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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Chemical Signalling in the Basal Ganglia. (1993)
    San Diego :Elsevier Science & Technology,
    Details
    Keywords: Neurons -- Congresses. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (371 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780080862248
    Series Statement: Issn Series
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=349588
    Language: English
    Note: Front Cover -- Chemical Signalling in the Basal Ganglia -- Copyright Page -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: The Sources of the Signals -- Chapter 1. The cellular framework for chemical signalling in the nucleus accumbens -- Chapter 2. Cholinergic neurons of the rat and primate striatum are morphologically different -- Chapter 3. In vivo studies of the postnatal development of rat neostriatal neurons -- Chapter 4. GABAergic circuits of the striatum -- Chapter 5. Convergence of synaptic terminals from the striatum and the globus pallidus onto single neurones in the substantia nigra and the entopeduncular nucleus -- Chapter 6. Striatal and subthalamic afferents to the primate pallidum: interactions between two opposite chemospecific neuronal systems -- Chapter 7. The distribution of GABAA-benzodiazepine receptors in the basal ganglia in Huntington's disease and in the quinolinic acid-lesioned rat -- Chapter 8. Chemical signalling in the globus pallidus in parkinsonism -- Part II: The Genetic Control of Signalling -- Chapter 9. Regulation of glutamic acid decarboxylase gene expression in efferent neurons of the basal ganglia -- Chapter 10. Chemical signalling and striatal interneurones -- Chapter 11. Dopamine receptors: structure and function -- Chapter 12. Neuroleptics and striatal neuropeptide gene expression -- Chapter 13. Neurochemically specialized projection neurons of the striatum respond differentially to psychomotor stimulants -- Part III: Responses to Signals -- Chapter 14. Functionally selective neurochemical afferents and efferents of the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopamine system -- Chapter 15. Reward-related activity in monkey striatum and substantia nigra -- Chapter 16. The organization of somatosensory activity in dorsolateral striatum of the rat. , Chapter 17. Neurotransmitter receptors and ionic conductances regulating the activity of neurones in substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area -- Chapter 18. The generation of natural firing patterns in neostriatal neurons -- Chapter 19. Chemical modulation of synaptic transmission in the striatum -- Chapter 20. D1 and D2 dopamine receptor modulation of sodium and potassium currents in rat neostriatal neurons -- Chapter 21. The corticostriatal system on computer simulation: an intermediate mechanism for sequencing of actions -- Chapter 22. The thorny problem of what dopamine does in psychiatric disease -- Subject Index.
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    GEOMAR EBL
  • 2
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Peptides and Neurological Disease. (1987)
    San Diego :Elsevier Science & Technology,
    Details
    Keywords: Neuropeptides -- Testing. ; Electronic books.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (393 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780080861913
    Series Statement: Issn Series
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=404995
    DDC: 612.82
    Language: English
    Note: Front Cover -- Peptides and Neurological Disease -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Preface -- Frequently Occurring Abbreviations -- Section I: Introduction -- Chapter 1. Immunohistochemical techniques -- Section II: Basal Ganglia -- Chapter 2. Distribution of peptides in basal ganglia -- Chapter 3. Physiology of peptides in basal ganglia -- Chapter 4. Neuropeptides and the pathology of Huntington's disease -- Chapter 5. Neuropeptides and Parkinson's disease -- Section III: Cerebral Cortex -- Chapter 6. Morphology and distribution of peptide-containing neurones in the cerebral cortex -- Chapter 7. Cerebral changes in Alzheimer's disease -- Chapter 8. Neuropeptides and dementia -- Chapter 9. Neuropeptides and schizophrenia -- Section IV: Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nervous System -- Chapter 10. Neuropeptides in spinal cord -- Chapter 11. Neurochemistry and neural circuitry in the dorsal horn -- Chapter 12. Peptides in the peripheral nervous system -- Chapter 13. Peptides in body fluids in pain -- Section V: Therapeutic Perspectives -- Chapter 14. The design of antagonists of regulatory peptides, and comments on their specificity -- Chapter 15. Studies on peptide comodulator transmission. New perspective on the treatment of disorders of the central nervous system -- Chapter 16. Clinical relevance of neuropeptide research -- Subject Index.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modulation of In Vivo Striatal Transmitter Release by Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 62 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The effects of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclic GMP on in vivo transmitter release in the rat striatum were investigated using microdialysis sampling in urethane-anaesthetised animals. The NO release-inducing substances S-nitrosoacetylpenicillamine (SNAP), S-nitrosoglutathione (SNOG), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) increased extracellular concentrations of aspartate (Asp), glutamate (Glu), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), taurine (Tau), acetylcholine (ACh), and serotonin (5-HT). Dopamine (DA) concentrations were decreased by SNAP but were increased by SNOG and SNP. An NO scavenger, haemoglobin, blocked or reduced the effects of SNAP on transmitter release. However, the control carrier compounds for SNAP, SNOG, and SNP (penicillamine, glutathione, and potassium ferricyanide, respectively, which do not induce release of NO) also increased GABA, Tau, DA, and 5-HT concentrations. When NO gas was given directly by dissolving it in degassed Ringer's solution, DA concentrations decreased significantly, and those of Asp, Glu, GABA, Tau, ACh, and 5-HT increased. These effects of NO gas were all inhibited by coadministration of haemoglobin and for GABA, Tau, ACh, and DA showed some calcium dependency. The cyclic GMP agonists 8-bromo-cyclic GMP and dibutryl-cyclic GMP stimulated dose-dependent increases in Asp, Glu, GABA, Tau, ACh, DA, and 5-HT concentrations. Increased striatal transmitter release in response to NO may therefore be mediated by its stimulatory action on cyclic GMP formation. NO inhibition of DA release may be mediated indirectly through its stimulation of local cholinergic and GABAergic neurones.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.1994.62020807.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Characterization and Regional Distribution of Peptides Derived from the Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Precursor in the Normal Human Brain (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 53 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: To study the biosynthetic processing of the precursor for vasoactive intestinal peptide (prepro-VIP) in the human brain, we have developed antiseraj against the five functional domains of the precursor molecule: prepro-VIP 22-79, peptide histidine methionine (PHM), prepro-VIP 111-122, VIP, and prepro-VIP 156-170. The antisera were used in radioimmunoassays in combinatioin with HPLC to identify and quantify the peptides in regions of the human brain. All five peptides were expressed, but mainly in non-equimolar ratios. In only three regions were the same amounts of VIP and PHM found; in the remaining areas the concentration of PHM was two-thirds that of VIP. The concentrations of prepro-VIP 22-79, prepro-VIP 111-122, and prepro-VIP 156-170 were considerably lower than the corresponding VIP concentrations, and the relative concentration of prepro-VIP 111-122 differed between cortical and subcortical areas. A small proportion of the VIP precursor followed a pathway in which the dibasic conversion site after PHM is not cleaved, as evidenced by the presence of a C-terminally extended form of PHM. Finally, it was found that the C-terminal lysine residue of prepro-VIP is not removed during processing. The findings indicate that differences in the posttranslational processing of prepro-VIP exist in subpopulations of neurons in the human brain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1989.tb07407.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Subcellular Distribution of Mammalian Tachykinins in Rat Basal Ganglia (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 50 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A combined differential and density gradient centrifugation procedure was used to study the subcellular localisation of the mammalian tachykinins in rat caudateputamen and substantia nigra. Substance P, neurokinin A, neuropeptide K, and neurokinin B were found to be concentrated in the synaptosomal fractions and in fractions containing heavy synaptic vesicles in both regions studied. In contrast, the catecholamines dopamine and noradrenaline had a more widespread distribution throughout the gradient. HPLC analysis of the immunoreactivity recovered showed that the tachykinin immunoreactivity coeluted with the relevant synthetic tachykinins, except in the soluble gradient fraction where neurokinin A immunoreactivity eluted in position consistent with neurokinin A3_10. These results suggest that, in the basal ganglia, the mammalian tachykinins are localised in fractions containing large dense cored synaptic vesicles. This vesicular localisation would be consistent with the proposed role of the tachykinins as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb02931.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationship of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Immunoreactivity to GnRH Neurons in the Ovariectomized and Intact Female Rat (1996)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 8 (1996), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The present study has used a rat neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) antibody to examine the relationship of nNOS immunoreactivity to GnRH neurons in the ovariectomized and intact diestrous and proestrous rat. A striking band of nNOS-immunoreactive cells was identified in the rostral preoptic area which began in the median preoptic nucleus and organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis and formed an inverted Y-type distribution above the rostral third ventricle at the level of the anteroventral periventricular nucleus. Another band of nNOS-immunoreactivity was found extending through the internal zone of the median eminence into the arcuate nucleus. Although nNOS immunoreactivity was not detected within GnRH neuronal cell bodies in any of the experimental groups, GnRH perikarya located in the rostral preoptic area, but not elsewhere, were found to be surrounded by nNOS-containing cells. In the median eminence, nNOS and GnRH immunoreactivities were distributed separately in the internal and external zones, respectively.These results provide evidence that, regardless of their pattern of activity, GnRH neurons in the female rat do not express nNOS. Instead, a close anatomical relationship between nNOS-immunoreactive cells and GnRH perikarya and fibers has been identified within specific sub-regions of the rostral preoptic area and in the median eminence. Such findings are compatible with a role for NO at both sites in regulating the release of GnRH throughout the estrous cycle.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1996.tb00688.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Evidence for the Co-Expression of Oxytocin and Vasopressin Messenger Ribonucleic Acids in Magnocellular Neurosecretory Cells: Simultaneous Demonstration of Two Neurohypophysin Messenger Ribonucleic Acids by Hybridization Histochemistry (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 2 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A novel enzyme-labelled oligonucleotide probe specific for oxytocin messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and a radiolabelled oligonucleotide probe specific for vasopressin mRNA were used together to visualize both oxytocin and vasopressin mRNA's in hypothalamus sections from salt loaded (2% saline) rats. The results demonstrate that the majority of magnocellular neurons contain only oxytocin or vasopressin mRNA, however a small number of neurons, 1% to 2%, contained both oxytocin and vasopressin transcripts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1990.tb00401.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous Visualization of Vasopressin and Oxytocin mRNA- Containing Neurons in the Hypothalamus Using Non-Radioactive in situ Hybridization Histochemistry (1989)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neuroendocrinology 1 (1989), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2826
