Note: Marine chemistry

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Dedication to Marty McFarlane -- Series Editor Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Editor and Contributors -- 1 Introduction to the Landscapes and Landforms of Botswana -- Abstract -- 1.1 The Regional Landscape of Botswana -- 1.2 The Geology of Botswana -- 1.3 The Geomorphology of Botswana -- 1.4 Geomorphology Taught in Botswana -- References -- 2 The Angolan Catchments of Northern Botswana's Major Rivers: The Cubango, Cuito, Cuando and Zambezi Rivers -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Gradients -- 2.3 Soils -- 2.4 Water Chemistry -- 2.5 Rivers of Northern Botswana -- 2.5.1 Cubango River -- 2.5.2 Cuito River -- 2.5.3 Cuando River -- 2.5.4 Zambezi River -- 2.6 Recharge and Discharge -- 2.7 Mixing Water -- 2.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 The Okavango Delta Peatlands -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Inputs and Distribution of Water in the Okavango Delta -- 3.3 Development of Peat in the Okavango Delta -- 3.3.1 Backswamp Peatlands and Vegetation Development Along the Maunachira River System -- 3.3.2 Channel-margin Peat Deposits and Associated Vegetation -- 3.3.3 Lake Inlet Peat Accumulation and Closure -- 3.4 Channel Abandonment and the Occurrence of Peat Fires -- 3.5 A Conceptual Model of Peat Formation at a System-wide Scale -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Landscape Evolution of the Lake Ngami and Mababe Depressions Within the Okavango Rift Zone, North-Central Botswana -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geology, Tectonics and Hydrological Change -- 4.3 Landforms and Geomorphological Evolution -- 4.3.1 Lake Ngami -- 4.3.2 The Mababe Depression -- 4.3.3 Basin Lake Floor Sediments -- 4.4 Issues and Future Work -- 4.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 The Makgadikgadi Basin -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The Morphology of Makgadikgadi's Geological History. , 5.3 Makgadikgadi in the Late Quaternary, the Morphological Record of Climate Change -- 5.3.1 Beach Ridges -- 5.3.2 Diatom Deposits -- 5.3.3 Cuspate Spits -- 5.3.4 Makgadikgadi 'Islands' -- 5.4 Contemporary Morphodynamics -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Landscapes and Landforms of the Chobe Enclave, Northern Botswana -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Where Is the Chobe Enclave and Why Is It so Interesting? -- 6.1.2 Topography and Climate of the Chobe Enclave -- 6.1.3 Hydrological Setting of the Chobe-Linyanti Basin -- 6.2 Geological Settings -- 6.2.1 Structural Context -- 6.2.2 Bedrock Geology -- 6.2.3 Surficial Sedimentary Geology -- 6.2.4 Insights into the Quaternary in the Chobe-Lynianti Region -- 6.2.4.1 Quaternary Palaeo-Lakes and the Chobe-Lynianti Region -- 6.2.4.2 The Carbonate Islands from the Chobe-Lynianti Region -- 6.3 Geomorphology and Landforms of the Northern Chobe Enclave District -- 6.3.1 Importance of Hydrology in Shaping Geomorphological Features -- 6.3.1.1 The Western Palaeo-Floodplain -- 6.3.1.2 The Island Area -- 6.3.1.3 The Eastern Floodplain Area -- 6.3.1.4 The Complexity of the Chobe's Geomorphology -- 6.4 Landscape Components of the Chobe Enclave -- 6.4.1 Water in the Linyanti-Chobe Region -- 6.4.2 Vegetation and Soils -- 6.4.2.1 Floodplains -- 6.4.2.2 Islands -- 6.4.2.3 Western Palaeo-Floodplain -- 6.4.2.4 Baikiaea Forest -- 6.4.3 The Role of Termites -- 6.4.3.1 The Potential Impact of Termites in Savanna Ecosystems of the Chobe Enclave -- 6.4.3.2 Hydric Gradients Influencing FGT Activities -- 6.4.3.3 Termites Influence the Evolution of the Landscape -- 6.5 Challenges and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 The Chobe-Zambezi Channel-Floodplain System: Anatomy of a Wetland in a Dryland -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Geographical and Environmental Setting -- 7.3 Fluvial Landforms. , 7.4 Development of the Fluvial Landscape -- 7.5 Possible Future Developmental Trajectories -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Dunes of the Southern Kalahari -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Early Work -- 8.2 Dune Sediments -- 8.3 Technological Developments: The Advent of Systematic Research on Southern Kalahari Dunes -- 8.4 Southern Kalahari Linear Dune Morphology and Morphometry -- 8.4.1 Other Dune Forms in the Southern Kalahari and Their Significance -- 8.5 Late Quaternary Linear Dune Accumulation in the Southern Kalahari -- 8.6 Dune Surface Processes and Dynamics -- 8.7 Dune Landscape Response to Environmental Change -- 8.7.1 Enhanced Sand Dune Mobilisation -- 8.7.2 Dunes as Emitters of Aeolian Dust -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Dunes of the Northern Kalahari -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction: When is a Dune Not a Dune? -- 9.2 Dunefield Patterns