -- Classical Models of Enzyme Kinetics -- Michaelis-Menten Kinetics -- Briggs-Haldane Kinetics -- Reversible Cycles -- Common Features and Plots -- General Formula for Single Catalytic Cycles: Christiansen Mathematics -- Reduction of Complexity -- Relative Abundance of Catalyst-Containing Species * -- Rate-Controlling Steps -- Quasi-Equilibrium Steps -- Irreversible Steps -- Combinations of Approximations -- Relationships between Network Properties and Kinetic Behavior -- Cycles with External Reactions -- Ligand-Deficient Catalysts -- Inhibition, Activation, Decay, and Poisoning. , Multiple Cycles* -- Competing Reactions (Cycles with Common Member) -- Dual- and Multiple-Form Catalysts (Connected Cycles) -- Reactions with Multiple Products (Cycles with Common Pathway Segments) -- Self-Accelerating Reactions (Autocatalysis) -- Product-Promoted Reactions -- Reactant-Inhibited Reactions -- Summary -- References -- General References -- Specific References -- 9. Heterogeneous Catalysis -- Adsorption and Reaction: Langmuir-Hinshelwood Kinetics -- Rate-Controlling Steps: the Hougen-Watson Formula -- Relative Abundance of Catalyst-Surface Species -- Simplification of Rate Equations -- Self-Acceleration -- Model Discrimination -- Criteria for Coefficients -- Concentration Dependence of Initial Rates -- Testing of Predictions -- Mass and Heat Transfer -- Mass Transfer to and from Catalyst Particle -- Mass Transfer and Reaction within Catalyst Particle (Thiele-Damkohler Theory [16,17]) -- Nonisothermal Catalyst Particles [26,27] -- Forced Convection within Catalyst Particle -- Heterogenized" Catalysis -- Shape Selectivity [47-50] -- Catalyst Deactivation [59-64] -- Summary -- References -- General References -- Specific References -- 10. Chain Reactions -- General Properties -- Initiation -- Reactions with Two Chain Carriers: the Hydrogen-Bromide Reaction -- Identification of Relevant Steps -- Transmission of Reactivity: Indirect Initiation, Chain Transfer -- Reactions with More than Two Radicals -- Rice-Herzfeld Mechanisms: Thermal Cracking -- Hydrocarbon Oxidation -- Reactions with Chain Branching: the Hydrogen-Oxygen Reaction -- Inhibition and Induction Periods -- Summary -- References -- General References -- Specific References -- 11. Polymerization -- Types of Polymerization Reactions -- Step-Growth Polymerization -- Functionality -- Mechanism and Rate -- Degree of Polymerization and Molecular Weight -- Radical Polymerization. , Mechanism and Rate * -- Photochemical Initiation -- Chain Length -- Degree of Polymerization and Molecular Weight -- Ionic Polymerization -- Anionic Polymerization -- Cationic Polymerization -- Coordination Polymerization -- Mechanism -- Molecular-Weight Distribution and Degree of Polymerization -- Polymerization Rate -- Chain-Growth Copolymerization -- Polymer Composition: Reactivity Ratios and Copolymer Equation -- Polymerization Rate -- Summary -- References -- General References -- Specific References -- 12. Mathematical Modeling -- Strategies of Process Development -- Effective Fundamental Modeling -- Complete Fundamental Modeling with Bodenstein Approximation -- Streamlining for Large Networks -- Determination of Coefficients -- Shortsightedness" of Elementary Reaction Steps -- Lumping and Continuous Mixtures -- Model Validation -- Summary -- References -- 13. Unusual Thermal and Mass-Transfer Effects -- Anomalous Temperature Dependence -- Negative Apparent Activation Energy: Lower Rate at Higher Temperature -- Change in Rate Control with Change in Temperature -- Rate Maxima and Minima -- Activation Energies of Phenomenological Coefficients -- Uncommon Heat-Transfer Problems -- Uncommon Mass-Transfer Problems -- Mass Transfer and Reaction Rate -- Mass transfer and Selectivity -- Summary -- References -- 14. Instability, Periodic Reactions, and Chaos -- Instability -- Runaway and Multiple Steady States -- Periodic Reactions -- Complex Oscillations and Chaos -- Summary -- References -- General References -- Specific References -- 15. Software and Data Bases -- Software for Numerical Simulation -- Software for Statistics -- Data Bases -- Glossary of Symbols -- Author Index -- Subject Index -- List of Reproduced Illustrations.

