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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of Neurochemicals upon a Dinoflagellate Photoresponse (1977)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 24 (1977), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: SYNOPSIS Photoresponsiveness by Gymnodinium splendens Lebour was monitored quantitatively by a microscope-television system. Exposure to the catecholamines DOPA and Dopamine caused a decrease in light sensitivity, while 0.01 mM norepinephrine, epinephrine, or isoproterenol did not affect photoresponsiveness. Classical catecholamine blocking agents, dichloroisoproterenol, propranolol, and dibenzyline, and an inhibitor of DOPA synthesis, α-methyl-ρ-tyrosine, caused an increase in sensitivity. In addition, acetylcholine and an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase activity, eserine, caused an increase in sensitivity, while an inhibitor of acetylcholine action atropine, had the opposite effect. These experiments suggest that G. splendens may have an antagonistic catecholamine-cholinergic system which participates in regulating photosensitivity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1977.tb04760.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phototaxis by the Dinoflagellate Gymnodinium splendens Lebour (1974)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    The @journal of eukaryotic microbiology 21 (1974), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1550-7408
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: A microscope-television system was used to monitor quantitatively the behavior of Gymnodinium splendens Lebour in response to light. The predominant behavioral sequence upon stimulation is (a) an initial 2–5 sec cessation of movement (stop-response) followed by (b) positive phototaxis. The action spectra for each response are identical, having maxima at 450 and 280 nm. Upon measuring the percent response to a range of stimulus intensities, it is apparent that a stop-response is not a behavioral prerequisite for phototaxis. An identical circadian rhythm in photoresponsiveness is observed for phototaxis and for the stop-response with greatest light sensitivity occurring during the first 4 hr of the entrained light period. The implication of phototactic sensitivity and the phototactic circadian rhythm in diurnal vertical migration is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1974.tb03659.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Field Evidence for Polarized Light Sensitivity in the Fish Zenarchopterus (1970)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 228 (1970), S. 85-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Nevertheless, there are actually three previous reports of polarized light responses by teleost fishes3-5, but none of these was adequately followed up to provide needed additional data or reasonable explanations for certain ambiguous or anomalous experimental results. We now report consistent ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/228085a0
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phototaxis in a dinoflagellate: Action spectra as evidence for a two-pigment system (1973)
    Springer
    Planta 111 (1973), S. 167-178 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Action spectra were determined in the UV region of the spectrum for the first phase of the phototactic response (stop response) and for the phytochrome pigment associated with this response in the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum Kofoid. Differences between these action spectra indicate the participation of two pigments in phototaxis. Following R (620 nm) irradiation of the phytochrome, the stop response maxima occur at 470 and 280-nm; after FR irradiation they shift to 490 and 300–310 nm. These maxima suggest that the photoreceptor pigment for phototaxis is a carotenoprotein. The action spectrum shift following the different phytochrome conversions may represent a trans to cis isomer change by the carotenoid. The absorption maximum of PR in the UV appears to be at 320 nm, which is consistent with the shift of the R absorption maximum to shorter wavelengths (620 nm) as compared to higher plants. The PFR absorption maximum appears as a broad band between 360 and 390 nm. Comparison of PR to PFR conversions by different intensities of 620-nm and 320-nm light indicates that at lower intensities the logarithm of the threshold for the stop response is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the intensity of the sensitizing light. The ratio of response activation by R and UV light is about 4:1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00386277
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The role of the underwater polarized light pattern, in sun compass navigation of the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris (1991)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 169 (1991), S. 479-491 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Keywords: Natural polarotaxis underwater ; Palaemonetes ; Arthropods
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The sky polarized light pattern is visible underwater within the critical angle of refraction and can be used to position the sun in the sky. The present study determined whether the shrimp, Palaemonetes vulgaris could use this polarization pattern for sun compass orientation. 2. In the laboratory, Palaemonetes oriented parallel to the e-vector of downwelling polarized light regardless of their phototactic state. Outside, they used the sun or blue sky as a cue for orientation in the offshore direction of their home shoreline. In nature, this is an escape response directed away from shoreline predators. Shrimp were disoriented under cloudy skies. 3. The shrimp could orient using blue sky alone from any altitude (above 17°) and from azimuths in the antisolar but not the solar hemisphere. Small circles of blue sky, subtending a 27° angle, were sufficient for orientation. 4. When the alignment of the natural polarization pattern was shifted with polarized filters, the shrimps' orientation shifted similarly. The polarized light pattern was used in conjunction with another blue sky cue, possibly the skylight intensity pattern. Neither cue contained sufficient orientation information to be used alone. Palaemonetes vulgaris was the first aquatic arthropod shown to use the polarization pattern for sun compass orientation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00197660
