Keywords:
Skin -- Measurement.
;
Bioengineering.
;
Skin absorption.
;
Dehydration (Physiology).
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
Bioengineering of the skin, or more precisely the biophysical assessment of skin physiology, is moving rapidly from a descriptive approach to a deeper understanding of biophysical and biochemical processes. This second edition of the popular text Bioengineering of the Skin: Water and Stratum Corneum reflects the progress in the field, focusing on the dramatically improved understanding of skin physiology. Specifically, it reviews the shift in our understanding of the stratum corneum from an inert surrounding sheet to a biologically active compartment. The stratum corneum is the interface between the sometimes harsh environment and the internal turmoil of the human body. Based on a large number of recent publications, this book explains the mechanisms involved in stratum corneum barrier function and hydration. It reflects 10 years of progress not only of the non-invasive biophysical assessment of skin physiology parameter, but also of the perfection of the available devices. It brings all research on epidermal water and transepidermal water loss in health and disease up-to-date with the revision of existing chapters as well as added chapters from new contributors on hydration and itching. This edition also includes new guidelines on the standardization of measurements. Bioengineering of the Skin will enhance communication within the research community and will be useful for scientists in the skin bioengineering field by presenting methods that offer reliable and reproducible approaches for product testing in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as well as for basic research.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (440 pages)
Edition:
2nd ed.
ISBN:
9781420040111
Series Statement:
Dermatology: Clinical and Basic Science Series
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1405698
DDC:
617
Language:
English
Note:
Front cover -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Biographies -- Contributors -- Table of Contents -- Part I -- Introduction -- 1 -- Water-Lipid Interaction -- I. Introduction -- II. Lipid Classes Found in the Epidermis -- A. Fatty Acids -- B. Phospholipids and Cholesterol -- C. Glycolipids -- D. Ceramides -- E. Cholesterol Sulfate -- F. Cholesteryl Esters -- III. Stratum Corneum Lipids -- A. Chemistry -- B. Phase Behavior -- IV. Stratum Corneum Lipid Liposomes -- A. Experimental Applications -- B. Commercial Applications -- References -- 2 -- Water-Keratin Interactions -- I. Introduction -- II. SC and Hair: Similarities and Differences -- III. Sorption Isotherms of Keratins and Other Related Techniques -- IV. Tightly Bound Water -- V. Bound Water -- VI. Free Water -- VII. Influence of Lipids and Hydrosoluble Materials -- VIII. SC and Hair Swelling -- IX. Conclusion -- References -- 3 -- Stratum Corneum pH and Ions - Distribution and Importance -- I. Ph of Stratum Corneum - Formation and Importance -- A. Introduction -- B. Methods of Measurement -- C. Mechanisms Leading to SC Acidification -- 1. Histidine-to-Urocanic Acid Pathway -- 2. Phospholipid-to-Free Fatty Acid Pathway -- 3. Membrane Antiporters Regulate SC Acidification and Function -- D. Factors Affecting Human Surface pH -- 1. Endogenous Factors, Unrelated to Pathological Features -- 2. Gender -- 3. Endogenous Factors Related to Clinical Pathological Situations -- 4. Exogenous Factors -- E. Importance of pH for the Barrier -- F. pH Antimicrobial Function -- II. Ions -- A. Calcium -- 1. Distribution of the Calcium Ion within the Epidermis and the Cellular Compartments -- 2. Ontogenesis of the Calcium Gradient -- 3. Visualization of the Calcium Distribution in the Epidermis -- 4. Barrier Disruption and Calcium (Figure 3.3) -- 5. Electric Potential and Calcium -- 6. Origin of the Calcium Gradient.
