Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. [445]-462) and index

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Content -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- 1 The Great European Lakes: state of the art -- 1.1 Physiographic features and history of the formation of the lakes and their catchments -- 1.2 History of research of the lakes -- 1.3 Characteristics of temperature and currents -- 1.3.1 The thermal regime and limnic zones -- 1.3.2 Currents and circulations -- 1.4 The cycle of substances in Lake Ladoga and the dynamics of its water ecosystem -- 1.4.1 Lake ecosystem phosphorus supply -- Phosphorus income in the lake -- 1.4.2 Phytoplankton in the Lake Ladoga ecosystem -- Cryptophyte algae -- 1.4.3 Bacterioplankton, water fungi and destruction processes -- Fungi -- Regeneration and phosphorus consumption by bacteria -- 1.4.4 Zooplankton -- 1.4.5 The role of the zoobenthos in the ecosystem -- 1.4.6 Dissolved organic matter -- Conservative fraction of dissolved organic matter - water humic substance -- 1.4.7 The role of seston and bottom sediments in the lake phosphorus cycle -- Generation of seston -- Transport of substances through the water - bottom interface -- Income of phosphorus -- 1.5 The cycle of substances in Lake Onego and its water ecosystem -- 1.5.1 The phosphorus supply to the Lake Onego ecosystem -- Phosphorus in Lake Onego bottom sediments -- 1.5.2 Biological communities in the Lake Onego eutrophication state -- Phytoplankton -- Primary phytoplankton production -- Bacterioplankton -- Zooplankton -- Macrozoobenthos -- 1.5.3 Relation between the primary production and the destruction of organic matter -- 1.5.4 Peculiarities of Lake Onego eutrophication -- 1.6 The main tendencies in the evolution of large, deep stratified lakes -- 2 Hydrothermodynamics of large stratified lakes -- 2.1 Ensemble of thermo- and hydrodynamical processes and phenomena in lakes. , 2.2 Lake models: state of the art. Problem formulation for the simulation of lake hydrothermodynamics -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 Equations of geophysical hydrodynamics -- 2.3 A climatic circulation model for large stratified lakes -- 2.3.1 General comments -- 2.3.2 Mathematical formulation -- 2.3.3 Realization of the model -- 2.3.4 Generalized formulations of the mathematical model -- Heat distribution equation -- Law of heat variation in a waterbody -- Momentum equations -- Law of mechanical energy variation -- 2.3.5 About the discrete model -- 3 Climatic circulation and the thermal regime of the lakes -- 3.1 The climatic circulation in Lakes Ladoga and Onego from observational data and estimates -- Lake Ladoga -- Lake Onego -- 3.2 On the problem of simulating climatic circulation -- 3.3 Setting of external forcing -- River inflow and runoff -- Thermal flux -- Wind -- 3.4 Simulation of the Lake Ladoga climatic circulation -- 3.4.1 Computational procedure -- Initial conditions -- lce cover modelling -- Turbulence modelling -- 3.4.2 Description and analysis of thermal regime calculation results -- Spring heating period -- Summer heating period -- Autumn cooling period -- Winter cooling period -- Quality estimation of thermal regime reproduction -- 3.4.3 Description and analysis of currents calculation results -- Brief characteristic of the constructed all-year-round Lake Ladoga circulation -- Notes on the reproduction of the thermal bar phenomenon in calculations -- The influence of bottom friction parameterization changes -- Refinement of grid cells steps in computational experiment -- 3.5 Simulation of the Lake Onego climatic circulation -- 3.5.1 Computational procedure -- 3.5.2 The results of thermal regime modelling -- Spring heating period -- Summer heating period -- Autumn cooling period -- Winter cooling period. , 3.5.3 The results of currents simulations -- Conclusion -- 4 Estimation of the lakes' thermohydrodynamic changes under the impact of regional climate change -- 4.1 Climate change over the lakes' catchments -- 4.1.1 Climatic features and their variability -- 4.1.2 Probable climate changes over the lakes' catchments -- Lake Ladoga -- The tendencies of climate parameter change over the Lake Onego catchment -- 4.1.3 Estimates of potential changes in the thermal regime of the lakes by 2050 -- Feasible water mass temperature estimations for Lake Onego in 2000-2050 -- Conclusions -- 4.2 Modelling the