and Morphologies -- 9.3 Controls of Northern Dune Development in the Past -- 9.3.1 Airflow -- 9.3.2 Sediment Supply -- 9.3.3 Aridity -- 9.4 Dunefield Accumulation -- 9.5 Dunefield Degradation -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Kalahari Pans: Quaternary Evolution and Processes of Ephemeral Lakes -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Setting and Location -- 10.3 Formation of Pans -- 10.4 Processes in Pans -- 10.5 Lunette Dunes -- 10.6 Climatic and Environmental Records -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Dry Valleys (Mekgacha) -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Major Dry Valley Systems -- 11.3 Dry Valley Morphology -- 11.3.1 Older Accounts of Dry Valley Morphology -- 11.3.2 Advances Since the Advent of Radar Remote Sensing -- 11.4 Hydrology and Palaeohydrology -- 11.4.1 Contemporary and Historical Hydrology-Endorheic Valleys -- 11.4.2 Contemporary and Historical Hydrology - Exoreic Valleys -- 11.4.3 Pleistocene and Holocene Fluvial Activity. , 11.5 Ages of Dry Valley Networks -- 11.6 Theories About the Origins of Dry Valley Systems -- References -- 12 Landscape Evolution of the Stampriet Transboundary Basin and Relation to the Groundwater System: The Land of Duricrusts, Pans, Dry Valleys and Dunes, and the Relation to the Groundwater System -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Setting and Location -- 12.3 Geology, Hydrogeology and Water Use within the STAS -- 12.3.1 Geology and Hydrogeology -- 12.3.2 Groundwater Use and Quality -- 12.4 Evolution and Development of the STAS Landscape -- 12.4.1 Development of the Kalahari Basin -- 12.4.2 Main Geomorphological Components of the STAS -- 12.4.3 Evolution of Duricrusts, Valleys and Dunes above the STAS -- 12.4.3.1 Duricrust Formation -- 12.4.3.2 Dunefield Formation and Valley Incision -- 12.4.3.3 Syntheses of the Record of Dunefield Accumulation -- 12.4.3.4 Geomorphic Effects of the Valleys -- 12.4.3.5 Fluvial Sedimentary Records within the Valleys -- 12.5 Links between Hydrogeology and Surface Geomorphology -- 12.5.1 The Geomorphological Roles of Groundwater -- 12.5.2 Influence of Surface Geomorphology on Groundwater Recharge -- 12.5.2.1 Focused Recharge (Sinkholes and River Valleys) -- 12.5.2.2 Diffuse Recharge through Sand Dune and Sand Sheet Cover -- 12.6 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Calcretes, Silcretes and Intergrade Duricrusts -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Calcrete -- 13.2.1 Definitions -- 13.2.2 General Characteristics of Calcretes in the Botswana Kalahari -- 13.2.3 Processes of Calcrete Formation -- 13.3 Silcrete -- 13.3.1 Definitions -- 13.3.2 Characteristics of Silcretes in the Botswana Kalahari -- 13.3.3 Processes of Silcrete Formation -- 13.4 Silcrete-Calcrete Intergrade Duricrusts -- 13.4.1 Definitions -- 13.4.2 Processes of Silcrete-Calcrete Intergrade Duricrust Development. , 13.5 Determining the Age of Kalahari Duricrusts -- 13.6 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Geodiversity of Caves and Rockshelters in Botswana -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Geological Context -- 14.3 Caves in Dolomite -- 14.3.1 Caves in Ngamiland -- 14.3.2 Lobatse Caves -- 14.4 Caves in Siliciclastic Rocks -- 14.4.1 Caves and Rockshelters of the Tsodilo Hills -- 14.4.2 Siliciclastic Caves and Rockshelters of Southern Botswana -- 14.4.3 Siliciclastic Caves of Eastern Botswana -- 14.5 Granitic Caves of Lepokole -- 14.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Kimberlites, Kimberlite Exploration, and the Geomorphic Evolution of Botswana -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Kimberlite Distribution in Botswana and Surrounding Areas -- 15.3 Broad Geomorphic Framework of Botswana -- 15.4 Kimberlites, Kimberlite Exploration, and the Geomorphic Evolution of Botswana -- 15.4.1 Evidence for Regional Botswana Erosion -- 15.4.2 Discovery of the Orapa Kimberlite Field -- 15.4.3 Discovery of the Jwaneng Kimberlite Field -- 15.4.4 Discovery of the Gope Kimberlites -- 15.5 Kimberlites Exploration and the Kalahari Formation -- 15.5.1 Evolution of the Kalahari Basin -- 15.6 Secondary or False Kimberlitic Indicator Mineral Anomalies -- 15.7 Kimberlites -- 15.8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Geomorphology and Landscapes of the Limpopo River System -- Abstract -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Physical Background -- 16.3 Methods -- 16.4 Limpopo River Analysis -- 16.4.1 Distribution of Channel Types -- 16.4.2 Examples from the Botswana Sector of the Limpopo River -- 16.5 The Tuli Basin -- 16.6 Discussion -- 16.6.1 Landscape Development in the Limpopo Catchment -- 16.6.2 Water and Flood Management in the Limpopo Catchment -- 16.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Dams in Botswana: Drying Times Ahead -- Abstract. , 17.1 Introduction.

Note: Aliphatic And Related Natural Product Chemistry -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Natural Acetylenic and Olefinic Compounds excluding Marine Natural Products -- 1 Introduction and Scope of the Chapter -- 2 Natural Acetylenic Compounds -- Introduction -- New Polyacetylenes from Plants -- Known Polyacetylenes from Plants -- Polyacetylenes from Fungi -- Non-Poly acetylenic Acetylenes -- Synthesis of Polyacetylenes -- Biosynthesis -- Physiological Aspects of Polyacetylenes -- 3 Natural Olefinic Compounds -- Introduction -- New and Known Olefins -- Mixed Olefins -- Synthesis -- Biosynthesis -- Chapter 2 Marine Aliphatic Natural Products -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Non-isoprenoidal Compounds -- 3 Isoprenoidal Compounds -- Monoterpenes -- Sesquiterpenes -- Diterpenes -- Sesterterpenes -- Triterpenes and Steroids -- Carotenoids -- Chapter 3 Acyclic Terpenoids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Isoprene Chemistry -- 3 Lavandulyl, Artemisyl, Santolinyl, and Chrysanthemyl Derivatives -- 4 2,6-Dimethyloctane Group -- Ocimenes -- Myrcene Derivatives -- Citronellyl Derivatives -- Citral -- Linalyl Compounds -- Geranyl and Neryl Derivatives -- 5 Farnesyl and Nerolidyl Derivatives -- 6 Phytol -- 7 The Squalene Group -- 8 Polypeptides -- Chapter 4 Insect Pheromones and Related Behaviour-modifying Chemicals -- 1 Introduction and Scope of Coverage -- 2 Pheromones -- Sex Pheromones of Lepidoptera -- Attractants for Lepidoptera -- Other Responses of Lepidoptera -- Pheromones of Diptera -- Sex Pheromones of Coleoptera -- Other Pheromone Responses -- Pheromones of Social Insects and Related Species -- 3 Defence Chemistry of Insects -- 4 Plant-Insect Interactions -- 5 Separation and Structure Elucidation Techniques -- 6 Synthetic Studies -- Mono-unsaturated Derivatives -- Di-unsaturated Derivatives -- Tri-unsaturated Derivatives -- Ketonic Derivatives -- Alcohols and Acetates. , Enantiomer Specific Synthesis -- Chapter 5 Olefinic Microbial Metabolites including Macrocyclic Compounds -- 1 Non-macrocyclic Olefinic Microbial Metabolites -- Pyran-Pyranoid Compounds -- Butenolide Metabolites -- Pulvinones -- Miscellaneous -- N-Heterocyclic Compounds -- Pyrrolidines and Pyrroles -- Piperidines and Pyridines -- Other N-heterocycles -- Other N-containing Metabolites -- Miscellaneous Olefinic Microbial Metabolites -- Cyclopentene Metabolites -- Cyclohexene Metabolites -- 2 Macrocyclic Olefinic Microbial Metabolites -- Macrocyclic Lactones: General and Synthetic Aspects -- Polyoxo Macrolides -- Picromycin -- Platenomycins -- Leucomycins -- Carbomycins -- Maridomycins -- Tylosin -- Juvenimicins -- Polyene Macrolides -- Tetraenes -- Pentaenes -- Heptaenes -- Roridins and Verrucarins -- Vermicoline and Pyrenophorin -- Brefeldins -- Miscellaneous Macrocyclic Lactones -- Cytochalasans and Chaetoglobosins -- The Ansamycins -- Rifamycins -- Halomycins -- Streptovaricins -- Geldanamycins -- Other Macrocyclic Metabolites -- Chapter 6 Chemistry of the Prostaglandins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Synthesis of the Primary Prostaglandins -- Corey's Bicyclo [2,2,1] heptane Route -- Modifications and New Routes to Intermediates -- The Bicyclo [3,1,0] hexane Route -- Modifications -- Routes via Conjugate Addition to Cyclopentenones -- New Syntheses of Intermediates -- Miscellaneous Syntheses -- New Routes to Intermediates -- 3 Synthesis of Prostaglandin A2 -- 4 Synthesis of 19 (R)-19-Hydroxy-prostaglandins -- 5 Synthesis of Prostaglandin I2 and its Analogues -- 6 Synthesis of Thromboxane B2 -- 7 Synthesis of Modified Prostaglandins -- Deoxy-prostaglandins -- 9-Deoxy-prostaglandins -- 11-Deoxy-prostaglandins -- 9,11-Bisdeoxy-prostaglandins -- 15-Deoxy-prostaglandins -- 11,15-Bisdeoxy-prostaglandins -- Cyclopentane Ring Variants -- Aza-prostaglandins. , Thia-prostaglandins -- Cyclohexane Ring Analogues -- Cyclobutane Ring Analogues -- Mercapto-prostaglandins -- Methyl-prostaglandins -- Hydroxymethyl-prostaglandins -- Benzo-prostaglandins -- Upper Side-chain Variants -- Lower Side-chain Variants -- A Bicyclic Prostaglandin -- Epi-prostaglandins -- Fluorinated Prostaglandins -- Acetylenic Prostaglandins -- Simple Prostanoic Acid Analogues -- Endoperoxide Analogues -- Seco-prostaglandins -- Radiolabelled Prostaglandins -- 8 Prostaglandins in Cord -- 9 Prostaglandin E2 Derivatives -- 10 Metabolism of Prostaglandins -- Natural Prostaglandins -- Modified Prostaglandins -- Thromboxane B2 -- 11 Biosynthesis and Biochemistry of Prostaglandins -- 12 Conformational Analysis of Prostaglandins -- 13 Determination of Prostaglandins -- Chapter 7 Fatty Acids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Acids -- Unsaturated Acids -- Branched-chain and Cyclic Acids -- Oxygenated Acids -- 3 Synthetic Compounds -- General Procedures -- Synthetic Acids -- Furanoid Acids -- Lactones -- 4 Physical Properties -- Gas Chromatography -- Thin Layer Chromatography -- High Performance Liquid Chromatography -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- Mass Spectrometry -- Raman Spectroscopy -- Crystal Structure and Polymorphism -- Other Physical Properties -- 5 Chemical Reactions -- Hydroperoxide Formation and Structure -- Secondary Reactions of Hydroperoxides -- Other Oxidation Reactions -- Double Bond Stereomutation and Migration -- Other Reactions -- 6 Biological Reactions -- de novo Synthesis -- Elongation -- Desaturation -- Metabolism of Selected Acids -- 7 Books and Reviews -- Chapter 8 Lipids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Occurrence and Identification of Lipids -- Animal Lipids -- Plant Lipids -- Bacterial Lipids -- Fungal Lipids -- Marine Lipids -- 3 Chemical Synthesis -- Glycerol Esters -- Glycosidic Lipids. , Alkyl and Alkenyl Thioethers of Glycerol -- Phosphatidic Acid and Analogues -- Phosphatidylcholines and Analogues -- Phosphatidylethanolamine and its Derivatives -- Phosphatidylserines and Analogues -- Phosphatidyl Inositols -- Phosphatidylglycerol and Analogues -- 4 Physical Properties of Lipids -- Mass Spectrometry -- Electron Diffraction -- X-ray Diffraction -- Relaxation Studies -- Chirality and Pro-chirality in Lipids -- Lipid Meso-phases -- Lipids in Organic Solution -- Hydration of Phospholipids -- 5 Aspects of Lipid Chemistry -- Autoxidation Studies -- Hydrolysis of Sphingolipids -- Analysis of Long-chain Diols and Related Compounds -- Chemical Approach to Lipid-Protein Interactions -- Author Index.

Note: Aliphatic And Related Natural Product Chemistry -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Natural Acetylenic and Olefinic Compounds -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Acetylenic Compounds -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 New Polyacetylenic Compounds from Terrestrial Plants -- 2.3 Known Polyacetylenic Compounds from Terrestrial Plants -- 2.4 Acetylenic Compounds of Marine Origin -- 2.5 Biosynthesis of Acetylenic Compounds -- 2.6 Physiological Role of Polyacetylenic Compounds -- 3 Natural Olefinic Compounds -- 3.1 Isolation -- 3.2 Synthesis -- References -- Chapter 2 Acyclic Terpenoids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Isoprene Chemistry -- 3 Irregular Systems -- 4 2,6-Dimethyloctane Group -- 4.1 Ocimenes -- 4.2 Myrcenes -- 4.3 Citronellyl Derivatives -- 4.4 Linalyl Derivatives -- 4.5 Geranyl and Neryl Derivatives -- 5 Sesquiterpenes -- 6 Diterpenes -- 7 Squalene -- 8 Polyterpenoids -- References -- Chapter 3 Insect Pheromones and Related Natural Products -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pheromones -- 2.1 Sex Pheromones of Lepidoptera -- 2.2 Aggregation Pheromones of Coleoptera -- 2.3 Sex Pheromones of Diptera -- 2.4 Pheromones of Hymenoptera - Bees, Wasps, and Ants -- 2.5 Other Pheromones -- 3 Defensive Secretions -- 4 Other Exocrine Products -- 5 Biosynthesis and Biotransformation -- 6 Separation and Structure-Elucidation Techniques -- 7 Synthetic Studies -- 7.1 Mono-unsaturated Derivatives -- 7.2 Di-unsaturated Derivatives -- 7.3 Tri-unsaturated Derivatives -- 7.4 Ketones, Alcohols, and Acetates -- 7.5 Epoxides -- 7.6 Lactones -- 7.7 Ketals -- 7.8 Spiroketals -- References -- Chapter 4 Prostaglandins and Leukotrienes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Synthesis of PGs A-F -- 2.1 Routes via the Corey Lactone -- 2.2 Glaxo Syntheses -- 2.3 Conjugate Addition to 4-Substituted Cyclopentenones -- 2.4 Miscellaneous Procedures -- 3 Reactions of PGs A-F -- 4 Synthesis of Analogues of PGs A-F. , 4.1 Deoxyprostaglandins -- 4.2 Fluoroprostaglandins -- 4.3 Azaprostaglandins -- 4.4 Oxa- and Thia-prostaglandins -- 4.5 Miscellaneous Analogues -- 4.5.1 Cyclopentane-ring Variants -- 4.5.2 Lower Side-chain Variants -- 5 Synthesis of PGs G-I -- 6 Reactions of PGs G-I -- 7 Synthesis of Analogues of PGH -- 8 Synthesis of Analogues of PGI -- 8.1 Prostaglandin I1 -- 8.2 6,9-Methano-PG12 -- 8.3 6,9-Thia-PGI -- 8.4 Homo-PGI -- 8.5 Miscellaneous Analogues of PGI -- 9 Synthesis of Thromboxane B -- 10 Synthesis of Analogues of Thromboxane A2 -- 11 PG Interconversions -- 12 Radiolabelled Prostaglandins -- 13 Stereochemistry of Prostaglandins, including Crystallographic and Spectroscopic Studies -- 14 Quantitation and Chromatography of Prostaglandins -- 14.1 Thin Layer Chromatography -- 14.2 High Pressure Liquid Chromatography -- 14.3 Gas-Liquid Chromatography of Prostaglandins -- 15 Biosynthesis, Metabolism, and Biological Activity of Prostaglandins -- 16 Biosynthesis of Leukotrienes -- 17 Preparation of 5-HPETE and 5-HETE -- 18 Preparation of Leukotriene A4 -- 19 Preparation of LTC4, 11-trans-LTC4, LTD4, and LTE4 -- 20 Preparation of LTB4 -- 21 Leukotriene Analogues -- 22 Late Entries -- 23 Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 5 Fatty Acids and Glycerides -- 1 Books and Reviews -- 2 Natural Compounds: Occurrence and Identification -- 2.1 Saturated and Unsaturated Acids -- 2.2 Oxygenated Acids -- 2.3 Cyclic and Branched-chain Acids -- 2.4 Vinylacetylenes and Other Compounds from Red Algae -- 3 Synthetic Compounds -- 3.1 General Procedures -- 3.2 Synthetic Acids and Related Compounds -- 3.3 Glyceride Synthesis -- 4 Physical Properties -- 4.1 Gas Chromatography -- 4.2 High-performance Liquid Chromatography -- 4.3 N.m.r. Spectroscopy -- 4.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 4.5 Other Physical Properties -- 5 Chemical Reactions. , 5.1 Hydroperoxides and Peroxides - Formation and Reactions -- 5.1.1 Autoxidation -- 5.1.2 Photo-oxygenation -- 5.1.3 Other Chemical Hydroperoxidation Reactions -- 5.1.4 Enzymic Oxygenation -- 5.1.4.1 Plant systems -- 5.1.4.2 Animal systems -- 5.1.5 Procedures for Xeasuring Hydroperoxides -- 5.1.6 Antioxidants -- 5.1.7 Secondary Oxidation Products -- 5.2 Epoxides - Formation and Reactions -- 5.3 Hydrogenation -- 5.4 Other Double-bond Reactions -- 5.5 Reactions of the Carbonyl Group -- 6 Biological Reactions -- 6.1 de novo Synthesis -- 6.2 Chain Elongation and Desaturation -- 6.3 Metabolism of Selected Acids -- References -- Chapter 6 Lipids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Triacylglycerols and Related Lipids -- 3 Sterol Esters, Waxes, and Other Simple Lipids -- 4 Phosphoglycerides -- 4.1 Phosphatidylcholine and Analogues -- 4.2 Phosphatidic Acid -- 4.3 Phosphatidylserine -- 4.4 Phosphatidylinositol -- 4.5 Phosphatidylglycerol and Cardiolipin -- 4.6 Other