Keywords:
Biochemical engineering.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This text presents key advances in calcium and magnesium isotope geochemistry including those of biological fractionation and biochemical applications. The presentation intimately links the method and applications chapters.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (269 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9783540689539
Series Statement:
Advances in Isotope Geochemistry Series
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=4519065
DDC:
551.9
Language:
English
Note:
Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction to Calcium Stable Isotope Geochemistry -- 1.1 Alkaline Earth Elements -- 1.2 Calcium and Its Isotopes -- 1.3 Notations in Ca Stable Isotope Geochemistry -- 1.4 History of Ca Stable Isotope Research -- 1.5 Applications of Ca Stable Isotope Geochemistry -- 1.6 Other Applications of Ca Isotopes: Cosmogenic 41Ca and Tracer Studies -- 2 Principles of Mass-Dependent Stable Isotope Fractionation -- 2.1 Equilibrium Isotope Partitioning -- 2.1.1 Isotope Exchange Reactions -- 2.1.2 Equilibrium Isotope Fractionation Theory -- 2.1.3 Summary of General Characteristics of Equilibrium Isotope Fractionation -- 2.2 Kinetic Stable Isotope Fractionation -- 2.3 Open System Rayleigh Fractionation and Closed System Equilibrium Fractionation -- 2.4 The Mass-Dependence of Equilibrium and Kinetic Stable Isotope Fractionations -- 2.5 Experimental Determination of Equilibrium Isotope Fractionation Factors -- References -- A selection of texts relevant for stable isotope geochemistry -- Reviews on calcium stable isotope geochemistry -- Additonal publications cited in this chapter -- 2 Analytical Methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Notations and Data Presentation -- 2.1 δ-Notation -- 2.2 Fractionation Factor (α) -- 2.3 Δ-Notation -- 2.4 εCa-Notation for Radiogenic 40Ca Ingrowth -- 2.5 ε- and µ-Notations in Cosmochemistry -- 3 Reference Materials -- 3.1 Used Reference Materials -- 3.2 Conversion of δ-Values Based on Different Reference Materials -- 4 Sample Preparation -- 4.1 Digestion and Cleaning Techniques -- 4.1.1 Carbonates -- 4.1.2 Phosphates -- 4.1.3 Sulfates -- 4.1.4 Silicate Minerals, Rocks and Soils -- 4.1.5 Organic Samples -- 4.1.6 Liquid Samples -- 4.1.7 Leachates -- 4.2 Chemical Separation -- 5 Mass Spectrometry -- 5.1 Introduction to Mass Spectrometry for Ca Isotope Analysis.
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5.2 Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry (TIMS) -- 5.2.1 Mass Discrimination in TIMS and the Exponential Law Correction -- 5.2.2 Analysis of Radiogenic 40Ca by TIMS -- 5.2.3 Calcium Stable Isotope Analysis by TIMS -- 5.3 Multiple Collector Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) -- 5.3.1 Basics of MC-ICP-MS -- 5.3.2 Mass Discrimination and Matrix Effects in (MC-)ICP-MS -- 5.3.3 Interferences in (MC-)ICP-MS -- 5.3.4 Calcium Isotope Analysis by (MC-)ICP-MS -- 5.4 Double Spike Approach for Stable Isotope Analysis -- 5.4.1 Basic Principles -- 5.4.2 Double Spike Calibration -- 5.4.3 Used Double Spikes -- 5.5 Other Instrumentation -- 5.5.1 Ion Microprobe -- 5.5.2 Neutron Activation Analysis INAA -- 5.5.3 Determination of Mass Dependent Ca Isotope Fractionation by Radionuclide Tracers -- 5.6 Error Representation -- References -- 3 Calcium Isotope Fractionation During Mineral Precipitation from Aqueous Solution -- Abstract -- 1 Inorganic Precipitation Experiments -- 1.1 Carbonates -- 1.1.1 Calcite -- 1.1.2 Aragonite -- 1.1.3 Vaterite -- 1.1.4 Ikaite -- 1.1.5 Amorphous Calcium Carbonate -- 1.1.6 Magnesite, Dolomite, Dypingite and Nesquehonite -- 1.1.7 Witherite and BaMn(CO3)2 -- 1.2 Sulfates -- 1.2.1 Anhydrite -- 1.2.2 Gypsum -- 1.2.3 Barite -- 1.2.4 Epsomite -- 1.3 Other (Hydrous) Phases -- 1.4 EASI Fractionation During Mineral Precipitation from Aqueous Fluids -- 2 Calcium Isotope Fractionation Models for Calcium Carbonate Formation -- 2.1 Principles and Conceptions of Isotope Fractionation Models -- 2.2 Comparison of Ca Isotope Fractionation Models and Concluding Remarks -- 3 Inorganic Mineral Precipitation in Natural Environments -- 3.1 Carbonates -- 3.1.1 Primary and Authigenic Carbonates -- Marine Realm -- Lakes -- Soils -- 3.1.2 Carbonates Formed at Elevated Temperatures -- 3.1.3 Carbonate Recrystallization -- 3.2 Phosphates.