thermohydrodynamics of the lakes under different climatic conditions -- 4.2.1 Modelling thermohydrodynamics: statement of the problem and numerical experiments -- 4.2.2 Analysis of the results of simulations -- Lake Ladoga -- Lake Onego -- Conclusion -- 5 Three-dimensional ecosystem model of a large stratified lake -- 5.1 Modelling the functioning of the lake ecosystems: state of the art -- 5.2 Aquatic ecosystem mathematical model -- Model equations -- Boundary conditions -- Substance quality variation laws in the waterbody -- About the reproduction of waterbody ecosystem functioning -- 5.3 Discrete models -- 5.3.1 Discretization of the solution domain -- Grids and grid domain -- 5.3.2 Reproduction of transport, turbulent diffusion and the sedimentation of substances in the model -- Utilization of hydrodynamic information -- Approximation of transport, turbulent diffusion and sedimentation processes -- 5.3.3 Reproduction of the transformation of substances -- 5.3.4 Total variation of the concentration of substances in additional division cells -- 5.3.5 Discrete analogue of the total substances content variation law in lake waters -- 5.3.6 Changes in the discrete model with coarsening of the domain decomposition -- 6 Ecosystem models of Lakes Ladoga and Onego. , 6.1 The history of the ecosystem modelling of Lakes Ladoga and Onego -- Lake Ladoga ecosystem model developed by Menshutkin and Vorobyeva (1987) -- The model developed by Leonov, Ostashenko and Lapteva (1991) -- The third model -- Modelling of the Lake Onego ecosystem -- 6.2 Complex of Lake Ladoga ecosystem models -- The basic model of the complex (Astrakhantsev et al., 2003) -- Ecosystem model with three trophic levels (Astrakhantsev et al., 2003) -- Ecosystem model, including the zoobenthos submodel (Astrakhantsev et al., 2003) -- 6.3 Ecosystem model for Lake Onego, based on the turnover of biogens - nitrogen and phosphorus -- 6.3.1 Ecological formulation of the model -- 6.3.2 Mathematical formulation of the model -- Boundary conditions -- Variation laws -- 6.3.3 The discrete model -- Biotic block of the model -- Total variation of substances content in cells II 1/2 ijk -- Discrete analogues ofthe variation laws -- 6.3.4 Reproduction of Lake Onego annual ecosystem functioning -- Analysis of modelling results -- Conclusions -- 6.4 Lake Ladoga phytoplankton succession ecosystem model -- 6.4.1 Formulation of the model -- Ecological structure of the model -- Phytoplankton succession in Lake Ladoga -- The model mathematical formulation -- Boundary conditions -- Variation law of total phosphorus -- 6.4.2 The discrete model -- Biotic block of the model -- Phytoplankton -- Zooplankton -- Detritus -- Oxygen -- 6.4.3 Model verification, computation experiments -- 6.4.4 Reproduction of phytoplankton succession -- Conclusion -- 7 Estimating potential changes in Lakes Ladoga and Onego under human and climatic impact -- 7.1 Modelling changes in the Lake Ladoga ecosystem under different scenarios of climate change and anthropogenic loading -- 7.1.1 Modelling changes in the ecosystem under different scenarios of climate change. , Description of computational experiments -- Analysis of modelling results -- Conclusion -- 7.1.2 Modelling changes in the ecosystem under different scenarios of climate change and changes in the level of anthropogenic loading -- Scenarios in computational experiments -- Modelling results analysis -- Conclusion -- 7.2 Modelling changes in the Lake Onego ecosystem under different scenarios of climate change and anthropogenic loading -- Description of the computational experiments -- Conclusion -- 8 Lake Ladoga and Lake Onego models of fish communities -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Model description -- 8.3 The models study -- 9 Natural resources of Lakes Ladoga and Onego and sustainable development of the region -- 9.1 Water supply and management in the catchments. Legal and regulatory aspects of water use -- 9.2 Assimilation potential of lake ecosystems and sustainable development of the region -- 9.2.1 Introduction -- 9.2.2 Assimilation potential of the natural environment -- 9.2.3 Quantification of the assimilation potential of the ecosystems of Lakes Ladoga and Onego -- 9.2.4 Economic quantification of assimilation potential -- 9.2.5 Mathematical economic model -- 9.2.6 Computational experiments -- 9.2.7 Conclusions -- Afterword -- References -- Index.