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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Changes in indoor allergen and fungal levels predict changes in asthma activity among young adults (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Exposures to allergens are thought to be important risk factors for asthma. We conducted a longitudinal study of indoor allergen and fungal levels in Melbourne homes between 1996 and 1998 to examine the effect of changes in allergen exposure upon asthma and associated outcomes.Methods Participants were visited at home in 1996 (n=485) and 1998 (n=360), when dust and air samples were collected from their bedrooms and assayed for Der p 1, Fel d 1, ergosterol and fungal propagules. Subjects then attended the lung function laboratory to complete a questionnaire, spirometry, methacholine challenge and skin prick testing. The associations between the change in allergen levels and change in clinical outcomes were examined using multiple logistic and linear regression.Results Participants whose Cladosporium fungal exposure doubled had 52% greater odds of having had an attack of asthma in the last 12 months. A doubling of fungal exposure was also associated with 53% greater odds of developing atopy. A doubling of Fel d 1 floor levels was associated with 73% increased odds of doctor-diagnosed asthma. A doubling of Der p 1 levels in bed dust was associated with a 64% greater odds of persistent bronchial hyper-reactivity.Conclusions These findings provide evidence that changes in indoor levels of fungi and house dust mites can affect the risk of development and persistence of asthma and atopy in adults. Further studies are required to establish any benefit of sustained reductions in indoor allergen exposures, and to determine whether these effects are truly ‘allergic’ or because of immune stimulation in the airway through other less specific mechanisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02272.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residential characteristics predict changes in Der p 1, Fel d 1 and ergosterol but not fungi over time (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 33 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Allergen and fungal exposures are important risk factors for asthma. We conducted a longitudinal analysis of allergen levels in Melbourne homes between 1996 and 1998 to examine the effects of changing residential characteristics on allergen and fungal levels. We also examined the changes in levels of indoor allergens.Methods The subjects were participants in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) in Melbourne. In 1996, 485 subjects participated in a follow-up study, which involved both home and laboratory visits. Dust and air samples were collected from participants' bedrooms and a validated residential questionnaire was administered. In 1998, 360 participants underwent further follow-up. House dust mite (Der p 1) and cat allergens (Fel d 1) and ergosterol were measured in dust.Results We observed moderate within home correlations between 1996 and 1998 in floor Der p 1 (intraclass correlation ICC=0.48), bed Der p 1 (ICC=0.61), Fel d 1 (κ=0.53) and ergosterol (ICC=0.28) levels. We found that the floor Der p 1 levels decreased from 1996 to 1998 in the homes of participants who moved to an attached home, moved their bedrooms to the first floor, removed fitted carpet or central heating. Replacing or vacuuming the mattress more than twice per year reduced levels of Der p 1 in the bed. Ergosterol levels were reduced by removing visible mould and fitted carpet.Conclusions These findings provide evidence to support current advice with regard to allergen avoidance in patients with dust mite and fungal allergies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01747.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Generalised regression problems in metrology (1993)
    Springer
    Numerical algorithms 5 (1993), S. 523-533 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper is concerned with generalised regression models in metrology. In experiments where much is known about the nature of the error in the measurement data, it is possible to build comprehensive mathematical models which lead to better estimates of the required parameter values. We indicate how efficient optimisation algorithms can be developed which exploit the structure of the corresponding regression problems and discuss applications in generalised distance regression and pressure metrology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02108667
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An algorithm for combining data sets having different frames of reference (1993)
    Springer
    Numerical algorithms 5 (1993), S. 467-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9265
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The task of fitting a curve or surface to a number of related data sets is common in metrology. Thedata matching problem arises when sets of supplementary measurements are added to those of an underlying base set. Each supplementary set may have its own reference frame. This problem is formally equivalent to thedata splicing problem in which no one set covers the entire region of interest. In either case, the presence of reference-frame transformation parameters means that least-squares fitting of a curve to the assembled data is generally a nonlinear problem. A linear version of this problem was treated in Anthony and Harris [1]. An algorithm is presented which exploits the inherent block structure of the problem, thereby reducing memory requirements and execution time. It employs the Gauss-Newton optimisation technique, returning both the fittingand reference-frame transformation parameters. The approach is quite general. Results are presented in the case of indentation analysis (for hardness testing, where the critical parameters are those of the fit). Applications also arise for which the transformation parameters are of primary interest; one such application is indicated.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02108663
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Productive performance of cattle in Botswana (1974)
    Springer
    Tropical animal health and production 6 (1974), S. 1-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7438
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Une enquête a été effectuée dans plusieurs régions du Botswana pour déterminer comment l'exploitation, l'environnement et l'aphosphorose influençaient la condition physique et les facultés reproductrices du bétail nomade de ces régions. Les résultats montrent qu'une médiocre exploitation, le surpàturage et de faibles possibilités d'abreuvement diminuaient sérieusement la condition physique et les facultés reproductrices. Une bonne conduite aide beaucoup à améliorer la situation. L'aphosphorose s'observe dans quelques régions mais elle paraît être étroitement liée à la malnutrition.
