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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Urinary leukotriene E4 correlates with severity of atopic dermatitis in children (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 29 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Leukotriene E4 (LTE4) is elevated in adults with atopic dermatitis (AD). We evaluated whether urinary LTE4 as a noninvasive marker correlates with clinical indices of disease activity in children with AD. AD patients aged 18 years or younger were eligible for inclusion in the study. Disease severity over the preceding 3 days was evaluated by the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. Severity of AD over the past 12 months was evaluated by the Nottingham Eczema Severity Score (NESS) in Chinese. Urinary LTE4 concentration was measured by competitive enzyme immunoassay. One hundred and twenty-six children with AD (82 boys and 44 girls) and 45 controls were recruited. The mean ± SD urinary log-transformed LTE4 concentration in AD patients and controls was 2.94 ± 0.32 and 2.62 ± 0.20 pg/mg creatinine, respectively (P 〈 0.0001). SCORAD significantly correlated with NESS (r = 0.681, P 〈 0.0001). There were significant correlations between urinary LTE4 concentration and overall SCORAD score (r = 0.270, P = 0.002) and its extent (r = 0.185, P = 0.038) and intensity components (r = 0.247, P = 0.005), but not with NESS. When compared with mild AD, urinary LTE4 concentrations were higher in patients with moderate-to-severe disease (P = 0.049). Urinary LTE4 measurement is noninvasive and may be useful in supplementing the SCORAD for following longitudinal changes in AD severity in children. However, the practical value of this assay in a clinical setting remains to be determined.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01512.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A survey of bathing and showering practices in children with atopic eczema (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 30 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We evaluated the emollient use and bathing habits of children with atopic eczema (AE) managed at the paediatric dermatology clinic of a university teaching hospital, using children with noneczematous skin diseases as controls. Disease severity of AE in the preceding 12 months was evaluated by the Nottingham Eczema Severity Score. Three-quarters of patients with or without eczema preferred showering to bathing. Patients with AE were more likely to use bath oils than soap and to use emollients after a bath/shower. Review cases, however, were more likely to take a shower and for a longer time (10–30 min) than first-visit eczema patients. These habits did not vary with season or disease severity. Emulsifying ointment was the most commonly used agent for the bath/shower. Most patients applied emollient immediately after a bath/shower. However there were still significant proportions of AE patients who used soap (40% of first-visit vs. 27% of review cases) and who did not apply emollients after a bath/shower (25% of first-visit vs. 23% of review cases). It is important to determine whether this problem is due to inadequate patient education or whether other factors lead to poor compliance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2005.01748.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum levels of cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine (CTACK) as a laboratory marker of the severity of atopic dermatitis in children (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical and experimental dermatology 29 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2230
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: There are at least 13 scoring systems for the assessment of disease severity in atopic dermatitis (AD). Each system has its problems with interobserver and intraobserver variability. Cutaneous T-cell attracting chemokine (CTACK) is a skin-specific chemoattractant which may correlate with AD severity and obviate the issue of observer reliability. We evaluated whether serum CTACK concentrations were associated with the severity of AD in children according to the SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. Thirty-seven Chinese children with AD (23 boys, 14 girls; aged 1–11 years) and 13 controls were recruited. The median (interquartile range) overall SCORAD for AD patients was 29.7 (20.3–49.7). Serum concentrations of CTACK and two other atopy-related chemokines, macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC) and thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), were measured by sandwich enzyme immunoassay. There were significant correlations between SCORAD (r = 0.394, P = 0.016), its area (r = 0.528, P = 0.001) and intensity components (r = 0.429, P = 0.008) with serum levels of CTACK. The serum concentrations of inflammatory markers MDC and TARC also correlated with the CTACK concentrations (r = 0.618, P 〈 0.001, and r = 0.587, P = 0.001, respectively). Serum CTACK concentration appears to be a skin-specific objective marker that correlates with various clinical and laboratory parameters of AD.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2004.01501.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Perinatal events which precede periventricular haemorrhage and leukomalacia in the newborn (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    BJOG 92 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-0528