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7. Calcium as a Second Messenger -- 8. Importance of the Calcium Ion -- 9. Pathologic Conditions and Calcium -- B. Magnesium -- C. Potassium -- D. Sodium -- References -- 4 -- Occlusion -- I. Definition -- II. Epidermal Effects -- A. Role of Water -- B. Effects on Intraepidermal Processes -- III. Influence of the Occlusion Time -- IV. Occlusive Materials and Wound Healing -- V. Absorption -- VI. Therapeutic USE -- VII. Measurement Parameters and Techniques -- VIII. Conclusions -- References -- Part II -- Transepidermal Water Loss and Barrier Function -- 5 -- Transepidermal Water Loss Measurements in Dermato-Cosmetic Sciences -- I. Introduction -- II. TEWL Measurement Techniques -- III. Variables Affecting TEWL Measurements -- A. Environmental Conditions-Linked Variables -- 1. Probe Temperature -- 2. Air Circulation -- 3. Environmental Temperature and Relative Humidity -- 4. Light Sources -- 5. Ionizing Radiation -- B. Person-Linked Variables -- 1. Age and Gender -- 2. Ethnic Differences -- 3. Anatomical Sites -- 4. Skin Surface Temperature and Sweating -- 5. Skin Damage and Diseases -- 6. Circadian Rhythm -- 7. Stress -- III. Applications of TEWL Measurements -- A. Claim Support for Cosmetic Products -- 1. Skin Mildness -- 2. Reduction of Irritative Skin Reactions -- 3. Modulation of the Barrier Function -- 4. Protection of the Skin in Occupational Settings -- 5. Increase in Skin Hydration, Improvement of Moisturizing Properties of Skin Care Products -- 6. Positive Effect on the Shaving Process -- 7. Protective Effects against Ultraviolet Damage -- B. Development of Innovative Cosmetic Ingredients and Finished Products -- C. Use of Noninvasive Methodology in Safety Testing of Cosmetics on Human Skin -- D. Improvement of Topical Therapeutic Treatment by the Use of Noninvasive Methodology -- IV. Conclusion -- References -- 6.
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Ultrasound and Water in the Stratum Corneum -- I. Introduction -- II. Ultrasound and Water Content in Irritant Reactions -- References -- 7 -- Standardization of Measurements and Guidelines -- I. Introduction -- II. Sources of Error and Associated Variables -- A. Instrument-Related Variables -- 1. Instrumental Variability, Start-Up, and Use -- 2. Zeroing -- 3. Measuring -- 4. Zero Drift -- 5. Use of the Probe Protection Covers -- 6. Calibration -- 7. Accuracy -- B. Environment-Related Variables -- 1. Air Convections -- 2. Ambient Air Temperature -- 3. Ambient Air Humidity -- 4. Light Sources -- 5. Skin Cleansing -- C. Individual-Related Variables -- 1. Age, Sex, and Race -- 2. Anatomical Sites -- 3. Sweating -- 4. Skin Surface Temperature -- 5. Skin Damage and Diseases -- 6. Circadian Rhythm -- 7. Intra- and Interindividual Variation -- III. Conclusions -- References -- 8 -- Transepidermal Water Loss and Its Relation to Barrier Function and Skin Irritation -- I. Definition of Transepidermal Water Loss -- II. Stratum Corneum Constituents and Barrier Function -- III. Measuring TEWL -- IV. TEWL as a Measure for Barrier Function -- V. TEWL as a Tool to Study the Irritant Potential of Chemicals -- VI. TEWL as a Tool to Monitor Disease Activity -- VII. TEWL as a Predictor for Susceptibility for Skin Irritation and Irritant Contact Dermatitis -- References -- 9 -- Transepidermal Water Loss and Allergic Contact Dermatitis -- I. Introduction -- II. TEWL Values in Patients with ACD -- A. Eczematous Skin -- B. Baseline Barrier Function at Healthy Skin Sites -- C. Skin Hyperreactivity -- D. ACD and Irritation -- III. TEWL and Patch Tests -- IV. TEWL and Topical Agents for ACD -- References -- 10 -- Prediction of Irritancy -- I. Introduction -- II. Extrinsic Factors -- A. Type of Compound -- B. Concentration of the Compound.