    Abstract: Sumario Sellevó a cabo una investigación de campo en varias areas en Botswana para determinar como el manejo, ambiente y posiblemente la afosforosis afectaban la condición corporal y la performance reproductiva del ganado en pastoreo en estas areas. Los resultados indicaron que el manejo pobre, el sobrepastoreo y la pobreza de agua afectaron seriamente la condición corporal y el rendimiento reproductivo. El buen manejo ayuda enormemente en mejorar la situacion. La afosforosis ocurre en algunas areas pero parece estar estrechamente ligada a la malnutricion.
    Notes: Summary A field investigation was undertaken in several areas of Botswana to determine how management, environment and possibly aphosphorosis affected the bodily condition and reproductive performance of range cattle in these areas. Results indicated that poor management, overgrazing and poor watering facilities seriously impaired bodily condition and reproductive performance. Good management helps greatly to improve the situation. Aphosphorosis does occur in some areas but appears to be closely linked with malnutrition.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380743
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Inorganic phosphate, calcium and magnesium levels in the sera of Botswanan cattle receiving feed additives (1974)
    Springer
    Tropical animal health and production 6 (1974), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7438
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Le phosphore minéral, le calcium et le magnésium sériques ont été dosés dans des échantillons de sang prélevés sur trois groupes de vaches en lactation recevant différents additifs alimentaires et sur un groupe témoin; le rapport calcium phosphore a été déterminé. Les taux de phosphore sérique s'élevaient significativement quand les vaches recevaient des suppléments minéraux.
    Abstract: Sumario Tres grupos de vacas lactantes que recibieron diferentes aditivos alimenticios y un grupo control fueron sangrados por suero y el nivel de fosfato inorganico en el suero, tanto como calcio, magnesio y tambien el nivel de calcio: fosfato inorganico fueron estimados. Los niveles de fosfato inorgánico en el suero fueron aumentados en forma significativa cuando las vacas recibieron suplementos minerales.
    Notes: Summary Three groups of lactating cows receiving different feed additives and one control group were blood sampled and serum inorganic phosphate, calcium, magnesium and the calcium: inorganic phosphate ratio were estimated. Serum inorganic phosphate levels were raised significantly when cows received mineral supplements.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380745
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A note on seasonal changes in serum inorganic phosphate levels of cattle in Botswana (1974)
    Springer
    Tropical animal health and production 6 (1974), S. 37-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7438
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé On prétend que l'aphosphorose est générale dans les régions de veld sableux du Botswana mais la preuve objective n'en a jamais été faite. Une étude das taux de phosphate inorganique du sérum (SIP) de vaches a été effectuée en saison sèche (septembre à octobre) et après les pluies (février) quand l'herbe était haute et verte. La différence était hautement significative entre les taux de SIP au cours des deux saisons.
    Abstract: Sumario La afosforosis es considerada estar bastante diseminada en areas arenosas de Botswana aunque no existe evidencia de apoyo mas objetiva. Se hizo un examen de los niveles de fosfato inorgánico en los sueros de vacas en la estación seca (Setiembre-Octubre) y otra vez despues de las lluvias (Febrero) cuando el grass esta crecido y es verde. La differencia en los niveles de estos fosfatos inorgánicos en los dos periodos fue altamente significativa.