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: In situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) using synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide probes has been used to demonstrate the sites of expression of mRNA for vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OXT) in the rat brain. ISHH was performed with two types of non-radioactive probes, labelled with either alkaline phosphatase or 5′-biotin. Simultaneous detection of the mRNAs for both AVP and OXT was achieved using an alkaline phosphatase substrate for the AVP probe and an anti-biotin monoclonal (mouse) antibody for the OXT probe. These probes revealed two non-overlapping populations of AVP and OXT neurons on the same section.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2826.1989.tb00081.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Contrasting Effects of Raclopride and SCH 23390 on the Cellular Content of Preproenkephalin A mRNA in Rat Striatum: A Quantitative Non-radioactive In Situ Hybridization Study (1992)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 4 (1992), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The effects of acute i. p. administration of selective dopamine (DA) receptor antagonists on the expression of preproenkephalin A (PPE A) mRNA was investigated in the adult rat striatum. Animals were injected with either (a) a selective D1 receptor antagonist SCH 23390 (0.25 mg/kg), (b) a selective D2 receptor antagonist raclopride (5 mg/kg), or (c) SCH 23388 (0.25 mg/kg), the (S)-enantiomer of SCH 23390. Control naive animals did not receive an injection. At specific time points following drug administration (1, 3 or 9 h), rats were killed and striatal tissue processed for in situ hybridization with an alkaline phosphatase-labelled oligonucleotide probe complementary to a portion of the rat PPE A cDNA. Treatment of rats with SCH 23388 did not affect the content of PPE A mRNA expressed by striatal cells at any time point. However, 1 h after SCH 23390 administration, a significant decrease in striatal PPE A mRNA was detected, reflected by a decrease in the cellular content of mRNA. No significant changes in PPE A mRNA were detected in raclopride-treated sections at this time point. In contrast, both 3 and 9 h after an injection of raclopride a significant increase in the cellular content of PPE A mRNA was detected in the striatum. No change in the cellular content of mRNA was detected in SCH 23390-treated rats at these two latter time points. Throughout the striatum -46% of neurons were found to express PPE A mRNA, with the highest percentage of cells (55%) being detected in the mid-caudal striatum. No significant differences in striatal DA content were detected with any drug treatment using HPLC electrochemical detection methods. These results demonstrate that acute administration of the DA D1 and D2 receptor antagonists has contrasting effects on the cellular content of PPE A mRNA in the adult rat striatum. These effects may reflect changes in the rate of mRNA transcription which may be mediated by cAMP.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.1992.tb00113.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Somatostatin receptor 2 knockout/lacZ knockin mice show impaired motor coordination and reveal sites of somatostatin action within the striatum (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science, Ltd
    European journal of neuroscience 17 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1460-9568
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The peptide somatostatin can modulate the functional output of the basal ganglia. The exact sites and mechanisms of this action, however, are poorly understood, and the physiological context in which somatostatin acts is unknown. Somatostatin acts as a neuromodulator via a family of five 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors, SSTR1–5, one of which, SSTR2, is known to be functional in the striatum. We have investigated the role of SSTR2 in basal ganglia function using mice in which Sstr2 has been inactivated and replaced by the lacZ reporter gene. Analysis of Sstr2lacZ expression in the brain by β-galactosidase histochemistry demonstrated a widespread pattern of expression. By comparison to previously published in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical data, Sstr2lacZ expression was shown to accurately recapitulate that of Sstr2 and thus provided a highly sensitive model to investigate cell-type-specific expression of Sstr2. In the striatum, Sstr2 expression was identified in medium spiny projection neurons restricted to the matrix compartment and in cholinergic interneurons. Sstr2 expression was not detected in any other nuclei of the basal ganglia except for a sparse number of nondopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Microdialysis in the striatum showed Sstr2-null mice were selectively refractory to somatostatin-induced dopamine and glutamate release. In behavioural tests, Sstr2-null mice showed normal levels of locomotor activity and normal coordination in undemanding tasks. However, in beam-walking, a test of fine motor control, Sstr2-null mice were severely impaired. Together these data implicate an important neuromodulatory role for SSTR2 in the striatum.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02629.x
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