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Note: Cover -- Titelei -- Impressum -- Table of Contents -- Friedrich Wallner: Constructivism without a Constructor -- Vincent Shen: Urban Life-world Manifesting the Dao -- Hugo Renato Ochoa Disselkoen: Konstruktiver Realismus -- Nicole Holzenthal: Culturally different Presuppositions of Ethics and Moral doctrines -- Gerhard Klünger: Epistemology and Freedom of Thinking -- Leonardo Chiatti: Niels Bohr and 20th Century Biology: A Strangification Case? -- Fengli Lan: How to Translate Classical Chinese Medical Texts -- Ephraim Ferreira Medeiros: The Nine Types of Acupuncture Needles -- Gertrude Kubiena: Strangification - an Indispensable Instrument for Practicing TCM -- Andrea-Mercedes Riegel: Qijing bamai - The Eight Extraordinary Vessels -- Barbara Huppmann: No freedom without relationship. -- On the Authors.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- I. General -- 1. Nature as model for technical sensors -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sensory systems as matched filters -- 3. Design rules of sensory systems -- 4. The fish lateral line -- 4.1 Behavior -- 4.2 Physiology of the lateral line -- 4.3 Dipole localization -- 4.4 Running water -- 5. Biologically inspired hydrodynamic sensors -- Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2. From biology to engineering: insect vision and applicaon to robotics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The compound eye -- 1.2 The ocelli -- 1.3 Limitations of compound eyes -- 2. Visual guidance of flight -- 2.1 Stabilization of flight direction and attitude -- 2.2 Avoiding obstacles and negotiating narrowgaps -- 2.3 Regulating flight speed -- 2.4 Regulating flight altitude -- 2.5 Orchestrating smooth landings -- 2.6 Gauging distance travelled -- 2.7 The importance of image velocity incontrolling and regulating flight -- 3. Applications to robotics -- 3.1 Panoramic imaging using syntheticcompound eyes -- 3.2 Panoramic imaging using reflective surfaces -- 3.3 Guidance of robots along corridors -- 3.4 Terrain following guidance for aircraft -- 3.5 Control of aircraft landing -- 3.6 Vision-based odometry -- 3.7 Horizon-based control of aircraft attitude -- Conclusions -- Outstanding Questions -- Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- II. Vision -- A. Seeing -- 3. Color sensors of butterflies -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction: Basic design of insect eyes -- 2. The eye of Papilio -- 2.1 Spectral organization of the eye -- 3. Color vision of Papilio -- 3.1 Color discrimination and its spatial size limit -- 3.2 Wavelength discrimination -- Concluding remarks -- References -- 4. Insect tangential cell analogues and implications for efficient visuomotor control -- Abstract. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Visuomotor feedback in insects -- 3. Wide-field processing of optic flow -- 3.1 Optic flow model -- 3.2 Tangential cell analogues -- 4. Closed loop feedback analysis and synthesis -- 4.1 Extraction of relative state information -- 4.2 Static output feedback -- 5. Experimental validation -- 5.1 Feedback synthesis -- 5.2 Results -- Discussion -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5. Biologically inspired enhancement of dim light video -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Biological inspiration -- 1.2 Image processing overview -- 2. Related work -- 3. Contrast enhancement -- 4. Noise reduction -- 4.1 Sharpening extension -- 4.2 Stretching -- 5. Consideration for colour -- 6. Implementation of a graphics processing unit -- 7. Results -- 7.1 Comparison to other methods -- Conclusions -- References -- 6. Event-based silicon retinas and cochleas -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conventional cameras and silicon retinas -- 2.1 History of retina designs -- 2.2 Achieving precision sensing with imprecise transistors -- 2.3 The dynamic vision sensor (DVS) silicon retina -- 3. Conventional audition and silicon cochleas -- 3.1 History of cochlea designs -- 3.2 Spiking cochlea architectures -- 3.3 Applications of cochleas -- 4. Processing events -- 4.1 Low level visual feature extraction -- 4.2 Tracking -- Summary and discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- B. Visual control -- 7. The mode-sensing hypothesis: matching sensors, actuators and flight dynamics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Formalizing the mode-sensing hypothesis -- 3. Mode-sensing in practice -- 3.1 Estimating self-motion from optic flow:global patterns and local motion detection in insects -- 3.2 Matched filters for optic flow: the lobula plate tangential cells -- 3.3 Sensorimotor coordinate transforma-tion: what axes are covered by LPTCs?. , 3.4 Integration of multisensory information -- 4. Control-theoretic models for visual motion decomposition by LPTCs -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8. Adaptive encoding of moon informa on in the fly visual system -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fly motion vision as a model for rapid sensory-motor control and for the transfer of biological principles to technical systems -- 3. Adaptation of sensory and neuronal systems to instantaneous stimulus levels -- 