Note: Front Cover -- Tunneling in Biological Systems -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS -- PREFACE -- PART I: TUNNELING IN PHYSICAL SYSTEMS -- CHAPTER 1. MY TUNNELING EXPERIENCES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. ELECTRON TUNNELING -- III. CONCLUSION -- CHAPTER 2. INTRODUCTORY COMMENTS -- CHAPTER 3. TUNNELING IN PHYSICAL SYSTEMS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. ELECTRON TUNNELING IN SOLIDS -- III. ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND IONIC TUNNELING -- IV. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 4. CONCEPTS IN QUANTUM MECHANICAL TUNNELING IN SYSTEMS OF BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INTEREST -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. LOCAL vs. DELOCALIZED ELECTRON STATES -- III. ELASTIC TUNNELING -- IV. INELASTIC TUNNELING -- V. REVERSIBILITY: STRONG VS. WEAK COUPLING -- VI. INFLUENCE OF MOLECULAR MOTIONS ON ELECTRON TRANSFER BETWEEN LOCALIZED STATES -- VII. REAL INTERMEDIATE STATES -- VIII. SYNOPSIS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 5. DETECTION OF MOLECULAR VIBRATIONS WITH ELECTRON TUNNELING -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 6. TUNNELING IN NETWORK MODELS OF MOLECULAR CHAINS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. DENSITY OF STATES OF PERIODIC CRYSTALS -- III. DEFECTS IN CRYSTALS -- IV. TUNNELING IN MOLECULAR CHAINS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 7. LOCALIZED AND DELOCALIZED TUNNELING STATES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 8. GENERAL DISCUSSION: FORMULATIONS OF THEORY -- REFERENCES -- PART II: TUNNELING IN CHEMICAL SYSTEMS -- CHAPTER 9. ELECTRON AND NUCLEAR TUNNELING IN CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THEORETICAL CONCEPTS -- III. ELECTRON AND NUCLEAR TUNNELING RECOGNITION -- IV. EXAMPLES OF ELECTRON AND NUCLEAR TUNNELING -- V. ELECTRON TRANSFER IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- VI. PROTON TRANSFER REACTIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 10. CHEMICAL-RATE THEORY OF SMALL-POLARON HOPPING -- REFERENCES -- APPENDIX. , DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 11. A GENERAL THEORETICAL APPROACH TO TUNNELING TRANSFER AND DISSOCIATION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 12. A QUANTUM THEORY OF LOW-TEMPERATURE CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL RATE PROCESSES IN CONDENSED MEDIA -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THEORY OF ELEMENTARY RATE PROCESSES IN CONDENSED MEDIA -- III· RESULTS OF MODEL CALCULATIONS -- IV. DISCUSSION AND COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 13. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES TO ELECTRONIC COUPLING IN METAL ION REDOX SYSTEMS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- INTRAMOLECULAR ELECTRON TRANSFER -- MIXED VALENCE MOLECULES -- GENERAL COMMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 14. ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS OF METAL COMPLEXES IN SOLUTION -- I. ELECTRON EXCHANGE REACTIONS -- II. ELECTRON TRANSFER ACCOMPANIED BY A NET CHEMICAL CHANGE -- IV. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 15. ELECTRON TRANSFER PROPERTIES OF THE IMIDAZOLATE ANION -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. EXPERIMENTAL -- III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- III. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 16. ELECTRON TRANSFER IN (NH3) 5Ru(III)-4-ALKYLPRIDINE- Cu (I) BINUCLEAR IONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 17. ELECTRON TUNNELING AFTER RADIOLYSIS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. GEMINATE RECOMBINATION IN SOLIDS -- III. TRANSFER OF ELECTRONS TO ADDED SCAVENGERS IN SOLIDS -- IV. THEORETICAL PROBLEMS -- V. OTHER ROLES FOR TUNNELING -- VI. SPIN LIMITATIONS ON ELECTRON TRANSFER -- VII. CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- APPENDIX -- DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 18. TUNNELING DISTANCES AND EXOTHERMIC RATE RESTRICTIONS IN ELECTRON TRANSFER RE ACTIONS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES -- III. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- IV. COMPARISON WITH THEORY -- V. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 19. GENERAL DISCUSSION: ELECTRON VS. NUCLEAR TUNNELING -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 20. GENERAL DISCUSSION: ADIABATICITY -- REFERENCES. , PART III: TUNNELING IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- CHAPTER 21. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS -- REFERENCES -- PART IV: TUNNELING IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC SYSTEMS -- CHAPTER 22. CYTOCHROME-RE ACTION CENTER-QUINONEINTERACTIONS: MODELS FOR BIOLOGICAL ELECTRON TRANSFER -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE FUNCTIONAL PARTS OF THE REACTION CENTER -- III. SOME PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE REDOX CENTERS -- IV. THE EQUILIBRIUM Em VALUES OF THE REDOX CENTERS OF THE DIFFERENT BACTERIAL SPECIES -- V. BASIC PATHWAYS IN THE REACTION CENTER, AND THEIR KINETICS BETWEEN 300° AND 4°K -- VI. STRATEGY FOR DETERMINATION OF DISTANCES, ANGLES AND MAGNETIC COUPLING IN THE REACTION CENTER-CYTOCHROME c COMPLEX -- VII. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION AND INTERACTION BETWEEN THE ELECTRON CARRIERS OF THE REACTION CENTER -- VIII. FACTORS WHICH MAY BE IMPORTANT TO THE GOVERNANCE OF ELECTRON TRANSFER RATES -- IX. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 23. ELECTRON TRANSFER BETWEEN c- TYPE CYTOCHROMES AND HIGH POTENTIAL IRON-SULFUR PROTEINS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. METHODS -- III. RESULTS -- IV. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 24. AN APPLICATION OF ELECTRON TRANSFER THEORY TO A PROBLEM IN CHLOROPLAST MEMBRANETOPOGRAPHY -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 25. ELECTRON TUNNELING IN PHOTOSYSTEM-I CHARGER ECOMBINATION AT LOW TEMPERATURES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 26.SOME DATA OF POSSIBLE RELEVANCE TO TUNNELING IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTERS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. FLUORESCENCE AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTIONCENTERS -- III. DEHYDRATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTERS -- IV. REACTION CENTERS UNDER HIGH PRESSURE -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 27. THE EFFECTS OF HIGH HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON LIGHT-INDUCED ELECTRON TRANSFER AND PROTON BINDING IN CHROMATIUM -- I. INTRODUCTION. , II. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- III. RESULTS -- IV. DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 28. FARADAY ROTATION AND PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC STRUCTURES AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCIES -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. MATERIALS AND METHODS -- III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 29. NONADIABATIC ELECTRON TUNNELING:IMPLICATIONS FOR BACTERIAL PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND FOR CRITICAL PHYSICAL TESTS OF THE MECHANISM -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 30. DYNAMICS OF ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN MACROMOLECULES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 31. GENERAL DISCUSSION: TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE -- REFERENCES -- PART V: TUNNELING IN THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN -- CHAPTER 32. MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSFER AT PHOSPHORYLATION SITES 2 AND 3 -- I. THE NATURE OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN: OUTLINE OF A PROBLEM -- II. PHOSPHORYLATION SITES 2 AND 3 -- III. THE MITOCHONDRIAL RESPIRATORY CHAIN -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 33. ELECTRON TRANSPORT IN THE SUCCINATE-UBIQUINONE SEGMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN -- DISCUSSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 34. ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS IN CYTOCHROME OXIDASE -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE METHODS OF STUDY -- III. THE CYTOCHROME OXIDASE MOLECULE: A MEMBRANE PROTEIN -- IV. SPECIFICITY -- V. KINETICS AND SEQUENCE OF REACTIONS -- VI. CONTROL -- VI. TUNNELING IN THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN -- VII. SUMMARY -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 35. DEFINITION OF THE SURFACE OF CYTOCHROME c INTERACTING WITH CYTOCHROME OXIDASE -- I. RESULTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 36. STRUCTURE/FUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS IN BIOLOGICAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROTEINS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. ELECTRON TRANSPORT PROTEIN STRUCTURES -- III. MECHANISMS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 37. GENERAL DISCUSSION: CYTOCHROME c AND SOME OTHER BIOLOGICAL REDOX MOLECULES -- REFERENCES. , PART VI: TUNNELING IN MODEL BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- CHAPTER 38. CONFORMATIONAL DISTRIBUTION AND VIBRONIC COUPLING IN THE BLUE COPPER-CONTAINING PROTEIN AZURIN -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 39. OVERALL CHARGE CONTROL OF THE IONIC STRENGTH EFFECTS UPON THE REDOX KINETICS OF SMALL MOLECULE-PROTEIN AND PROTEIN-PROTEIN REACTIONS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 40. THE ENERGY TRANSFORMING FUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH ELECTRON TRANSFER REACTIONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE ENERGY COUPLING -- III. DISCUSSION -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 41. KINETIC EVIDENCE FOR ELECTRON TUNNELING IN SOLUTION -- I. INTRODUCTION -- EXPERIMENTAL METHODS -- RESULTS -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 42. FERMI-LEVEL MATCHING: A POSSIBLE CONDITION IN REDOX ENZYME SPECIFICITY -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 43. GENERAL DISCUSSION: DISTANCES -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 44. SPECIFICITY AND CONTROL IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- REFERENCES -- CHAPTER 45. GENERAL DISCUSSION: BIOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY AND CONTROL -- REFERENCES -- PART VII: MOLECULAR TUNNELING -- CHAPTER 46. MOLECULAR TUNNELING IN HEME PROTEINS -- I. MOLECULAR TUNNELING -- II THE ACTIVE CENTER OF HEME PROTEINS -- III. EXPERIMENTAL -- IV CONFORMATIONAL STATES -- V. EVALUATION OF TUNNELING DATA -- VI. RESULTS AND OUTLOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 47. HEME LIGAND CONFIGURATION IN PHOTODISSOCIABLE FERROUS MYOGLOBIN COMPLEXES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- REFERENCES -- DISCUSSION -- CHAPTER 48. GENERAL DISCUSSION: LIGAND BINDING -- CHAPTER 49. QUANTUM CHEMICAL REACTIVITY NEAR ABSOLUTE ZERO: BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL, AND ASTROPHYSICAL ASPECTS -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE LOW TEMPERATURE LIMIT OF CHEMICAL REACTION RATES IN THE POLYMERIZATION OF FORMALDEHYDE -- III. CHEMICAL REACTIONS AS RADIATIONLESS ELECTRON TRANSITIONS. , IV. OTHER EXAMPLES OF APPARENT MOLECULAR TUNNELING IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS.