Note: Front Cover -- Marine Mammal Ecotoxicology -- Marine Mammal Ecotoxicology -- Copyright -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Foreword -- SECTION I: LEGACY AND EMERGING CONTAMINANTS IN MARINE MAMMAL POPULATIONS -- SECTION II: EFFECTS OF TOXICOLOGIC AND CUMULATIVE STRESS ON MARINE MAMMAL HEALTH -- SECTION III: IMPLICATION FOR MONITORING AND CONSERVATION OF MARINE MAMMALS -- List of Abbreviations -- I - Legacy and Emerging Contaminants in Marine Mammal Populations -- 1 - Organochlorine Contaminants and Reproductive Implication in Cetaceans: A Case Study of the Common Dolphin -- INTRODUCTION -- CASES OF REPRODUCTIVE FAILURE AND DYSFUNCTION ASSOCIATED WITH EXPOSURE TO OCS IN CETACEANS -- CASE STUDY OF SHORT-BEAKED COMMON DOLPHIN IN THE NORTHEAST ATLANTIC -- Study Design -- Incidences of Reproductive Abnormalities and Disorders in Common Dolphins -- Effects of Contaminants on Reproduction in Common Dolphins -- PCB and Reproductive Implications for Common Dolphins -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Feeding Ecology Tools to Assess Contaminant Exposure in Coastal Mammals -- CONTAMINANTS AND COASTAL MAMMALS -- A NONLINEAR VIEW OF THE FATE AND TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS TO COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS -- USE OF STABLE ISOTOPES AS A CHEMICAL FEEDING ECOLOGY TOOL IN CONTAMINANT STUDIES -- Statistical Approaches -- Trophic Level Interactions -- Nontrophic Level Interactions -- Geographic Variation -- Limitations and Considerations -- ADDITIONAL FEEDING ECOLOGY TOOLS -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - The Effects of Oil Exposure on Cetaceans -- INTRODUCTION -- Properties of Oil -- Exposure of Cetaceans to Oil -- EFFECTS OF OIL ON CETACEANS -- Range of Organismal Effects Following Oil Exposure -- Organismal Effects Related to Specific Routes of Exposure -- Inhalation and Aspiration -- Dermal Exposure -- Oral Exposure. , Effects Observed in Other Relevant Species -- Aquatic Species -- Humans and Other Terrestrial Mammalian Species -- Population Effects Following Oil Exposure -- Unusual Mortality Events (UME) -- Population Effects Beyond UME -- FUTURE RESEARCH NEEDS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 4 - Legacy Contamination in Estuarine Dolphin Species From the South American Coast -- INTRODUCTION -- ESSENTIAL AND NONESSENTIAL ELEMENTAL CONTAMINATION IN GUIANA AND FRANCISCANA DOLPHINS -- THE SPECIFIC CASE OF MERCURY ACCUMULATION AND TOXICITY IN MARINE MAMMALS -- POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYL AND POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHER CONTAMINATION IN GUIANA AND FRANCISCANA DOLPHINS -- APPLICATION OF BIOMARKERS OF RESPONSE TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS IN DOLPHINS -- FINAL REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Marine Mammals -- INTRODUCTION -- GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF PFASS IN MARINE MAMMALS -- TEMPORAL TRENDS IN THE BIOACCUMULATION OF PFASS IN MARINE MAMMALS -- BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS FROM CHARLESTON, SOUTH CAROLINA, U.S. - A CASE STUDY -- HEALTH-RELATED EFFECTS OF PFASS IN MARINE MAMMALS -- FUTURE PERSPECTIVES -- REFERENCES -- 6 - Impacts of Marine Litter on Cetaceans: A Focus on Plastic Pollution -- IMPACT OF MARINE LITTER ON CETACEANS -- Ingestion -- Macrolitter Ingestion -- Microplastics Ingestion -- Entanglement -- CURRENT EXISTING PROTOCOLS AND APPROACH FOR THE ANALYSIS OF MARINE LITTER -- Stranded Organisms -- Recommended Diagnostic Approach -- Classification of Item Types -- Identification of Microplastics in the Gastrointestinal Tract -- Contamination Control -- Free-Ranging Organisms -- IDENTIFICATION OF PLASTIC ADDITIVES IN TISSUE SAMPLES: PHTHALATES DETECTION -- Sample Collection and Analysis -- Plastic Additives in Environmental and Cetacean Samples. , DEVELOPMENT OF BIOMARKERS TO EVALUATE THE EXPOSURE OF PLASTIC ADDITIVE IN FREE-RANGING CETACEANS -- A THREEFOLD MONITORING APPROACH TO DETECT MARINE LITTER INGESTION AND IMPACT IN CETACEANS -- HOT SPOT AREAS OF MARINE LITTER FOR MARINE MAMMALS: THE CASE STUDY OF THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA -- IDENTIFICATION OF THE SPECIES MOST THREATENED SPECIES BY MARINE LITTER -- FUTURE DEVELOPMENT AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- 7 - Persistent Organic Pollutants in Cetaceans Living in a Hotspot Area: The Mediterranean Sea -- INTRODUCTION -- CASE STUDIES -- Striped Dolphin -- Organochlorine Compounds -- Temporal and Spatial Trends -- Epizootics -- Brominated Compounds -- Fluorinated Compounds -- Common Bottlenose Dolphin -- Organochlorine Compounds -- Brominated Compounds -- Fluorinated Compounds -- Short-Beaked Common Dolphin -- Organochlorine Compounds -- Brominated Compounds -- Fluorinated Compounds -- Sperm Whale -- Organochlorine Compounds -- Brominated Compounds -- Fin Whale -- Organochlorine Compounds -- Brominated Compounds -- Fluorinated Compounds -- CONCLUSIONS AND RESEARCH NEEDS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 8 - Pollutants in Tropical Marine Mammals of the Galápagos Islands, Ecuador: an Ecotoxicological Quest to the Last Eden -- INTRODUCTION -- CHEMICAL POLLUTION IN THE GALÁPAGOS MARINE RESERVE: AN INCONVENIENT TRUTH -- GALÁPAGOS PINNIPEDS SAMPLING AND STUDY AREA -- POP ANALYSIS -- LEGACY PCBS VERSUS EMERGING PBDES -- DIOXINS AND FURANS -- THE RAISING OF DDTS: EXPOSURE AND BIOMAGNIFICATION -- OTHER ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDES -- ROLE OF OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF POPS -- POP HEALTH RISKS -- CONTAMINANTS OF EMERGING CONCERN IN THE GALÁPAGOS ISLANDS -- CUPs -- PPCPs -- Antifouling Paints -- Microplastics -- Mercury -- POLLUTANT MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATION IMPLICATIONS IN THE LAST EDEN -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES. , III - Effects of Toxicological and Cumulative Stress on Marine Mammal Health -- 9 - Field Sampling Techniques and Ecotoxicologic Biomarkers in Cetaceans -- INTRODUCTION -- FIELD SAMPLING TECHNIQUES IN CETACEANS -- Stranded Animals for Ecotoxicologic Investigation -- Ecotoxicologic Investigation in Free-Ranging Cetaceans: The Skin Biopsy Approach -- SKIN BIOMARKERS IN THE CETACEAN'S WORLD -- Protein Expression in Cetaceans' Skin Biopsies -- Gene Expression in Cetaceans' Skin Biopsies -- The Relevance of In Vitro (Cell Cultures) and Ex Vivo (Organotypic Cultures) Models in Ecotoxicology -- The Relevance of Hormone Analyses in a Multidisciplinary Biomarker Approach to Ecotoxicologic Investigation -- APPLICATION IN CASE STUDIES -- Interspecific Variability -- Biomarker Approach in Hot Spot Areas -- Biomarker Approach in Sperm Whale Worldwide -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 10 - Ecotoxicological Biomarkers and Accumulation of Contaminants in Pinnipeds -- INTRODUCTION -- MARINE MAMMALS IN THE NORTH SEA: CASE STUDY OF A POLLUTED AREA -- ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY: WHERE ECOLOGY MEETS TOXICOLOGY -- BIOMARKERS -- Endocrine Dysfunction -- Liver Function -- Disease Surveillance -- Hematology and Blood Chemistry -- Immune System -- Gene Expression -- OUTLOOK -- REFERENCES -- 11 - New Technologies for Monitoring Marine Mammal Health -- INTRODUCTION -- THE OMICS TECHNOLOGIES -- Genomics -- Transcriptomics -- Proteomics -- Metabolomics -- Epigenomics -- Toxicogenomics -- OMICS OF THE MARINE MAMMAL WORLD -- Marine Mammal Genome Projects -- Omics Findings for Marine Mammal Health -- Cetacea (Order: Cetartiodactyla) -- Pinnipedia (Order: Carnivora) -- Sirenia (Superorder: Afroheria) -- New Technologies: Challenge and Progress -- LINKING MARINE MAMMALS TO HUMANS: NEW RESOURCES FOR HEALTH. , Applications of Modern Genomics Techniques: Metagenomics for Zoonoses -- Applications of Marine Mammal Unique Adaptations: Marine Biomedicine -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Immunotoxic Effects of Environmental Pollutants in Marine Mammals -- INTRODUCTION -- MARINE MAMMAL IMMUNOLOGY -- The Immune System: Innate Versus Adaptive -- Immune Organs, Cells, and Proteins -- Characterizing Immune Function -- Innate Immunity: Phagocytosis -- Innate Immunity: Respiratory Burst -- Innate Immunity: Natural Killer Cell Activity -- Adaptive Immunity: Lymphocyte Proliferation -- IMMUNOTOXICOLOGY IN MARINE MAMMALS -- Study Designs and Methodologies for Marine Mammal Immunotoxicology -- Synthesis of Immunotoxicity in Marine Mammals -- Pathology of Lymphoid Tissues -- Altered Immune Function or Cell Populations -- Altered Gene Expression -- Altered Host Resistance to Disease -- CONSIDERATIONS, CHALLENGES, AND FUTURE NEEDS -- Reference Intervals -- Marine Mammal Cell Lines -- Marine Mammal Immune Cell Tissue Bank -- In Vitro Extrapolation -- Multiple Stressors and Population-Level Effects -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 - Ecotoxicologic Stress in Arctic Marine Mammals, With Particular Focus on Polar Bears -- CONTAMINANTS IN ARCTIC MARINE MAMMALS -- Transport of Contaminants to the Arctic -- Biomagnification and Biotransformation -- Monitoring Contaminants in Arctic Marine Mammals -- Individual Variation -- Spatial Trends -- Temporal Trends -- EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANTS IN ARCTIC MARINE MAMMALS -- Seals and Whales -- Polar Bears -- ARCTIC MARINE MAMMALS FACED BY THE GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE -- COMBINED EFFECTS OF CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE AND CLIMATE CHANGE IN POLAR BEAR POPULATION -- CASE STUDY: SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF SEA ICE DECLINE AND CONTAMINANT EXPOSURE IN POLAR BEARS FROM THE BARENTS SEA -- Background -- Study Design -- Results. , Sea Ice Conditions Around Svalbard Coasts.