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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Animal virus replication and RNAi-mediated antiviral silencing in Caenorhabditis elegans (2005)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 436 (2005), S. 1040-1043 
    Details
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The worm Caenorhabditis elegans is a model system for studying many aspects of biology, including host responses to bacterial pathogens, but it is not known to support replication of any virus. Plants and insects encode multiple Dicer enzymes that recognize distinct precursors of small RNAs and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature03870
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Infectious eggplant mosaic tymovirus and ononis yellow mosaic tymovirus from cloned cDNA (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 131 (1993), S. 47-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary Eggplant mosaic virus (EMV) and ononis yellow mosaic virus (OYMV) are two tymoviruses that have ssRNA genomes of about 6.2 kb and 6.3 kb, and which infect solanaceous and leguminous hosts, respectively. Full-length cDNA clones of these viruses were constructed with a T 7 promoter adjacent to the 5′ terminus of the DNA copy of the viral genome, and with unique restriction endonuclease sites at the 3′ terminus. This allowed RNA to be transcribed from the DNA encoding the genome. The transcript RNA was infectious when inoculated toNicotiana glutinosa (for EMV) andPisum sativum (for OYMV). These clones, together with clones of turnip yellow mosaic tymovirus, which infects brassicas, have been used to construct hybrids in which the virion protein gene was exchanged between EMV or OYMV and turnip yellow mosaic virus. These and other hybrids are being used to investigate the molecular basis for host range differences in tymoviruses.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01379079
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    RNA hybrid mismatch polymorphisms in Australian populations of turnip yellow mosaic tymovirus (1993)
    Springer
    Archives of virology 132 (1993), S. 83-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-8798
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the Mt. Kosciusko alpine area of Australia there are three well-separated populations ofCardamine lilacina, an endemic sward-forming perennial brassica, and these are infected with turnip yellow mosaic tymovirus. The genetic variation in these viral populations has been assessed by an RNA hybrid mismatch polymorphism method. About 100 isolates were examined; the genomic RNA of each isolate was prepared from a shoot of a single wildC. lilacina plant. RNA hybrid mismatch polymorphisms (RHMPs) were assessed in six regions of the genomes using labelled negative-strand probes transcribed from selected portions of a cloned TYMV genome. The probed region at the 3′ end of the genome showed little variation and over 95% of the isolates gave the same pattern. However, other parts of the genome, including the 5′ non-coding region, were much more variable. There was no significant correlation between groupings based on the RHMP patterns, and the location from which the isolates were collected, nor with the symptom type or severity shown by their host plants. The patterns of variation suggested that all three populations of the virus are a single quasi-species; at most one tenth of the isolates gave similar RHMP patterns, those of the “master copy”.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01309845
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  • 4
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    Homology-independent discovery of replicating pathogenic circular RNAs by deep sequencing and a new computational algorithm [Microbiology] (2012)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-03-07
    Description: A common challenge in pathogen discovery by deep sequencing approaches is to recognize viral or subviral pathogens in samples of diseased tissue that share no significant homology with a known pathogen. Here we report a homology-independent approach for discovering viroids, a distinct class of free circular RNA subviral pathogens that encode no protein and are known to infect plants only. Our approach involves analyzing the sequences of the total small RNAs of the infected plants obtained by deep sequencing with a unique computational algorithm, progressive filtering of overlapping small RNAs (PFOR). Viroid infection triggers production of viroid-derived overlapping siRNAs that cover the entire genome with high densities. PFOR retains viroid-specific siRNAs for genome assembly by progressively eliminating nonoverlapping small RNAs and those that overlap but cannot be assembled into a direct repeat RNA, which is synthesized from circular or multimeric repeated-sequence templates during viroid replication. We show that viroids from the two known families are readily identified and their full-length sequences assembled by PFOR from small RNAs sequenced from infected plants. PFOR analysis of a grapevine library further identified a viroid-like circular RNA 375 nt long that shared no significant sequence homology with known molecules and encoded active hammerhead ribozymes in RNAs of both plus and minus polarities, which presumably self-cleave to release monomer from multimeric replicative intermediates. A potential application of the homology-independent approach for viroid discovery in plant and animal species where RNA replication triggers the biogenesis of siRNAs is discussed.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 5
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    Intestinal Epithelial Barrier Disruption through Altered Mucosal MicroRNA Expression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infections [Pathogenesis and Immunity] (2014)
    The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-05-07
    Description: Epithelial barrier dysfunction during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has largely been attributed to the rapid and severe depletion of CD4 + T cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Although it is known that changes in mucosal gene expression contribute to intestinal enteropathy, the role of small noncoding RNAs, specifically microRNA (miRNA), has not been investigated. Using the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected nonhuman primate model of HIV pathogenesis, we investigated the effect of viral infection on miRNA expression in intestinal mucosa. SIV infection led to a striking decrease in the expression of mucosal miRNA compared to that in uninfected controls. This decrease coincided with an increase in 5'-3'-exoribonuclease 2 protein and alterations in DICER1 and Argonaute 2 expression. Targets of depleted miRNA belonged to molecular pathways involved in epithelial proliferation, differentiation, and immune response. Decreased expression of several miRNA involved in maintaining epithelial homeostasis in the gut was localized to the proliferative crypt region of the intestinal epithelium. Our findings suggest that SIV-induced decreased expression of miRNA involved in epithelial homeostasis, disrupted expression of miRNA biogenesis machinery, and increased expression of XRN2 are involved in the development of epithelial barrier dysfunction and gastroenteropathy. IMPORTANCE MicroRNA (miRNA) regulate the development and function of intestinal epithelial cells, and many viruses disrupt normal host miRNA expression. In this study, we demonstrate that SIV and HIV disrupt expression of miRNA in the small intestine during infection. The depletion of several key miRNA is localized to the proliferative crypt region of the gut epithelium. These miRNA are known to control expression of genes involved in inflammation, cell death, and epithelial maturation. Our data indicate that this disruption might be caused by altered expression of miRNA biogenesis machinery during infection. These findings suggest that the disruption of miRNA in the small intestine likely plays a role in intestinal enteropathy during HIV infection.
    Print ISSN: 0022-538X
    Electronic ISSN: 1098-5514
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
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  • 6
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    Virus-activated plant siRNAs produced by RDR1 [Plant Biology] (2014)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Description: Antiviral immunity controlled by RNA interference (RNAi) in plants and animals is thought to specifically target only viral RNAs by the virus-derived small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Here we show that activation of antiviral RNAi in Arabidopsis plants is accompanied by the production of an abundant class of endogenous siRNAs mapped...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 7
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    RIG-I domains mediate antiviral silencing in worm [Immunology] (2013)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-10-02
    Description: RNAi-mediated antiviral immunity in Caenorhabditis elegans requires Dicer-related helicase 1 (DRH-1), which encodes the helicase and C-terminal domains homologous to the mammalian retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like helicase (RLH) family of cytosolic immune receptors. Here we show that the antiviral function of DRH-1 requires the RIG-I homologous domains as...
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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