Note: Intro -- Contents -- Contributing Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Notational Standards -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Demography, Genetics, and Ecology in Conservation Biology -- 1.2 Toward an Evolutionary Conservation Biology -- 1.3 Environmental Challenges and Evolutionary Responses -- 1.4 Evolutionary Conservation Biology in Practice -- 1.5 Structure of this Book -- 2 From Individual Interactions to Population Viability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 From Individual Interactions to Density Dependence -- The simplest density-dependent models -- Density-dependent models in discrete time -- Allee effects -- 2.3 Demographic and Interaction Stochasticities -- Time to extinction under demographic stochasticity -- Effect of interaction stochasticity -- Branching processes and quasi-stationarity -- 2.4 Environmental Stochasticity -- Accounting for individual interactions and demographic stochasticity -- The effect of environmental autocorrelation -- 2.5 Density Dependence and the Measure of Extinction Risk -- 2.6 Concluding Comments -- 3 Age Structure, Mating System, and Population Viability -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Extinction Risk in Age-structured Populations -- Essentials about structured deterministic models -- Factors of population regulation and extinction -- 3.3 Effect of Sexual Structure on Population Viability -- Deterministic two-sex models -- Influence of sexual reproduction on the extinction risk -- Sexual selection and extinction -- 3.4 Interfacing Demography and Genetics -- 3.5 Concluding Comments -- 4 Spatial Dimensions of Population Viability -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Deterministic versus Stochastic Metapopulation Models -- Metapopulations with few patches -- Metapopulations with many patches -- 4.3 Threshold Phenomena and Basic Reproduction Ratios -- Basic reproduction ratios and persistence -- Persistence and viability. , 4.4 Modeling Structured Metapopulations -- Defining the environmental interaction variable -- Defining the basic entity -- Defining basic reproduction ratios -- 4.5 Metapopulation Structured by Local Population Density -- Metapopulation persistence -- Metapopulation viability -- Toward more realistic models -- 4.6 Persistence of Finite Metapopulations: Stochastic Models -- Predictions from a spatially explicit stochastic model -- New introductions -- Between stochastic and deterministic models -- 4.7 Concluding Comments -- 5 Responses to Environmental Change: Adaptation or Extinction -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of Abiotic Environmental Change -- 5.3 Adaptive Responses to Climate Change -- Physiological and phenological effects of climate change -- Rapid adaptations to local climate conditions -- 5.4 Adaptive Responses to Thermal Stress -- 5.5 Adaptive Responses to Pollution -- 5.6 Adaptive Responses in Endangered Species -- 5.7 Concluding Comments -- 6 Empirical Evidence for Rapid Evolution -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Guppy Life-history Evolution -- The association between predation and life histories -- 6.3 Selection Experiments -- Methods -- Results -- Intensity of natural selection on different traits -- 6.4 Limits to Adaptation -- Modeling population dynamics -- Modeling genetic dynamics -- 6.5 Conditions that Favor Rapid Evolution -- 6.6 Concluding Comments -- 7 Genetic Variability and Life-history Evolution -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Genetic Variation and Life Histories -- 7.3 Forces that Maintain Genetic Variation in Life-history Traits -- Mutation -- Frequency-dependent selection -- Dominance variance and heterozygote advantage -- Spatial and temporal variation in fitness -- Sexual antagonism -- Genetic correlations -- 7.4 How Much Variation is There? -- Measuring variation in quantitative traits. , Can we estimate quantitative variation from molecular variation? -- General patterns of genetic variability -- Effects of small population size and inbreeding -- 7.5 Inbreeding Depression in Life-history Traits -- Measuring inbreeding depression -- General patterns of inbreeding depression -- Population size and purging of inbreeding depression in animals -- A case study of purging in an endangered mammal -- 7.6 Concluding Comments -- 8 Environmental Stress and Quantitative Genetic Variation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Hypotheses and Predictions -- Hypotheses on the effect of stress on quantitative genetic variation -- Predictions from models of genetic variation under stress -- 8.3 Stress and Phenotypic Variation -- Increased phenotypic variation under stress -- Fluctuating asymmetry does not reliably show stress exposure -- 8.4 Stress and Genetic Variation -- Collecting experimental results -- Trait-specific effects of stress on genetic variation -- Causes of higher genetic variance in size-related traits under stress -- 8.5 Experimental Selection under Stress -- 8.6 Concluding Comments -- 9 Fixation of New Mutations in Small Populations -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Purging and Fitness Changes in Declining Populations -- 9.3 Fixation of Deleterious Mutations: Mutational Meltdown -- 9.4 Factors Affecting Fixation of Deleterious Mutations -- Effective population size and the Hill-Robertson effect -- Distribution of mutational effects -- Dominance -- Epistasis -- Nongenetic fitness compensation -- Sex and selfing -- 9.5 Fixation of Beneficial Mutations -- Rate of back, beneficial, and compensatory mutations -- Rate of fixation of beneficial mutations in small populations -- Rate of fixation of mutations in declining populations -- 9.6 Time Scales for Extinction, Evolution, and Conservation -- 9.7 Concluding Comments. , 10 Quantitative-Genetic Models and Changing Environments -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Quantitative Genetics and Response to Selection -- 10.3 Adaptation and Extinction in Changing Environments -- Sustained directional change -- Pleiotropy and changing optima -- Periodic change -- Stochastic fluctuations -- Single abrupt change -- 10.4 Concluding Comments -- 11 Adaptive Dynamics and Evolving Biodiversity -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Adaptation versus Optimization -- Optimization in earlier evolutionary theory -- The quest for suitable optimization criteria -- Optimization arguments in evolutionary game theory -- Limitations to the existence of optimization criteria -- Evolutionary stability and attainability -- Optimization and population viability -- 11.3 Adaptive Dynamics Theory -- Invasion fitness -- Evolutionary singularities and their properties -- 11.4 Adaptive Evolution and the Origin of Diversity -- Conservation and speciation -- Determinants of evolving biodiversity -- Adaptive speciation -- Area effects on adaptive speciation -- 11.5 Adaptive Evolution and the Loss of Diversity -- Evolutionary deterioration, collapse, and suicide -- Evolutionary deterioration -- Evolutionary collapse -- Evolutionary suicide -- Catastrophic bifurcations and evolutionary suicide -- Further examples of evolutionary suicide -- Evolutionary suicide in sexual populations -- Extinction driven by coevolutionary dynamics -- Summary -- 11.6 Adaptive Responses to Environmental Change -- Ecology-evolution-environment diagrams -- Ecological and evolutionary penalties of environmental change -- Evolutionary rescue, trapping, and induced suicide -- More complex forms of evolutionary trapping -- 11.7 Concluding Comments -- 12 Genetic Structure in Heterogeneous Environments -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Basic Models of Population Genetic Structure. , 12.3 Adding Geography: The Stepping-stone Model -- 12.4 Metapopulation Processes and Population Differentiation -- Effects of colonization-extinction processes -- Effects of local population dynamics -- 12.5 Metapopulation Processes and Effective Population Size -- 12.6 The Effect of Selection on Differentiation: The Island Model -- Spatial structure of selected genes -- Spatial structure of genes linked to selected genes -- 12.7 Structure and Selection in Source-Sink Metapopulations -- Neutral genetic structure -- Fixation of beneficial alleles -- 12.8 Concluding Comments -- 13 Conservation Implications of Niche Conservatism and Evolution in Heterogeneous Environments -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Adaptations to Temporal Environmental Change -- 13.3 Adaptations in Population Sources and Sinks -- 13.4 Adaptations along Environmental Gradients -- 13.5 Conservation Implications -- 13.6 Concluding Comments -- 14 Adaptive Responses to Landscape Disturbances: Theory -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Selection for Low Dispersal -- Deterministically fluctuating populations -- Environmental disturbances -- Demographic stochasticity -- 14.3 Dispersal Evolution and Metapopulation Viability -- Effect on population size -- Evolutionary suicide in dispersal evolution -- 14.4 Metapopulation Viability in Changing Environments -- Landscape heterogeneity -- Increased fragmentation -- Catastrophe rate and temporal uniformization -- 14.5 Concluding Comments -- 15 Adaptive Responses to Landscape Disturbances: Empirical Evidence -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Responses of Migration to Landscape Fragmentation -- Effects of patch isolation -- Effects of patch size in relation to other life-history traits -- Effects of colonization opportunities -- 15.3 Fragmentation, Migration, and Local Adaptation -- Adaptation to local hosts -- Adaptation to anthropogenic habitat change. , 15.4 The Example of Centaurea Species.