4. The computational principle of visual motion detection and its implications for the dynamic characteristics of neuronal motion signals -- 5. Motion adaptation changes the neuronal representation of image velocity and other stimulus parameters -- 6. Stimulus-specific adaptation as a possible explanation for improved sensitivity to stimulus discontinuities -- 7. Interactions between different componentsof motion adaptation -- 8. Functional significance of adaptation invisual motion processing -- Conclusions and outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9. Visual motion sensing and flight path control in flies -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vision-mediated flight control in flies -- 2.1 Optomotor behavior in tethered flight -- 2.2 Optomotor behavior in free flight -- 3. Modeling visual motion sensing in free flight -- 4. The role of feedback for motor precision -- Conclusions -- References -- III. Olfaction -- 10. Cuticular hydrocarbon sensillum for nestmate recognion in ants -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemosensory detection of cuticular hydrocarbons -- 2.1 Cuticular hydrocarbon perception in insects -- 2.2 Electrophysiological recording from contact chemosensilla -- 2.3 Functional identification of the ant cuticular hydrocarbon sensillum -- 3. Perireceptor events in the cuticular hydrocarbon sensillum. , 3.1 Lipophilic ligand-carrier proteins involved in the perireceptor events -- 3.2 Ligand binding of lipophilic ligand carrier proteins -- 4. Chemoreception of cuticular hydrocarbons and related behavior expression -- 4.1 Role of chemosensory proteins in the ant CHC sensillum -- 4.2 Chemical communication by CHCs in ant society -- Conclusions -- List of abbreviations -- References -- 11. Fluid mechanical problems in crustacean active chemoreception -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Aesthetasc distribution and flicking -- 3. Fluid mechanical consequences of flicking -- 4. Comparative aspects -- 5. Adaptations to terrestrial lifestyle -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12. Stagnation point flow analysis of odorant detection by permeable moth antennae -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 The problem of interest -- 2. The physical-mathematical model: flow and concentration fields -- 2.1 Prelimary considerations -- 2.2 The flow field -- 2.3 The concentration field -- 2.4 Fluid properties, physical-chemical constants, and flow conditions -- 3. Numerical solution procedure -- 4. Results and discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- IV. Mechanoreception -- A. Hearing -- 13. Man-made versus biological in-air sonar systems -- List of abbreviations -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Man-made in-air sonar systems -- 2.1 Post-processing multiple range readings -- 2.2 Intelligent sonar sensor readings -- 3. Bio-inspired in-air sonar -- 3.1 The Robotic bat head -- 3.2 Experimental results -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- B. Touch -- 14. Active sensing: head and vibrissal velocity during exploratory behaviors of the rat -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Vibrissa mechanics: active movements vs.passive stimulation -- 2.1 Vibrissa and follicle anatomy and muscle mechanics. , 2.2 Different studies measure "vibrissa vel ocity" under very different mechanical conditions -- 2.3 Interpretation of studies using ramp-and-hold stimuli and oscillatory stimuli -- 3. The importance of velocity in object localization -- 3.1 Role of velocity in determining object coordinates: radial distance andhorizontal angle -- 3.2 Variations in whisking velocity during the whisk cycle -- 4. The relation between head velocity and whisking movements -- 4.1 Right-left positional asymmetries are correlated with rotational head velocity -- 4.2 Future directions: Simultaneous measurement of head and vibrissa velocities during contact with an object -- Conclusions -- References -- 15. Touch mechanoreceptors: modeling and simulating the skin and receptors to predict the timing of action potentials -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Neurophysiology of touch sensation -- 1.2 Models of touch sensation -- 2. A computational model of the SA-I afferent to produce spike-based output -- 2.1 Skin mechanics - transduction - neural dynamics model -- 2.2 Example results -- 3. Implementation of a spiking-sensor model with a force sensor in a silicone substrate to differentially respond to ramp and hold phases of indentation -- 3.1 Spiking-sensor model -- 3.2 Experimental procedure -- 3.3 Example results -- Conclusions and future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- C. Medium motion -- 16. Assessing the mechanical response of groups of arthropod filiform flow sensors -- Abstract -- 1. Arthropod air velocity sensors -- 2. Modeling individual filiform hairs -- 3. Modeling multiple filiform hairs -- 4. Hair responses to biologically relevant stimuli -- Conclusions and outlook -- References -- D. Strain and substrate motion -- 17. Spider strain detection -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Occurrence and topography -- 3. Basic structure. , 4. Sources of load and strains in the exoskeleton.