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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Relationships of serum carotenoids, retinol, α-tocopherol, and selenium with breast cancer risk: results from a prospective study in Columbia, Missouri (United States) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 89-97 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: a-tocopherol ; breast neoplasms ; carotenoids ; nutrition ; retinol ; selenium ; women ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract To evaluate relationships of serum carotenoids, α-tocopherol, selenium, and retinol with breast cancer prospectively, we conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort from the Breast Cancer Serum Bank in Columbia, Missouri (United States). Women free of cancer donated blood to this bank in 1977-87. During up to 9.5 years of follow-up (median = 2.7 years), 105 cases of histologically confirmed breast cancer were diagnosed. For each case, two women alive and free of cancer at the age of the case's diagnosis and matched on age and date of blood collection were selected as controls. A nonsignificant gradient of decreasing risk of breast cancer with increasing serum β-cryptoxanthin was apparent for all women. Serum lycopene also was associated inversely with risk, and among women who donated blood at least two years before diagnosis, a significant gradient of decreasing breast cancer risk with increasing lycopene concentration was evident. Amarginally significant gradient of decreasing risk with increasing serum lutein/zeaxanthin also was apparent among these women. We did not observe any evidence for protective effects of α- and β-carotene, α-tocopherol, retinol, or selenium for breast cancer. Results of this study suggest that the carotenoids β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, and lutein/zeaxanthin may protect against breast cancer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008857521992
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum hormone levels in relation to reproductive and lifestyle factors in postmenopausal women (United States) (1998)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 9 (1998), S. 199-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Body size ; lifestyle factors ; postmenopausal women ; reproductive history ; sex hormones ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objectives: Endogenous sex hormones are thought to be involved in breast and endometrial cancers, but few studies have evaluated the relationships between hormones and risk factors for these diseases. Methods: We related serum hormone and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels to reproductive and lifestyle risk factors in a cross-sectional study of 125 postmenopausal women in five geographic regions of the United States. Results: The estrogens were associated positively, while SHBG was associated negatively with body mass index (wt/ht 2). Estrone, (E1), estrone sulfate, and bioavailable estradiol (BioE2) were inversely associated with height. Androstenedione was positively associated with age at menopause, while androstenedione, E1, estradiol, and BioE2 were inversely associated with age at menarche. Weekly alcohol drinkers had higher hormone levels, and lower SHBG levels than those who abstained. Androstenedione and E1 decreased with increasing levels of nonrecreational activity. Conclusions: Several of these findings support the hypothesis that breast and endometrial cancer risk factors are mediated, in part, through increased endogenous hormone levels. The androstenedione findings are of interest in light of studies relating androstenedione to endometrial and possibly breast cancer. An association of age at menarche with E2, independent of androstenedione, may reflect increased aromatase activity in women with earlier menarche.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008838412423
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Race and sex differences in associations of vegetables, fruits, and carotenoids with lung cancer risk in New Jersey (United States) (1993)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 4 (1993), S. 273-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Blacks ; carotenoids ; diet ; fruit ; lung neoplasms ; sex ; United States ; vegetables ; Whites
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: We used data from a case-control study conducted in New Jersey between 1980 and 1983 to evaluate race and sex differences in associations of vegetable, fruit, and carotenoid consumption with lung cancer. Cases included 736 White males, 860 White females, 269 Black males, and 86 Black females with incident, histologically confirmed, primary cancer of the trachea, bronchus, or lung. Controls were identified through drivers' license and Health Care Financing Administration files and included 548 White males, 473 White females, 170 Black males, and 47 Black females. Usual intakes of vegetables (predominantly yellow/green) and fruit (predominantly yellow/orange) as well as other food sources of carotenoids were ascertained by a food frequency questionnaire. White females showed significant inverse associations of lung cancer with vegetables, fruit, and carotenoids. White males showed nonsignificant inverse associations with vegetables and carotenoids, and Black females just with vegetables. No inverse associations were found for Black males. Vegetable consumption was associated with risk of all histologic types of lung cancer, but the pattern of increasing risk with decreasing intake was limited to smokers. We infer that consumption of yellow/green vegetables and carotenoids may confer protection from lung cancer to White male and White female smokers. Further studies are needed to clarify the effect in Blacks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051322