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3.3 Sulfates -- 3.3.1 Barite -- 3.3.2 Anhydrite and Gypsum -- Marine and Hydrothermal Ca Sulfates -- Calcium Sulfates in Soils -- 4 Diffusion, Exchange and Adsorption of Cations in Aqueous Systems -- References -- 4 Biominerals and Biomaterial -- Abstract -- 1 Procaryota-Microbial Induced Biomineralisation -- 2 Protista -- 2.1 Foraminifera -- 2.1.1 Planktic Foraminifers -- 2.1.2 Benthonic Foraminifers -- 2.2 Coccolithophores -- 2.3 Calcareous Dinoflagellates -- 2.4 Coralline Algae -- 3 Metazoa -- 3.1 Sclerosponges -- 3.2 Corals -- 3.3 Molluscs -- 3.3.1 Bivalves -- 3.3.2 Gastropods and Polyplacophora -- 3.3.3 Cephalopods -- 3.4 Brachiopods -- 3.5 Other Taxa -- 3.5.1 Echinoderms -- 3.5.2 Vertebrates -- 4 Applications, Ecosystems and Climate Change -- 4.1 Monitor of Trophic Levels -- 4.2 Archaeology -- 4.3 Paleoclimate -- References -- 5 Earth-Surface Ca Isotopic Fractionations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 δ44/40Ca Fractionations Related to Continental Weathering Processes -- 2.1 Range of δ44/40Ca Variations in Earth-Surface Processes -- 2.2 Forested Ecosystems -- 2.2.1 Ca Cycling Through the Vegetation -- 2.2.2 δ44/40Ca Variations Within the Vegetation -- 2.2.3 δ44/40Ca Variations Within the Soil Pool -- 2.2.4 δ44/40Ca Variations Within Atmospheric Deposits -- 2.3 Non-forested Ecosystems -- 2.3.1 Abiotic Processes -- 2.3.2 δ44/40Ca Fractionations Caused by Water-Rock Interactions -- 3 Change in δ44/40Ca Signature During Downstream Transportation into the Ocean -- 3.1 Importance of the δ44/40Ca Weathering Flux to the Oceans -- 3.2 Small Scale Catchments -- 3.3 Global Scale Catchments -- 4 Potential of Ca Isotopes Applied to Earth-Surface Processes -- 4.1 Internal Ca Cycling Processes Within the Tree -- 4.2 Ca Uptake Mechanisms Within the Rhizosphere -- 4.3 Ca Recycling by the Vegetation -- 4.4 Time Integrated Vegetal Turnover Marker.
