Schlagwort(e):
Renewable energy sources.
;
Electronic books.
Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis:
This book examines how biomass markets and international trade of biomass and biofuels has developed over the years, and presents a clear view on how to build working sustainable international biomass markets in the future.
Materialart:
Online-Ressource
Seiten:
1 online resource (234 pages)
Ausgabe:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9789400769823
Serie:
Lecture Notes in Energy Series ; v.52
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1538634
DDC:
333.9539
Sprache:
Englisch
Anmerkung:
Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1: A General Introduction to International Bioenergy Trade -- 1.1 Background of the Book -- 1.2 Global Sketch of the Current Role of Bioenergy in the Global Energy Supply and the Role of International Bioenergy Trade -- 1.3 Main Drivers and Major Barriers for Future Development in International Bioenergy Markets and Trade -- 1.4 Possible Future Potentials and Future Deployment for Bioenergy and Implications for International Markets -- 1.5 Key Priority Areas for Future Bioenergy Markets -- 1.6 Set-Up of the Book -- References -- Chapter 2: Developments in International Liquid Biofuel Trade -- 2.1 Introduction, Objective, and Methodology -- 2.2 Developments in Liquid Biofuel Production -- 2.2.1 Biodiesel Related Vegetable Oil Production -- 2.2.2 Biodiesel Production -- 2.2.3 Fuel Ethanol Production -- 2.2.3.1 Emerging Markets in Africa -- 2.2.3.2 Emerging Markets in Asia -- 2.3 Developments in International Trade 2005-2011 -- 2.3.1 Biodiesel -- 2.3.2 Fuel Ethanol -- 2.4 Links Between Agricultural and Liquid Biofuel Markets -- 2.4.1 Evolution of Commodity Prices -- 2.4.2 Biofuel Feedstocks in Relation to Production and Trade Volumes of Agricultural Commodities -- 2.4.2.1 Corn for Ethanol in the United States -- 2.4.2.2 Corn and Wheat for Ethanol in China and the EU -- 2.4.2.3 Sugarcane for Ethanol in Brazil -- 2.4.2.4 Vegetable Oil for Biodiesel -- 2.4.2.5 Biodiesel in Europe -- 2.4.2.6 Biodiesel in North and South America -- 2.4.2.7 Biodiesel in South-East Asia -- 2.5 Policies and Other Influencing Factors -- 2.6 Outlook and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Global Woody Biomass Trade for Energy -- 3.1 Background, Objective, and Methodology -- 3.2 Global Production and Trade Developments -- 3.3 Total Energy Related, Policy-Driven International Trade -- 3.3.1 Net Trade for Energy.
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3.3.2 Indirect Trade of Raw Materials for Energy -- 3.4 Wood Chip and Wood Pellet Market Developments -- 3.4.1 Wood Chips -- 3.4.2 Wood Pellets -- 3.4.3 Country Examples: Wood Pellet Markets -- 3.5 Policies and Market Factors Shaping International Woody Biomass for Energy Trade -- 3.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4: Development of Bioenergy Trade in Four Different Settings - The Role of Potential and Policies -- 4.1 Introduction - Role of Bioenergy in Different Countries -- 4.2 Imports and Exports of Different Countries -- 4.3 Bioenergy Policy -- 4.4 Country Case Studies -- 4.4.1 Germany -- 4.4.1.1 General Introduction -- 4.4.1.2 Biomass for Energy - Production and Consumption -- 4.4.1.3 Biomass for Energy - Prices -- 4.4.1.4 Biomass for Energy - Trade -- 4.4.2 Canada -- 4.4.2.1 General Introduction -- 4.4.2.2 Biomass for Energy - Production and Consumption -- 4.4.2.3 Biomass for Energy - Prices -- 4.4.2.4 Biomass for Energy - Trade -- 4.4.3 Brazil -- 4.4.3.1 General Introduction -- 4.4.3.2 Biomass for Energy - Production and Consumption -- 4.4.3.3 Biomass for Energy - Prices -- 4.4.3.4 Biomass for Energy - Trade -- 4.4.4 Finland -- 4.4.4.1 General Introduction -- 4.4.4.2 Biomass for Energy - Production and Consumption -- 4.4.4.3 Biomass for Energy - Prices -- 4.4.4.4 Biomass for Energy - Trade -- 4.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Optimization of Biomass Transport and Logistics -- 5.1 The Role of Transport and Logistics in Achieving Global Bioenergy Targets -- 5.1.1 Geographic Incongruity of Resource Production and Energy Demand -- 5.1.2 Overcoming Geographic Incongruities Within Cost Constraints -- 5.2 Logistics, Quality, and Market Challenges that Inhibit Global Bioenergy Industry Expansion -- 5.2.1 The Problem with Biomass -- 5.2.2 Case Study: Global Grain Trade System.