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relation of reported alcohol ingestion to plasma levels of estrogens and androgens in premenopausal women (Maryland, United States) (1994)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 5 (1994), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Alcohol ; androgens ; estrogens ; ethyl alcohol ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We undertook a cross-sectional study in 107 premenopausal women in Maryland (United States) of alcohol intake and hormonal status in order to evaluate whether plasma hormone levels might mediate the reported positive relation between alcohol ingestion and breast cancer risk. Alcohol ingestion was estimated using a drinking pattern questionnaire, a food frequency questionnaire, and seven-day food records. Fasting blood specimens were collected on days 5–7, 12–15, and 21–23 of each participant's menstrual cycle and pooled to create follicular, midcycle, and luteal phase samples, respectively, for analysis. Estrone, estrone sulfate, estradiol, androstenedione, and dehydropiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) in plasma were measured by radioimmunoassay, and sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was measured by an immunoradiometric assay. After adjusting for age, weight, and total energy intake, alcohol ingestion was not associated with plasma estrogens in the follicular, midcycle, or luteal phases of the menstrual cycle, nor with the level of SHBG or DHEAS in plasma averaged from the three phases of the cycle. Alcohol, however, was significantly positively associated with the average level of plasma androstenedione. Based on these cross-sectional findings among premenopausal women, the increased risk of breast cancer related to alcohol ingestion does not appear to be mediated by elevated plasma estrogen levels. Androstenedione, however, may mediate the alcohol/breast cancer-association.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01830726
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum organochlorine pesticides and PCBs and breast cancer risk: results from a prospective analysis (USA) (1999)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 10 (1999), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: breast neoplasms ; epidemiology ; organochlorine pesticides ; polychlorinated biphenyls
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Objective: To prospectively evaluate relationships of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) with breast cancer, we conducted a case-control study nested in a cohort using the Columbia, Missouri Breast Cancer Serum Bank. Methods: Women donated blood in 1977–87, and during up to 9.5 years follow-up, 105 donors who met the inclusion criteria for the current study were diagnosed with breast cancer. For each case, two controls matched on age and date of blood collection were selected. Five DDT [2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1- trichloroethane] analogs, 13 other organochlorine pesticides, and 27 PCBs were measured in serum. Results: Women in the upper three quartiles of hexachlorobenzene were at twice the risk of breast cancer compared to those in the lowest quartile. However, there was no evidence for a dose-response relationship, and the association was limited to women whose blood was collected close to the time of diagnosis. Women with higher serum levels of other organochlorine pesticides and PCBs showed no increased risk of breast cancer overall, although positive associations were suggested for PCB-118 and PCB-138 when blood was collected close to the time of diagnosis. Conclusions: Results of this study do not support a role for organochlorine pesticides and PCBs in breast cancer etiology.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008824131727
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The relation of body size to plasma levels of estrogens and androgens in premenopausal women (Maryland, United States) (1995)
    Springer
    Cancer causes & control 6 (1995), S. 3-8 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-7225
    Keywords: Androgens ; estrogens ; height ; weight ; United States
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We analyzed data from a cross-sectional study of 107 premenopausal women to evaluate the relations of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) with plasma hormone levels. Participants were 20- to 40-year old women residing in Maryland (United States), whose reported menstrual cycle lengths were not more than 35 days and whose measured weights for height were 85 to 130 percent of ‘desirable’ based on 1983 Metropolitan Life Insurance tables. Fasting blood specimens were collected on each of days 5–7, 12–15, and 21–23 of every participant's menstrual cycle and pooled to create follicular, midcycle, and luteal phase samples, respectively, for analysis. Adjusted for age, taller women had significantly higher follicular-phase plasma-estradiol levels percent difference/cm=1.5, 95 percent confidence interval [CI]=0.3–2.7, and heavier women had significantly lower plasma sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) levels averaged across the menstrual cycle phases (percent difference/kg=−1.2; CI=−1.9–0.6). Body weight within the range studied, however, was not related significantly to the concentration of SHBG-bound estradiol during any phase of the menstrual cycle. The results of this cross-sectional study suggest a possible mechanism by which height may influence breast cancer risk.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051674
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