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C. Duration of Exposure in the One-Time Occlusive Patch Test -- D. Other Exposure Methods -- III. Intrinsic Factors -- A. Preexposure Barrier Function -- B. Concomitant (Atopic) Dermatitis on Another Body Region -- C. The Influence of Mucosal Atopy on Skin Susceptibility -- D. Genetic Factors -- E. Prior Exposure to Irritants and Other Personal Habits -- IV. Predictive Testing in the Occupational Setting -- V. Comments -- References -- 11 -- Transepidermal Water Loss and Racial Differences -- I. Introduction -- II. Barrier Function -- III. Biophysical Parameters -- IV. Irritation -- V. Conclusion -- References -- 12 -- Sensitive Skin and Transepidermal Water Loss -- I. Epidemiology of Sensitive Skin -- II. What Is Subjective/Sensory Irritation? -- III. Pathomechanism -- IV. Correlation of Self-Assessed Effects and Subclinical Change -- V. Special Attributes of Skin of Stingers -- VI. Barrier Function of Stingers -- VII. Correlation of TEWL and Sensory Irritation -- References -- 13 -- Transepidermal Water Loss and Barrier Function of Aging Human Skin -- Abstract -- I. Introduction -- A. Stratum Corneum as a Physical Barrier -- B. TEWL Measurements to Examine Skin Barrier Properties -- II. Cutaneous Permeability Barrier in the Elderly -- A. TEWL of Aging Skin -- B. Percutaneous Penetration and Skin Aging -- C. Proclivity to Skin Irritation of the Elderly -- III. Discussion -- A. Physicochemical Interpretation -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- 14 -- Atopic Dermatitis and Other Skin Diseases -- Abstract -- I. Introduction -- II. TEWL in Atopic Dermatitis -- A. The Eczematous Skin in Atopic Dermatitis -- B. The Noneczematous Skin in Atopics -- C. TEWL as Predictor for the Development of Irritant Contact Dermatitis in Atopics? -- III. TEWL in Psoriasis and in Different Forms of Congenital Keratinization Disorders -- A. PSORIASIS.
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B. Congenital Keratinization Disorders -- References -- 15 -- Transepidermal Water Loss and Dry Skin -- I. Introduction -- II. Characteristics of Dry Skin -- A. Clinical Symptoms -- B. Chemical Analysis -- C. Morphology and Function -- III. Dry Skin and Defects in the Barrier Function -- A. Genetic Factors -- B. Environmental and Behavioral Factors -- IV. Techniques for Barrier Function Assessment -- V. Treatment Effects -- VI. Conclusion -- References -- 16 -- Bioengineering Correlates of the Sensitive Skin Syndrome: The Sensory Irritation Component -- I. Defining Sensitive Skin -- II. Modeling the Sensory Irritation Component of the Sensitive Skin Syndrome: The Lactic Acid Sting Test (LAST) -- III. Factors Determining Chemically Induced Stinging -- IV. Stingers vs. Nonstingers: Differences Presumed Apparent from Bioengineering Measurements -- A. Statistically Significant Correlations -- B. Directional Trends with Less Clearly Established Statistical Significance -- V. Discussion -- References -- 17 -- Barrier Recovery -- Abstract -- I. Introduction -- II. Protective Mechanism of the Epidermis -- III. Barrier Disruption And Repair -- IV. Different Influences on Barrier Repair -- A. Environmental Humidity -- B. Electric Potential -- C. Psychological and Physiological Aspects -- D. Cosmetics -- E. Racial Differences -- V. Summary -- References -- 18 -- Testing the Efficacy of Moisturizers -- I. Introduction -- II. Definitions -- III. TEWL, Hydration of the SC, and Mode of Action of Moisturizers -- A. Water in the SC -- B. TEWL -- C. Effect of Hydration, Relationship with TEWL -- 1. Effects on Healthy Skin with Intact Barrier Function -- 2. Effects on Damaged/Diseased Skin or Skin with Modified Barrier Function -- D. Mode of Action of Moisturizers -- IV. Experimental Measurement of TEWL and Hydration -- A. Measurement of TEWL.
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B. Measurement of Hydration.
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