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5.2.3 Emulating Grain and Flour Industry Approach to Overcome Natural Disadvantages of Biomass -- 5.2.4 Implications for Bioenergy Feedstock Trade -- 5.2.5 Maritime-Specific Transport and Logistics Challenges -- 5.3 Overcoming Logistics, Quality, and Market Challenges -- 5.3.1 Leveraging or Adapting Existing Infrastructure -- 5.3.2 Implementing Technologies to Make Feedstocks More Infrastructure-Compatible -- 5.3.3 Implementing Technologies to Manage Feedstock Variability -- 5.4 Least-Cost Formulation to Enable Industry Expansion -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: The Role of Sustainability Requirements in International Bioenergy Markets -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Sustainability Requirements in Legislation -- 6.2.1 European Union -- 6.2.1.1 Selected Examples -- 6.2.2 United States -- 6.2.3 Latin America -- 6.3 Voluntary Certification Systems -- 6.3.1 Introduction -- 6.3.2 Implementation of Relevant Schemes -- 6.4 Market Impacts -- 6.4.1 Trade Dynamics for Liquid Biofuels -- 6.4.2 Trade Dynamics for Solid Biomass -- 6.5 Issues Related to Sustainability Governance -- 6.5.1 Policies and Regulations -- 6.5.2 Voluntary Certification and Their Link to Policy and Legislation -- 6.5.3 Development and Implementation of Certification Schemes -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7: Drivers and Barriers for Bioenergy Trade -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Drivers for Bioenergy Trade -- 7.2.1 Legal and Regulatory Drivers -- 7.2.1.1 Globally: Kyoto -- 7.2.1.2 European Union: Renewable Energy Directive (Including Biofuels) -- 7.2.1.3 USA: RFS-2 -- 7.2.2 Economic Drivers -- 7.2.2.1 Subsidy Schemes -- 7.2.3 Commodity Prices -- 7.3 Barriers for Bioenergy Trade -- 7.3.1 National/Regional Protectionist Policies and Tariff Barriers -- 7.3.2 Technical Standards/Technical Barriers to Trade -- 7.3.2.1 Liquid Biofuels -- 7.3.2.2 Solid Biomass.
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7.3.3 Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures -- 7.3.4 Health and Safety Issues When Transporting Solid Biomass Over Long Distances -- 7.3.5 Possible Impact of Sustainability Criteria on Trade -- 7.4 Discussion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 8: Medium and Long-Term Perspectives of International Bioenergy Trade -- 8.1 Global Scenarios of Bioenergy Demand and the Question of Bioenergy Trade -- 8.2 Global Models of Bioenergy Trade -- 8.2.1 Selected Models for Scenario Comparison -- 8.2.2 Scenario Settings -- 8.3 Perspectives of International Bioenergy Trade: Selected Scenarios -- 8.4 Synthesis and Conclusions: Future Challenges and Perspectives of Global Bioenergy Trade -- 8.4.1 Analysis and Discussion of Robust Trends and Trade Patterns -- 8.4.2 Future Challenges and Open Questions for International Bioenergy Trade -- References -- Chapter 9: Financing Bioenergy Trade: Making It Happen -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 International Biomass Trade and Investments -- 9.2.1 Biomass Supply Chains of International Biomass Trade -- 9.2.2 Short Overview of Investment Activities in International Biomass Trade, Drivers and Future Bottlenecks -- 9.2.2.1 Production -- 9.2.2.2 Preconditioning -- 9.2.2.3 Transportation and Handling -- 9.2.3 Basic Considerations for Investments -- 9.2.3.1 Biomass Demand -- 9.2.3.2 Biomass Supply -- 9.2.3.3 Bioenergy Risk -- 9.2.3.4 Country Risk -- 9.2.3.5 Investment Selection Criteria -- 9.3 Investors in Biomass Trade Supply Chains -- 9.3.1 Government -- 9.3.2 Industry -- 9.3.3 Institutional Investors -- 9.3.4 Private Investors -- 9.4 Financing Investments in Biomass Supply Chains -- 9.4.1 Grants and Subsidies -- 9.4.2 Debt -- 9.4.3 Private Equity -- 9.5 Synchronize Investments with Existing Mandates and Future Biomass Demand -- 9.5.1 Possible Effects of Under Investments -- 9.5.2 Mandates and Financing -- 9.5.3 Possible Ways Forward.
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9.6 Synthesis -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 10: Synthesis and Recommendations -- 10.1 Main Insights and Lessons from This Book -- 10.1.1 Bioenergy Trade in a Nutshell -- 10.1.2 Policy as Main Driver -- 10.1.3 The Importance of Sustainability -- 10.1.4 The Role of Efficient Logistics and Pretreatment Technologies -- 10.1.5 Tradeable Feedstocks and the Biorefinery -- 10.1.6 Barriers -- 10.1.7 Future Demand -- 10.1.8 Economic Opportunities -- 10.2 The Way Forward - Actions Required from Stakeholders -- 10.2.1 Policy Makers -- 10.2.2 NGO's -- 10.2.3 Academia -- 10.2.4 Industry -- 10.3 Closing Remarks -- a Vision on Future Bio-based Economy, International Markets and Trade -- References -- Index.
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