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4.5 Hydrological Tracer -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Global Ca Cycles: Coupling of Continental and Oceanic Processes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principal Ca Reservoirs at the Earth's Surface: Estimates of {\varvec \delta}^{{\frac{{{{\bf 44}}}}{{{{\bf 40}}}}}}Ca -- 2.1 Rocks -- 2.1.1 Continental Silicates -- 2.1.2 Continental Sediments -- 2.2 Hydrosphere -- 2.2.1 Oceans -- 2.2.2 Rivers -- Partitioning Mineral Inputs of Ca to the Critical Zone -- Rivers Draining Silicate Rocks -- Rivers Draining Carbonate Rocks -- Large Rivers -- River Sediments and Colloids -- 2.2.3 Groundwaters -- 2.3 Biospheric Cycling of Ca -- 2.4 Soils -- 2.4.1 Weathering of Primary Minerals -- 2.4.2 Soil Carbonate Biomineralization -- 2.4.3 The Rhizosphere -- 2.4.4 Humic Substances -- 2.4.5 Soil Exchangeable Pool -- 2.4.6 Soil Porewaters -- 2.5 Atmospheric Ca in Dust and Rain Waters -- 2.5.1 Dry Deposition and Dust -- 2.5.2 Wet Deposition -- 2.5.3 Interaction Between the Biosphere and Atmospheric Deposition -- 3 Modern Global Budgets of Ca -- 3.1 The Continental Cycle of Ca -- 3.2 The Oceanic Cycle of Ca -- 4 Global Ca Cycling in Earth's History -- 4.1 Archives of \delta^{{\frac{44}{40}}}CaSW -- 4.1.1 Bulk Carbonate -- 4.1.2 Abiotic Records of \delta^{{\frac{44}{40}}}CaSW -- Barite Mineral Separates -- Gypsum and Anhydrite -- Apatite -- 4.1.3 Taxon-Specific Records of \delta^{{\frac{44}{40}}}CaSW -- Foraminifera -- Brachiopods -- Cephalopods -- Bivalves -- Biogenic Apatite -- Other Taxa -- 4.2 Past Changes in {\varvec \delta}^{{\frac{{{{\bf 44}}}}{{{{\bf 40}}}}}}CaSW -- 4.2.1 Neogene Seawater Records of Ca Isotopes -- 4.2.2 Phanerozoic and Deeper Time Seawater Records of Ca Isotopes -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 High Temperature Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry -- Abstract.
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1 High Temperature Ca Isotope Geochemistry of Terrestrial Silicate Rocks, Minerals and Melts -- 1.1 Calcium Isotope Fractionation Between Minerals Formed at High Temperatures -- 1.2 Igneous Rocks -- 1.3 The Earth's Silicate Reservoirs and Global Tectonics -- 1.3.1 Ca Isotope Composition of the Upper Mantle and Bulk Silicate Earth -- 1.3.2 Traces of Subducted Sedimentary Carbonate in Ocean Island Basalts -- 1.3.3 Metasomatism -- 1.4 Diffusion in Silicate Melts -- 1.4.1 Chemical and Self-diffusion -- 1.4.2 Thermal Diffusion -- 2 Extraterrestrial Materials -- 2.1 Scope and Framework of Ca Isotope Cosmochemistry -- 2.2 Nucleosynthesis of Ca Isotopes -- 2.3 Nucleosynthetic Ca Isotope Signatures in Presolar Grains -- 2.4 Nucleosynthetic Anomalies in Meteorites and Calcium-Aluminum-Rich Inclusions (CAIs) -- 2.5 Mass-Dependent Variations in CAIs and Related Experiments -- 2.6 Mass-Dependent Variations in Meteorites -- 2.7 Lunar Samples -- 3 The 40K-40Ca Decay System -- 3.1 Evolution of Earth's Reservoirs -- 3.1.1 Earth's Mantle -- 3.1.2 Earth's Crust -- 3.1.3 Seawater and Exogenic Ca Cycling -- 3.2 Dating -- 3.2.1 Igneous Rocks -- 3.2.2 Authigenic Sedimentary Minerals -- 3.2.3 Evaporites -- References -- 8 Biomedical Application of Ca Stable Isotopes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ca Isotope Transport Model -- 2.1 Ca Isotopic Composition of the Diet -- 2.2 From Food to Blood -- 2.3 Fractionation Between Soft Tissue and Mineralized Tissue -- 2.4 Fractionation in the Kidneys -- 2.5 Calcium Isotope Fractionation During Milk Lactation -- 2.6 Calcium Use Index (CUI) -- 3 The Individuality of the Ca Metabolism -- 4 Current Biomedical Application of Ca Isotopes -- 4.1 Bone Loss -- 4.2 Bone Cancer -- 5 Summary and Outlook -- References.
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