Glycerophosphatides -- 4.7 Synthesis of Glycerophospholipids (general) -- 4.8 Phospholipids containing Spectroscopic Probes and Other Sensitive Groups -- 4.9 Phospholipid Biosynthesis (general) -- 4.10 Phospholipids and Enzyme Function -- 5 Sphingomyelin and Other Phosphoceramides -- 6 Glycosyldiarylglycerols and Related Lipids -- 7 Glycosphingolipids -- 8 Other Lipids -- 9 Analytical Methods -- 10 Physical Chemistry -- 10.1 Theoretical Calculations -- 10.2 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy -- 10.3 X-Ray and Electron Diffraction -- 10.4 NMR Spectroscopy -- 10.5 Differential Scanning Calorimetry -- 10.6 Other Physical Methods -- 11 Books and Reviews -- References -- Chapter 7 Olefinic Microbial Metabolites, including Macrocyclic Compounds -- 1 Non-macrocyclic Olefinic Microbial Metabolites -- 1.1 Pyran-Pyranoid Compounds -- 1.2 Butenolide Metabolites -- 1.2.1 Tetronic Acids -- 1.2.2 Miscellaneous. , 1.3 N-Heterocyclic Compounds -- 1.3.1 Pyrrolidines and Pyrroles -- 1.3.2 Piperidines and Pyridines -- 1.3.3 Other N-Heterocycles -- 1.4 Other Nitrogen-containing Metabolites -- 1.5 Miscellaneous Olefinic Microbial Metabolites -- 1.5.1 Cyclopentene Metabolites -- 1.5.2 Cyclohexene Metabolites -- 2 Macrocyclic Olefinic Microbial Metabolites -- 2.1 Polyoxo-Macrolides -- 2.1.1 Prelog-Djerassi Lactone -- 2.1.2 Neomethymycin -- 2.1.3 Mycinamycins -- 2.1.4 Tylosin -- 2.1.5 Rosaramicin -- 2.1.6 Platenolides -- 2.1.7 Carbomycins and Leucomycins -- 2.2 Polyene Macrolides -- 2.2.1 Pentaenes -- 2.2.2 Heptaenes -- 2.3 Roridins and Verrucarins -- 2.4 Vermiculine and Pyrenophorin -- 2.5 Brefeldins -- 2.6 Milbemycins and Avermectins -- 2.7 Boromycin and Aplasmomycin -- 2.8 Orsellinic Acid Macrolides -- 2.9 Recifeiolide -- 2.10 Miscellaneous Macrocyclic Lactones -- 2.11 Cytochalasans and Chaetosoglobins -- 2.12 Ansamycins -- 2.12.1 Rifamycins -- 2.12.2 Actamycin -- 2.12.3 Streptovaricins -- 2.12.4 Herbimycins -- 2.12.5 Macbecins -- 2.12.6 Ansamitocins -- 2.12.7 Rubradirins -- 2.13 Other Macrocyclic Metabolites -- References.

Note: Front cover -- PREFACE -- EDITORS -- CONTRIBUTORS -- CONTENTS -- CHAPTER 1. FATTY ACID AND LIPID STRUCTURE -- CHAPTER 2. OCCURRENCE AND CHARACTERISATION OF OILS AND FATS -- CHAPTER 3. PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF OILS AND FATS -- CHAPTER 4. MODIFICATION PROCESSES AND FOOD USES -- CHAPTER 5. SYNTHESIS -- CHAPTER 6. ANALYSIS -- CHAPTER 7. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES: STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS -- CHAPTER 8. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES -- CHAPTER 9. NONFOOD USES OF OILS AND FATS -- CHAPTER 10. LIPID METABOLISM -- CHAPTER 11. MEDICAL AND AGRICULTURAL ASPECTS OF LIPIDS -- Index -- Back cover.

Note: Aliphatic And Related Natural Product Chemistry -- Contents -- Chapter 1 Natural Acetylenic and Olefinic Compounds, excluding Marine Natural Products -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Acetylenic Compounds -- Introduction -- New Polyacetylenic Compounds -- Other Acetylenic Compounds -- Known Polyacetylenic Compounds -- Structure Determination -- Synthesis -- Biosynthesis -- Chemotaxonomy and Physiological Properties -- 3 Natural Olefinic Compounds -- Introduction -- Olefins Related to Acetylenes -- Other Olefinic Compounds -- Chapter 2 Acyclic Terpenoids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Isoprene Chemistry -- 3 Artemisyl, Lavandulyl, and other Irregular Systems -- 4 2,6-Dimethyloctane Group -- Ocimenes -- Myrcene Derivatives -- Citronellyl Derivatives -- Linalyl Derivatives -- Citral and Derivatives -- Geranyl and Neryl Compounds -- 5 Sesquiterpenes -- 6 Diterpenes and Sesterterpenes -- 7 Squalene Group -- 8 Polyterpenoids -- Chapter 3 Insect Pheromones and Related Behaviour-modifying Chemicals -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pheromones -- Sex Pheromones of Lepidoptera -- Other Compounds from Lepidoptera -- Sex Pheromones of Coleoptera -- Pheromones of Diptera -- Other Responses to Pheromones -- Hymenoptera - Social and Non-social -- 3 Defence Chemistry of Insects -- 4 Cuticular Hydrocarbons -- 5 Separation and Structure-elucidation Techniques -- 6 Synthetic Studies -- Mono-unsaturated Derivatives -- Di-unsaturated Derivatives -- Tri-unsaturated Derivatives -- Ketoṅes and Acetateś -- Enantiomer-specific Synthesis -- Chapter 4 Olefinic Microbial Metabolites, including Macrocyclic Compounds -- 1 Non-macrocyclic Olefinic Microbial Metabolites -- Pyran-Pyranoid Compounds -- Butenolide Metabolites -- Tetronic Acids -- Pulvinones -- Miscellaneous -- N-Heterocyclic Compounds -- Pyrrolidines and Pyrroles -- Piperidines and Pyridines -- Pyrimidines. , Other Nitrogen-containing Metabolites -- Miscellaneous Olefinic Microbial Metabolites -- Cyclopentene Metabolites -- Cyclohexene Metabolites -- 2 Macrocyclic Olefinic Microbial Metabolites -- Polyoxo-Macrolides -- Methymycin -- Maridomycins and Leucomycins -- Deltamycins -- Carbomycins -- Staphococcomycin -- Polyene Macrolides -- Tetraenes -- Pentaenes -- Heptaenes -- Roridins and Verrucarins -- Vermiculine and Pyrenophorin -- Chlorothricolide -- Brefeldins -- Zearalenone -- Recifeiolide -- Diplodialides -- Miscellaneous Macrocyclic Lactones -- Cytochalasans and Aspochalasins -- The Ansamycins -- Rifamycins -- Naphthomycins -- Herbimycin -- Ansamitocins -- Rubradirins -- Other Macrocyclic Metabolites -- Chapter 5 Prostaglandins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nomenclature -- 3 Synthesis of the Primary Prostagiandins -- Corey's Bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane Route -- Modifications, and New Routes to Intermediates -- Routes via Conjugate Addition to Cyclopentenones -- New Syntheses of Intermediates -- Modified Precursors of the Lower Side-chain -- Miscellaneous Syntheses -- Prostaglandin D1 -- 4 Derivatives of Primary Prostaglandins -- 5 Synthesis of Prostaglandin A2 -- 6 Synthesis of 19-Hydroxy-prostaglandins -- 7 Synthesis of Prostaglandin C2 -- 8 Synthesis of Prostaglandin H2 -- 9 Prostaglandin I2 -- General Chemistry -- Synthesis of Analogues -- 10 Synthesis of Modified Prostaglandins -- Deoxy-prostaglandins -- 9-Deoxy-prostaglandins -- 11-Deoxy-prostaglandins -- 9,11-Bisdeoxy-prostaglandins -- 15 -Deoxy-prostaglandins -- Cyclopentane-ring Variants -- Aza-pros taglandins -- Oxa-prostaglandins -- Thia-prostaglandins -- Cyclohexane-ring Analogues -- Hydroxy-prostaglandins -- Mercapto-prostaglandins -- Methyl-prostaglandins -- Hydroxymethyl-prostaglandins -- Upper Side-chain Variants -- Lower Side-chain Variants -- A Bicyclic Prostaglandin. , A 2,2-Substituted Cyclopentanone -- epi-Prostaglandins -- Chlorinated and Fluorinated Prostaglandins -- Lactones from Prostaglandins -- Endoperoxide Analogues -- Analogues of Thromboxane A2 -- Seco-prostaglandins -- Radiolabelled Prostaglandins -- 11 Metabolism -- Natural Prostaglandins -- Prostaglandin A1 -- Prostaglandin D2 -- Prostaglandins F2α and F1α -- Prostaglandin I2 -- Modified Prostaglandins -- Thromboxane B2 -- 12 Biosynthesis and Biochemistry -- 13 Conformational Analysis -- 14 Determination -- Chapter 6 Fatty Acids and Glycerides -- 1 Books and Reviews -- 2 Natural Compounds: Occurrence and Identification -- Unsaturated Acids -- Oxygenated Acids -- Cyclic and Branched-chain Acids -- Other Long-chain Compounds -- 3 Synthetic Compounds -- General Procedures -- Synthetic Acids and Related Compounds -- Lipid Synthesis -- 4 Physical Properties -- Gas-Liquid Chromatography -- High-performance Liquid Chromatography -- N.M.R. Spectroscopy -- Mass Spectrometry -- Crystal Structure and Polymorphism -- Other Physical Properties -- 5 Chemical Reactions -- Hydroperoxides: Formation and Reactions -- Hydrogenation -- Other Reactions of the Double Bond -- Reactions of the Carboxyl Group -- 6 Biological Reactions -- Fatty Acid Synthetase -- Chain-elongation and DesaturaTion -- Essential Fatty Acids -- Biosynthesis and Metabolism -- Waxes -- Chapter 7 Polar Lipids -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Natural Lipids -- Glycerophospholipids -- Phosphatidylthreonine -- Phosphoglycolipids -- Glycosphingolipids -- Sphingophosphonolipids -- Glycolipids -- Sulpholipids -- Lipo-amino-acids and Lipopeptides -- Lignan Diester -- 3 Chemical Synthesis -- Glycerophospholipids -- Sulpholipids -- Deuteriated Polar Lipids -- Tritiated Lipids -- Glycolipids -- Phosphoglycolipids -- Sphingolipids -- Glucosylceramide -- N-Acyl-amino-acids -- Spin- and Fluorescence-labelled Lipids. , 4 Biochemical Transformations -- Biosynthesis of Polar Lipids -- Chemical/Biochemical Synthesis -- 5 Stereochemistry -- Glycerophosphates -- Sphingolipids -- 6 Physical Chemistry -- Conformational Studies -- Studies of Phase Transitions -- Hydration of Phospholipids -- Phospholipid-Cation Interactions -- Micellar Studies -- 7 Preparation and Determination -- Extraction and Isolation -- Preparation of Glycerophospholipids -- High-performance Liquid Chromatography -- Modified Silicates and Resin Column-support Materials -- Thin-layer Chromatography -- Spray Reagents -- Determination of Phospholipids -- Determination of Glycolipids -- 8 Biological Aspects -- Lipid-Protein Studies -- Enzymic Aspects -- Physiological Aspects -- Miscellaneous -- 9 Reviews -- Author Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1. Why Are Structured Lipids and New Lipid Sources Required? -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. WHAT PROPERTIES ARE DESIRED? -- A. Nutritional Properties -- B. Physical Properties -- Ill. NUTRITION (A BRIEF ACCOUNT) -- IV. LIPID ANALYSIS -- REFERENCES -- 2. Procedures Used for Lipid Modification -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. BLENDING -- A. Appetize Shortening -- B. Good-Fry -- Ill. DISTILLATION -- IV. UREA FRACTIONATION -- V. FRACTIONATION -- VI. HYDROGENATION -- VII. INTERESTERIFICATION WITH A CHEMICAL CATALYST -- VIII. INTERESTERIACATION WITH AN ENZYMIC CATALYST -- IX. ENZYMIC ENHANCEMENT -- X. BIOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS: INTRODUCTION -- XI. DOMESTICATION OF WILD CROPS -- A. Cuphea Oils -- B. Oleic Oils -- C. Petroselinic Acid Oils -- D. Oils Containing C18 Polyene Acids: Calendula officinalis Seed Oil -- E. Camelina sativa Seed Oil -- F. Oils Containing Higher Monoene Acids (C20-C24,): Erucic Acid -- G. Meadowfoam Oil from Limnanthes alba Seed Oil -- H. Simmondsia chinensis Seed Oil -- I. Honesty Seed Oil (Lunaria biennis) -- J. Oils Containing Hydroxy Acids -- K. Oils Containing Epoxy Acids -- XII. OILS MODIFIED BY CONVENTIONAL SEED BREEDING -- A. Rapeseed Oil -- B. Linseed Oil -- C. High-Oleic Sunflower and Safflower Oils -- D. Palm Oil -- XIII. OILS PRODUCED THROUGH GENETIC ENGINEERING -- XIV. LIPIDS FROM MICROORGANISMS -- REFERENCES -- 3. Methods of Protection of Products of Increasing Quality and Value -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. LIPID RANCIDITY -- Ill. AUTOXIDATION -- IV. PHOTOOXIDATION -- V. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE RATE OF LIPID OXIDATION -- A. Free Fatty Acids Present in an Oil or Fat -- B. Soaps -- C. Moisture -- D. Metals -- E. Oxygen -- F. Surface Area -- G. Temperature -- H. Packaging -- I. Antioxidants -- VI. EVALUATION OF OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF SAMPLES. , A. 125 mL Sample Containers -- B. Larger Pack Sizes -- VII. METHODS OF MEASURING RANCIDITY -- VIII. ANTIOXIDANTS -- IX. PRODUCT FORMS -- A. Health Food Supplements -- B. Water-Dispersible Powders -- C. Oil Forms for Food and Cosmetics -- X. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4. Specialty Vegetable Oils Containing y-Linolenic Acid and Stearidonic Acid -- I. y-LINOLENIC ACID-NUTRITIONAL BACKGROUND -- A. Recommended Intakes -- B. Uses and Applications -- II. SOURCES OF GLA -- A. Borage -- B. Evening Primrose -- C. Black Currant -- Ill. SEED QUALITY -- A. Evening Primrose -- B. Borage -- C. Black Currant -- IV. OIL EXTRACTION -- A. Borage -- B. Evening Primrose -- V. OIL REFINING -- VI. MODIFIED PRODUCTS -- A. Oils with Enhanced GLA Levels -- B. Structured Lipids -- VII. MINOR COMPONENTS AND CONTAMINANTS -- A. Tocopherols -- B. Sterols -- C. Triterpene Alcohols -- D. Residual Pesticides -- E. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids -- VIII. MARKETS: VALUES AND VOLUMES -- IX. STEARIDONIC ACID -- A. Sources -- B. Commercial Production -- C. Markets -- REFERENCES -- 5. Palm Oil -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. THE ROLE OF PALM OIL IN WORLD EDIBLE OILS AND FATS -- Ill. COMPOSITION OF PALM OIL -- A. Major Components (Triacylglycerols) -- IV. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PALM OIL -- V. PALM OIL FRACTIONS -- A. Special Oleins and Stearins -- B. Palm Mid-fractions -- C. Crystallization of Palm Oil -- VI. USES OF PALM OIL IN FOOD -- A. Introduction -- B. Frying -- C. Bakery Shortenings -- D. Vanaspati -- E. Margarines -- F. Bakery and Pastry Margarines -- G. Confectionery Fats -- H. Dairy Fat Alternatives -- VII. SPECIAL PRODUCTS USING PALM OIL -- A. Red Palm Oil -- B. Vitamin E Concentrate -- VIII. DEVELOPMENT OF PALM OIL THROUGH BREEDING AND BIOENGINEERING -- REFERENCES -- 6. Vegetable Oils with Fatty Acid Composition Changed by Plant Breeding or by Genetic Modification -- I. INTRODUCTION. , A. Drivers -- B. Identity Preserved Supplies -- C. Biochemical Pathways -- D. Future Utilization of Biochemical and Genetic Technologies -- F. Factors Underlying Future Opportunities -- II. OILS WITH MODIFIED FATTY ACID COMPOSITION -- A. Commodity Oils -- B. Low-Saturated Oils -- C. High-Saturated Oils (C12/C14) -- D. High-Saturated Oils (C16/C18) -- E. Low-Linolenic Oils -- F. High-Oleic Oils -- G. High-Erucic Oils -- H. Other Acids -- Ill. OXIDATIVE STABILITY, TOCOPHEROLS, AND OTHER MINOR COMPONENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7. Minor Oils, Specialty Oils, and Superrefined Oils -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. SPECIAL TV AND SUPERREFINED OILS -- Ill. MINOR OILS -- IV. FATTY ACID COMPOSITION -- REFERENCES -- 8. Structured Triacylglycerols -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. BIOCHEMISTRY AND APPLICATIONS OF STRUCTURED TRIACYLGLYCEROLS -- A. Biochemistry of Structured Trlacylglycerols -- B. Applications of Structured Triacylglycerols -- Ill. SYNTHESIS AND PRODUCTION OF STRUCTURED TRIACYLGLYCEROLS -- A. Production of Randomized ST by Chemical lnteresterification -- B. Production of ST by Enzymatic lnteresterlfication Between Two Oils -- C. Production of SST by Enzymatic lnteresterification -- D. Production of ST by Genetic Breeding of Plants -- REFERENCES -- 9. Phospholipids -- I. INTRODUCTION: SOURCES AND COMPOSITION -- II. PHOSPHOLIPID PROCESSING -- A. Acetone Deoiling -- B. Alcohol Fractionation -- C. Chromatographic Purification -- D. Chemical Modification -- Ill. PHOSPHOLIPID APPLICATIONS -- A. Animal Feed -- B. Chocolate and Confectionery -- C. Flour and Baked Goods -- D. Other Food Uses -- E. Technical Uses -- F. Use In Cosmetics -- REFERENCES -- 10. Sources, Functions, and Analysis of Conjugated Linoleic Acid and its Metabolites -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. STRUCTURE, METABOLISM, AND TISSUE CONTENT OF CLA -- A. Structure and Metabolism -- B. CLA in Lipids. , C. CLA In Tissues -- D. CLA and Other Fatty Acids -- Ill. SOURCES AND INTAKE OF CLA -- A. Sources -- B. Intake and Estimation of CLA Content -- IV. FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS OF CLA -- A. Anticarcinogenic Effects -- B. lmmunomodulatory Effects -- C. Antiatherogenic Effects -- D. Effects on Food Intake, Growth, and Body Fat Content -- E. Toxicological Effects of CLA -- V. ANALYSIS OF CLA -- A. Quantification by Chromatographic Means -- B. Structural Determination -- C. Other Analytical Techniques -- VI. CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 11. Improvement of the Nutritional and Physicochemical Properties of Milk Fat -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. IMPROVEMENT OF THE NUTRITIONAL PROPERTIES OF MILK FAT -- A. Alteration of Fatty Acid Composition -- B. Removal of Cholesterol -- C. lnteresterification -- Ill. IMPROVEMENT OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF MILK FAT -- A. Hydrogenation -- B. Fractionation -- C. Blending -- IV. CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 12. Fish Oils as Sources of Important Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. FISH OILS: ORIGIN, CHARACTERISTICS, AND COMPOSITION -- Ill. FISH OIL PRODUCTION -- IV. STABILITY AND PROTECTION OF FISH OILS -- V. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE FISH OILS -- VI. FISH OIL APPUCATIONS -- VII. CONCENTRATION AND PURIFICATION OF EPA AND DHA BY CONVENTIONAL PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL METHODS -- VIII. USE OF LIPASE TO CONCENTRATE AND PURIFY EPA AND DHA IN FISH OILS -- IX. GENERATION OF VARIOUS ACYLGLYCEROLS HIGHLY ENRICHED WITH EPA AND DHA BY LIPASE -- X. STRUCTURED LIPIDS OF EPA AND DHA BY LIPASE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 13. Microorganisms as Sources of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids -- I. INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE -- II. PUFA PRODUCTION -- Ill. y-LINOLENIC ACID (GLA -- 18:3 n-6 -- 6,9,12- cis-OCTADECATRIENOIC ACID) -- IV. STEARIDONIC ACID (STA -- 18:4 n-3. , 6,9,12,15- cis-OCTADECATETRAENOIC ACID) -- V. DIHOMO-y-LINOLENIC ACID (DHGLA -- 20:3 n-6,8,11,14-cis-EICOSATRIENOIC ACID) -- VI. 5,8,11-cis-EICOSATRIENOIC ACID (ETA -- 20:3 n-9 -- MEAD ACID) -- VII. 8,11,14,17-cis-EICOSATETRAENOIC ACID (ETeA -- 20:4 n-3) -- VIII. ARACHIDONIC ACID (ARA -- 20:4 n-6 -- 5,8, 11, 14-cis-EICOSATETRAENOIC ACID) -- IX. EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID (EPA -- 20:5 n-3 -- 5, 8, 11, 14, 17-cis-EICOSAPENTAENOIC ACID) -- X. DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID [DHA -- 22:6 n-3 -- 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19-cis-DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID] -- A. Crypthecodlum cohnii -- B. Thraustochytrids -- XI. PERSPECTIVE AND PROSPECTS -- REFERENCES -- 14. Cocoa Butter and Cocoa Butter Equivalents -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. FUNCTION OF COCOA BUTTER -- Ill. COMPOSITION OF COCOA BUTTER -- IV. POLYMORPHISM -- A. Triacylglycerols -- B. Sat-O-Sat -- C. Cocoa Butter -- V. COCOA BUTTER ALTERNATIVES -- A. Cocoa Butter Substitutes -- B. Cocoa Butter Replacers -- C. Cocoa Butter Equivalents -- VI. DESIGN OF COCOA BUrrER EQUIVALENTS -- A. Blending -- B. Biotechnology -- C. Composition Considerations -- VII. CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- 15. Spreads -- I. INTRODUCTION -- II. HISTORICAL NOTES -- Ill. THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF SPREAD MANUFACTURE -- A. Fat Phase -- B. Aqueous Phase -- C. The Structure of Spreads -- IV. PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF SPREAD MANUFACTURE -- A. Processing -- V. ADVANCES IN STRUCTURING SPREAD FAT PHASES -- A. Hard Stock Structuring -- B. Health Spreads -- C. Reduced-Calorie Fats -- D. Butter-Based Spreads -- E. Specialty Dietary Spreads -- VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 16. Infant Formulas -- I. INTRODUCTION -- A. Human Milk Lipids -- B. Formula Lipids -- C. Digestion of Milk or Formula TAGs by Infants -- II. EARLY RESEARCH ON THE ABSORPTION OF FATS BY INFANTS -- A. Fatty Acid Composition -- B. Triacylglycerol Structure -- Ill. THE DEVELOPMENT AND EFFECTS OF BETAPOL. , A. Development.

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