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary. Ultrasound brain scans were obtained daily for the first 5 days after birth, on day 7 and then weekly until discharge from hospital in 86 babies during a 12-month period. The babies weighed 〈1501 g or were 〈34 weeks gestational age. Fifty-one (59%) had normal scans. 34 (40%) developed periventricular haemorrhage, and seven (8%) developed periventricular cysts (associated with periventricular haemorrhage in six). Factors associated with periventricular haemorrhage were perinatal hypoxia, acidosis, hypercapnia and hypoxia after birth. Babies who developed periventricular cysts (periventricular leukomalacia) were more likely to have been hypoxic at birth and in four of the seven there had been a maternal antepartum haemorrhage. The association of perinatal hypoxia with periventricular haemorrhage and leukomalacia suggests that intraparturm events may predispose to the onset of these lesions which then develop postnatally. Prevention of perinatal hypoxia may play an important role in diminishing the disability caused by these conditions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1985.tb04865.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Prevalence of respiratory and atopic disorders in Chinese schoolchildren (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Epidemiological surveys have shown that the prevalence of asthma in the Asian population is relatively low. Within the Chinese population, schoolchildren from Hong Kong were found to have the highest rate of asthma.Objective To compare the prevalence of respiratory and atopic disorders, and to assess the role of atopy in the development of asthma, in Chinese schoolchildren from Hong Kong, Beijing and Guangzhou.Methods Community-based random samples of schoolchildren aged 9–11 years from three Chinese cities (Hong Kong, Beijing and Guangzhou) were recruited for study using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase II protocol. Subjects were studied by parental questionnaires (n = 10902), skin-prick tests (n = 3479) and skin examination (n = 3479).Results The prevalence rates of current wheeze, speech limiting wheeze, rhinoconjunctivitis and flexural dermatitis were significantly more common in Hong Kong than in Beijing or Guangzhou. The atopy rate was also higher in Hong Kong (41.2%) than in Beijing (23.9%) or Guangzhou (30.8%). Atopy was strongly correlated with current wheeze (OR 7.74; 95% CI = 5.70–10.51). Subgroup analyses of children from Hong Kong revealed that children born in mainland China who had subsequently migrated to Hong Kong had a significantly lower rate of allergic symptoms and atopy than those children born in Hong Kong.Conclusion Using a standardized written questionnaire along with a skin prick test and skin examination, we confirmed that the prevalence of asthma, allergic diseases and atopy was highest in schoolchildren from Hong Kong. Atopic sensitization is an important factor associated with asthma in Chinese children.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01140.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    High levels and gender difference of exhaled nitric oxide in Chinese schoolchildren (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 35 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) may represent a useful noninvasive marker of airway inflammation, but data on the reference population values in schoolchildren are limited. No reference eNO study in Asian children has been published.Methods Levels of eNO in a sample of 531 schoolchildren aged 11–18 years recruited from five schools (three international schools) in Hong Kong were measured online by a chemiluminescence analyser according to ERS/ATS standard. Each student also completed an International Study of Asthma and Allergic disease in Childhood questionnaire.Results Among the children without a physician's diagnosis of asthma or symptoms of wheeze, rhinitis and eczema, there were 258 Chinese and 33 Caucasians. In control Chinese children, the eNO level (median: interquantile range) was significantly higher (P〈0.001) in males (17.0 parts per billion (p.p.b.); 10.7–36.6) than in females (10.8 p.p.b.; 7.8–17.6). When compared with Caucasian control males (11.6 p.p.b.; 8.2–19.3) and females (9.1 p.p.b.; 7.5–11.9), the Chinese children had significantly higher eNO levels for both males (P=0.011) and females (P=0.037). For Chinese asthmatic males, the median eNO (interquartile range) was 39.8 p.p.b. (12.5–73.8), and for asthmatic females, 18.0 (9.6–56.3). After controlling for sex in Chinese controls, eNO did not have any significant correlation with height, weight and body mass index or body surface area.Conclusions This study demonstrates a gender difference of eNO level in healthy Chinese schoolchildren. When compared with Caucasians, Chinese children have significantly higher eNO levels.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02263.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Increased macrophage-derived chemokine in exhaled breath condensate and plasma from children with asthma (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Type 2 helper T lymphocyte-specific chemokines including macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC), thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC) and eotaxin are important mediators for allergic airway inflammation.Objective We investigated whether these chemokines can be detected in exhaled breath condensate (EBC) and their relation to childhood asthma.Methods Asthmatics recruited from paediatric clinics of a university teaching hospital were classified into intermittent asthma (IA) and persistent asthma (PA) according to Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines. EBC was collected by a disposable collection kit, whereas fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) was measured by a chemiluminescence analyser. Concentrations of MDC, TARC and eotaxin in both EBC and plasma were measured using sandwich enzyme immunoassay. The intra-subject reproducibility of exhaled chemokine measurements was determined by co-efficients of variation (CV).Results Forty-eight patients with PA, 36 children with IA and 18 controls were recruited. MDC and eotaxin were present in EBC from nearly all subjects, whereas TARC could be measured in EBC from 33 (32%) subjects only. The median MDC concentration in EBC was higher in PA (117 pg/mL) as compared with IA (106 pg/mL) and controls (105 pg/mL; P=0.003 for both). The median plasma MDC concentration in PA (648 pg/mL) was also higher than that in IA (520 pg/mL; P=0.002) and controls (490 pg/mL; P=0.008). The median plasma TARC concentration was also increased in PA as compared with IA (72 pg/mL vs. 35 pg/mL; P=0.004). MDC concentrations in EBC were lower in patients with PA who received high-dose inhaled corticosteroid (P=0.005). FENO was significantly higher in asthmatics than controls (P〈0.0001), but it was not associated with chemokines in EBC or plasma. The mean (range) CV for measuring MDC, TARC and eotaxin in EBC (n=6) were 5.5 (2.0−7.2%), 8.8 (3.6−14.4%) and 5.2 (2.8−7.9%), respectively.Conclusions Our results suggest that MDC in EBC and MDC and TARC in plasma are increased in children with PA as compared with IA or control. MDC concentrations in EBC are suppressed in patients on high-dose inhaled corticosteroid treatment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1951.