    Notes: Summary Aphosphorosis is alleged to be widespread in the sandveld areas of Botswana although supportive objective evidence is not available. An examination was made of serum inorganic phosphate (SIP) levels of cows in the dry season (September–October) and again after the rains (February) when the grass was tall and green. The difference in SIP levels between the two periods was highly significant.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380746
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum inorganic phosphate, calcium and magnesium levels of cattle in Botswana (1974)
    Springer
    Tropical animal health and production 6 (1974), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7438
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les taux de phosphate inorganique dans le sérum du bétail du Botswana sont régulièrement faibles à la fin de la saison sèche. Les taux varient d'une zone à l'autre mais ce n'est que dans quelques régions qu'ils sont compatibles avec ceux qui sont observés dans l'aphosphorose. Its sont les plus bas dans les régions à maigre pâturage mais les faibles taux sériques ne sont pas forcément associés à des signes cliniques d'aphosphorose. Des suppléments de farine d'os augmentent les taux sériques et leur effet est le plus net quand les animaux disposent d'un bon pâturage.
    Abstract: Sumario Los niveles de fosfato inorganico en el suero de ganado en Botswana al final de la estación seca estuvieron en el limite normal inferior. Los niveles variaron de una area a otra y solo en algunas aresa los niveles eran compatibles con aquellos vistos en afosforosis. Los niveles mas bajos fueron vistos en areas de pastoreo pobre pero niveles reducidos en el suero no estaban necesariamente asociados con síntomas clínicos de afosforosis. Suplementos de harina de hueso incrementaron los niveles de fosfato inorganico en el suero y el efecto era mucho mas marcado cuando los animales tenían buena capacidad para el pastoreo.
    Notes: Summary Serum inorganic phosphate levels in Botswanan cattle at the end of the dry season were in the low normal range. Levels varied from one area of the country to another and only in some areas were the levels compatible with those seen in aphosphorosis. Levels were lowest in areas with poor grazing but low serum levels were not necessarily associated with clinical signs of aphosphorosis. Bonemeal supplements increased serum inorganic phosphate levels and its effect was most marked when animals had good grazing available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02380744
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A Two-Dimensional Search Used with a Nonlinear Least-Squares Solver (2000)
    Springer
    Journal of optimization theory and applications 104 (2000), S. 215-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-2878
    Keywords: Least squares ; Gauss–Newton method ; line searches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This note describes a modified search strategy for use with a Gauss-Newton method for nonlinear least-squares problems. If a standard line search along the Gauss-Newton vector p is unable to make much progress, a new search direction is constructed which lies in the plane of p and the steepest-descent vector. Numerical experiments show that a quadratic model of the objective function in this plane can yield effective corrections when the basic Gauss-Newton technique experiences difficulty.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004641125471
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  • 10
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    Protocol for a cluster randomised stepped wedge trial assessing the impact of a community-level hygiene intervention and a water intervention using riverbank filtration technology on diarrhoeal prevalence in India (2017)
    BMJ Publishing
    In: BMJ Open
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-03-18
    Description: Introduction Diarrhoea is a leading cause of death globally, mostly occurring as a result of insufficient or unsafe water supplies, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene. Our study aims to investigate the impact of a community-level hygiene education program and a water quality intervention using riverbank filtration (RBF) technology on diarrhoeal prevalence. Methods and analysis We have designed a stepped wedge cluster randomised trial to estimate the health impacts of our intervention in 4 rural villages in Karnataka, India. At baseline, surveys will be conducted in all villages, and householders will receive hygiene education. New pipelines, water storage tanks and taps will then be installed at accessible locations in each village and untreated piped river water will be supplied. A subsequent survey will evaluate the impact of hygiene education combined with improved access to greater water volumes for hygiene and drinking purposes (improved water quantity). Villages will then be randomly ordered and RBF-treated water (improved water quality) will be sequentially introduced into the 4 villages in a stepwise manner, with administration of surveys at each time point. The primary outcome is a 7-day period prevalence of self-reported diarrhoea. Secondary outcomes include self-reported respiratory and skin infections, and reported changes in hygiene practices, household water usage and water supply preference. River, tank and tap water from each village, and stored water from a subset of households, will be sampled to assess microbial and chemical quality. Ethics and dissemination Ethics approval was obtained from the Monash University Human Research Ethics Committee in Australia and The Energy and Resources Institute Institutional Ethics Committee in India. The results of the trial will be presented at conferences, published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated to relevant stakeholders. This study is funded by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) project grant. Trial registration number ACTRN12616001286437 ; pre-results.
    Keywords: Open access, Epidemiology, Infectious diseases, Public health
    Electronic ISSN: 2044-6055
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BMJ Publishing
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