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Spectral sensitivity of larvae from intertidal crustaceans (1979)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 133 (1979), S. 311-315 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Response spectra for positive phototaxis of the planktonic first stage larvae of 7 species of estuarine intertidal crabs were measured. Species living highest intertidally as adults generally have larvae with good ultraviolet (UV) and blue/green sensitivity, while those from adults living lower intertidally lack the UV sensitivity. Comparison of the measured spectra with previous studies of adults indicates that there is probably no change in spectral sensitivity throughout development. This sensitivity is well adapted to the adult intertidal environment, but is not adapted for a planktonic existence in estuarine areas.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00661133
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The visual pigments of crabs (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 162 (1988), S. 463-478 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. The visual pigments of 27 species of crabs from a variety of habitats were investigated by microspectrophotometry of the isolated rhabdomeric photoreceptors. The rhodopsins ranged inλ max from 473 to 515 nm (Tables 1 and 2). No evidence was found for the presence of more than a single rhodopsin in retinular cells 1–7. 2. All rhodopsins produced thermally stable metarhodopsins on irradiation with long-wavelength light. The metarhodopsins of hermit crabs (Anomura: section Paguridea) all absorbed hypsochromically to their rhodopsins. Brachyuran metarhodopsins. with the exception of that ofCancer irroratus, absorbed at the same spectral position as the rhodopsin or bathochromically to it. 3. The absorption spectra of all rhodopsins but one could be fit closely by the Dartnall nomogram. Since prior studies have located only retinal in the eyes of crabs, retinal may serve universally as a chromophore in crab visual pigments
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612512
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The visual pigments of crabs (1988)
    Springer
    Journal of comparative physiology 162 (1988), S. 479-490 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1351
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 1. Underwater downwelling quantal irradiance spectra were measured in estuarine and coastal areas under various tidal and rainfall conditions. At midday the available spectrum near the bottom has maximal irradiance in the region of about 570 to 700 nm in the estuary, whereas in offshore coastal areas greatest irradiance occurs between 500 and 570 nm. At twilight in an estuary, maximal underwater downwelling irradiance shifts to the 490–520 nm region. 2. The visual pigment absorption maxima of 27 species of benthic crustaceans from semi-terrestrial, estuarine and coastal areas have values ranging from 483 to 516 nm. There is no obvious shift in theλ max from long wavelengths in estuarine species to shorter wavelengths in coastal species. The only match betweenλ max and midday spectrum was for a continental shelf species,Geryon quinquedens. 3. The Sensitivity Hypothesis is predicted to account for the visual sensitivity of benthic crabs from estuarine and coastal areas. To assess the match between visual spectral sensitivity and environmental spectra, photon capture effectiveness was calculated for a range of idealized visual pigment absorption functions operating in the measured environmental spectra. 4. All crab species are poorly adapted for maximal photon capture at midday, since pigments havingλ max longer than 540 nm function best under all daytime spectral conditions. Photon capture of visual pigments withλ max near 500 nm improves dramatically at twilight, particularly at lower visual pigment densities and shallow depths. However, pigments havingλ max at wavelengths longer than those for the crabs are equally or more efficient at photon capture. Therefore the Sensitivity Hypothesis is not supported for crustaceans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00612513
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Change in the photoresponse action spectrum of the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum Kofoid by red and far-red light (1970)
    Springer
    Planta 92 (1970), S. 248-258 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using cessation of movement (stop-response) as an index for light reception by the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum Kofoid, an association was shown between the blue-light action-spectrum maximum for this response and prior exposure of the organism to red and far-red light. When the light energy necessary to produce a positive stop-response (above 50%) was used as a criterion for the threshold intensity, the cells were most sensitive to light of 470 nm following an exposure to red (620 nm) light; after a far-red (700 nm) light exposure, the threshold was lowest for light of 490 nm. A second response criterion was the time in darkness until a positive response could no longer be initiated upon stimulation. The response persists longer for 490 nm than for 470 nm after both red and far-red light exposure. This result can theoretically be attributed to thermal reversion of the proposed phytochrome from the Pfr to the Pr form. A two-pigment system in which a phytochrome works in combination with a blue-absorbing pigment may be involved in the photoresponse.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388559
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The circadian rhythm of a behavioral photoresponse in the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum (1970)
    Springer
    Planta 92 (1970), S. 259-266 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2048
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The circadian rhythm of the photoresponse to blue light in the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum Kofoid was investigated by the use of a closed circuit television system. The initial cessation of movement upon stimulation (stop-response) was used as the index of light reception. Under constant dark conditions cells grown on a 12L:12D regime show an endogenous circadian rhythm in their stop-response with maximum responsiveness occurring approximately one hour before the beginning of the expected light phase. This rhythmic response was only observed if the cells were irradiated with red light (620 nm) prior to stimulation with blue light. After preirradiation both far-red reversibility and the shift in the stop-response action spectrum from 470 nm to 490 nm could also be demonstrated. These findings may be related to the diurnal migration of marine dinoflagellates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00388560
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