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Declining asthma prevalence in Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 34 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Many studies have reported an increase in the prevalence of asthma and related atopic disorders. The lack of standardized methodologies and ‘objective’ measurements make reliable comparison and monitoring of trends of asthma very difficult.Methods In this study, a total of 3321 schoolchildren aged 13–14 years were recruited for study using the Phase III Protocol of the International Study of Asthma and Allergic discase in Childhood (ISAAC). The results were compared with those obtained in the Phase I ISAAC study (1994–95), which used the identical and validated core questionnaires.Results The prevalence rates of physicians' diagnosis of asthma were similar in the two surveys (11.2% and 10.2%), but the prevalence rates of wheeze (written questionnaire) in the past year have decreased from 12.4% in 1994–95 to 8.7% in 2002 (P〈0.001). For the video questionnaire, all asthmatic symptoms in the preceding 12 months were significantly lower in 2002 when compared with those in 1994–95. Among the subjects with diagnosed asthma, the prevalence rates of wheeze in the past 12 months (written questionnaire) has decreased from 39.1% to 27.6% (P〈0.001). The prevalence rates of having wheezing attack at least once per month (video questionnaire) has decreased from 10.5% to 5.6% (P=0.013).Conclusion Using the same standardized and validated ISAAC questionnaire, the prevalence rates of asthma symptoms in Hong Kong Chinese schoolchildren have decreased since 1994. The exact reasons for such trend remain to be explored.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.02064.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Temporal relationship between air pollution and hospital admissions for asthmatic children in Hong Kong (2001)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Clinical & experimental allergy 31 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2222
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Background Many epidemiological studies have shown positive association between respiratory health and current levels of outdoor air pollution in Europe and America.Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the association between air pollution and the number of childhood admissions for asthma in Hong Kong.Methods Daily counts of childhood admission for asthma to a large teaching Hospital were obtained from the computerized database for the period 1993–1994. A Poisson regression allowing for seasonal patterns and meteorological conditions was used to assess the associations between the number of Hospital admissions and the three pollutants: nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and inhalable particles (measured as PM10, particles 〈 10 µm in aerodynamic diameter).Results A total of 1217 children under 15 years of age were admitted for asthma during the study period. The calculated annual hospitalization rates were 283 and 178 per 100 000 for boys and girls, respectively. The mean PM10, NO2 and SO2 levels were 44.1 µg/m3, 43.3 µg/m3, and 12.2 µg/m3, respectively. Daily admission for asthma increased significantly with increasing ambient level of nitrogen dioxide (relative risk (RR) = 1.08 per 10 µg/m3 increase), sulphur dioxide (RR = 1.06) and inhalable particles (RR = 1.03). No association was found between hospital admission and humidity, temperature or atmospheric pressure.Conclusion This is the first daily time series study of childhood admissions for asthma and air pollution in Hong Kong. The results support that current levels of air pollution contribute to the respiratory morbidity in asthmatic children in Hong Kong.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2001.01063.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lower gastrointestinal tract perforation in preterm infants treated with dexamethasone for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (1997)
    Springer
    Pediatric surgery international 12 (1997), S. 211-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1437-9813
    Keywords: Key words Dexamethasone ; Ileum ; Perforation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract  Two cases of ileal perforation in preterm infants treated with high-dose dexamethasone for bronchopulmonary dysplasia are described. Corticosteroid-induced gastroduodenal haemorrhage or perforation has been well documented, but less known to most clinicians is that the lower gastrointestinal tract can also be involved. Unlike previous reported cases in which affected infants deteriorated rapidly and became moribund within hours of onset of symptoms, “silent” perforations detected on routine radiograph or escaping clinical recognition until at an advanced stage can be the initial presentation. The need for greater vigilance and a low threshold for abdominal investigations are emphasised in preterm infants treated with dexamethasone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003830050111
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