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributing Authors -- List of Boxes -- Notational Standards -- 1 Introduction -- A Setting the Stage -- Introduction to Part A -- 2 Alternative Transmission Modes and the Evolution of Virulence -- 2.1 Introduction: Historical Background -- 2.2 Virulence Depending on Transmission Modes -- 2.3 Effects of Transmission Mode on Virulence -- 2.4 Model of Virulence Evolution and Waterborne Transmission -- 2.5 Discussion: Applications and Implications -- 3 Wildlife Perspectives on the Evolution of Virulence -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Microparasites versus Macroparasites -- 3.3 Impact of Parasitism on Community Structure -- 3.4 Example: The pan-African Rinderpest Epidemic -- 3.5 Role of Genetic Diversity -- 3.6 Myxomatosis and the Coevolution of Virulence Traits -- 3.7 Evolutionary Race Between Host and Parasite -- 3.8 Multiple Infection Alters the Evolution of Virulence -- 3.9 Interspecific Transmission Influences Virulence -- 3.10 Example: Pasteurella Outbreaks in Bighorn Sheep -- 3.11 Potential Impact of Wildlife Diseases on Human Health -- 3.12 Discussion -- 4 Adaptive Dynamics of Pathogen-Host Interactions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Limitations of R0 Maximization -- 4.3 Adaptive Dynamics Theory -- 4.4 Pathogen Evolution -- 4.5 Pathogen-Host Coevolution -- 4.6 Discussion -- 5 Dilemmas in Virulence Management -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Optimal Antiparasite Strategies -- 5.3 Parasite Evolutionary Responses -- 5.4 Discussion -- B Host Population Structure -- Introduction to Part B -- 6 Variation in Susceptibility: Lessons from an Insect Virus -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Theory of Multigenerational Epidemics -- 6.3 Controlling Gypsy Moths by Genetically Engineered Viruses -- 6.4 Discussion -- 7 Contact Networks and the Evolution of Virulence -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Epidemics on Contact Networks. , 7.3 Mean-field Dynamics -- 7.4 Across-network Dynamics -- 7.5 Pair Dynamics -- 7.6 Implications of Network Structure -- 7.7 Evolutionary Stability -- 7.8 Discussion -- 8 Virulence on the Edge: A Source-Sink Perspective -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sources and Sinks: Pervasive in Host-Pathogen Systems? -- 8.3 A Limiting Case: Two Coupled Patches -- 8.4 On to Praxis -- 8.5 Discussion -- C Within-Host Interactions -- Introduction to Part C -- 9 Super- and Coinfection: The Two Extremes -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Superinfection -- 9.3 Coinfection -- 9.4 Discussion -- 10 Super- and Coinfection: Filling the Range -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Coinfection and the Superinfection Limit -- 10.3 Coexistence and the Superinfection Function -- 10.4 Discussion -- 11 Multiple Infection and Its Consequences for Virulence Management -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Multiple Infection, Virulence, and Dispersal -- 11.3 Indirect Effects -- 11.4 Virulence Management -- 11.5 Discussion -- 12 Kin-selection Models as Evolutionary Explanations of Malaria -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Kin-selection Models of Virulence -- 12.3 Conditional Virulence Strategies -- 12.4 Genetically Fixed Virulence Strategies -- 12.5 Within-host Competition and Between-host Fitness -- 12.6 Management Implications -- 12.7 Discussion -- D Pathogen-Host Coevolution -- Introduction to Part D -- 13 Coevolution of Virus and Host Cell-death Signals -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Mathematics of Cell Death -- 13.3 Evolutionary Dynamics of Cell-death Signals -- 13.4 Threshold Reversals -- 13.5 Experimental Case Studies -- 13.6 Lessons from Case Studies -- 13.7 Testing the Model -- 13.8 Medical Implications -- 13.9 Discussion -- 13.A The Cell-death Model: Assessment of Extrema -- 14 Biogeographical Perspectives on Arms Races -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Importance of Species and Space in Population Dynamics. , 14.3 (Co)Evolution of Impact by Natural Enemies -- 14.4 Discussion -- 15 Major Histocompatibility Complex: Polymorphism from Coevolution -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Simulating the Coevolution of Hosts and Pathogens -- 15.3 Dynamically Maintained Polymorphism -- 15.4 Host and Pathogen Evolution -- 15.5 Heterozygosity versus Frequency-dependent Selection -- 15.6 Discussion -- 16 Virulence Management and Disease Resistance in Diploid Hosts -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Discrete-time Genetics and Epidemic Diseases -- 16.3 Discrete-time Genetics and Endemic Diseases -- 16.4 Continuous Genetic Models -- 16.5 Coevolution -- 16.6 Discussion -- 17 Coevolution in Gene-for-gene Systems -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Gene-for-gene Interaction -- 17.3 Coevolutionary Dynamics in Gene-for-gene Systems -- 17.4 Discussion -- 18 Implications of Sexual Selection for Virulence Management -- 18.1 Introduction: Sex and Coevolution -- 18.2 Sexual Selection -- 18.3 Hypotheses for Parasite-driven Sexual Selection -- 18.4 The Pathogen's View -- 18.5 Implications for Virulence Management -- 18.6 Discussion -- 19 Molecular Phylogenies and Virulence Evolution -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Phylogenetic Tools -- 19.3 Case Studies -- 19.4 Discussion -- E Multilevel Selection -- Introduction to Part E -- 20 Weakened from Within: Intragenomic Conflict and Virulence -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 "Poky" Mutations in Neurospora crassa -- 20.3 Senescence Plasmids in Fungi -- 20.4 Population Genetics of Senescence Plasmids: A Model -- 20.5 Intragenomic Conflict and Virulence Management -- 20.6 Discussion: Host Senescence and Pathogen Virulence -- 21 Ecology and Evolution of Chestnut Blight Fungus -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Ecology and Evolution of Virulence with Hyperparasites -- 21.3 Chestnut Blight as a Pandemic in the USA -- 21.4 Hyperparasitism in the Chestnut Blight System. , 21.5 Previous Efforts at Virulence Management -- 21.6 Virulence Management: Suggestions from Theory -- 21.7 Discussion -- 22 Evolution of Exploitation and Defense in Tritrophic Interactions -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Spatial and Temporal Scales of Interaction -- 22.3 Predator-Herbivore Dynamics on Individual Plants -- 22.4 Tritrophic Game Theory and Metapopulation Dynamics -- 22.5 Discussion -- 22.A Evolutionarily Stable Herbivore Emigration Rate -- F Vaccines and Drugs -- Introduction to Part F -- 23 Managing Antibiotic Resistance: What Models Tell Us? -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Evaluation of Drug Treatment Strategies -- 23.3 Dynamics of Infection: A Simple Model -- 23.4 The Steady State -- 23.5 Gauging Antibiotic Therapy -- 23.6 Treatment with Two Antibiotics: An Extended Model -- 23.7 Multiple Antibiotic Therapy -- 23.8 Discussion -- 24 Evolution of Vaccine-resistant Strains of Infectious Agents -- 24.1 Introduction -- 24.2 Theoretical Framework -- 24.3 Case Studies from Infectious Diseases of Humans -- 24.4 Discussion -- 25 Pathogen Evolution: The Case of Malaria -- 25.1 Introduction -- 25.2 Maintenance of Pathogen Diversity in Single-locus Systems -- 25.3 Multilocus Antigenic Diversity with Genetic Exchange -- 25.4 Plasmodium falciparum: A Case Study -- 25.5 Impact of Vaccination -- 25.6 Discussion -- 26 Vaccination and Serotype Replacement -- 26.1 Introduction -- 26.2 Biology, Diversity, and Impact of Two Pharyngeal Pathogens -- 26.3 Conjugate Vaccines -- 26.4 Serotype Replacement -- 26.5 Role of Mathematical Models -- 26.6 Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines versus Hib Vaccines -- 26.7 Detection of Replacement: Design of Clinical Trials -- 26.8 Is Serotype Replacement Always Bad? -- 26.9 Limitations of the Models and Areas for Future Work -- 26.10 Discussion -- G Perspectives for Virulence Management -- Introduction to Part G. , 27 Taking Stock: Relating Theory to Experiment -- 27.1 Introduction -- 27.2 Panoramic View of Virulence Evolution -- 27.3 Conceptual Issues -- 27.4 The Dialogue between Theorists and Empiricists -- 27.5 Gaps in Current Knowledge -- 27.6 Discussion: Toward Virulence Management -- 28 Virulence Management in Humans -- 28.1 Conceptual Basis for Virulence Management -- 28.2 Virulence Management of Diarrheal Diseases -- 28.3 Virulence Management of Vectorborne Diseases -- 28.4 Virulence Management in Dwellings -- 28.5 Discussion: The Intervention Spectrum -- 29 Virulence Management in Wildlife Populations -- 29.1 Introduction -- 29.2 Time Needed for Resistance to Evolve -- 29.3 Drugs and the Development of Resistance -- 29.4 Problems in Managing Virulence in Wildlife -- 29.5 Detecting the Impact of Infectious Diseases -- 29.6 Pathogens and Parasites with Reservoir Hosts -- 29.7 Manipulation of Infection at the Population Level -- 29.8 Disease Risks of Wildlife Translocations -- 29.9 Minimizing Disease Risks in Wildlife Translocations -- 29.10 Discussion -- 30 Virulence Management in Veterinary Epidemiology -- 30.1 Introduction -- 30.2 Virulence Evolution Made Simple -- 30.3 Two-bag Model of Virulence Evolution -- 30.4 Toward Virulence Management -- 30.5 Discussion -- 31 Virulence Management in Plant-Pathogen Interactions -- 31.1 Introduction -- 31.2 Two-faced Virulence -- 31.3 Epidemiology, Genetics, and Evolution of Virulence -- 31.4 Population Structure and Virulence Management -- 31.5 Discussion -- 32 Virulence Management in Biocontrol Agents -- 32.1 Introduction -- 32.2 At What Level Should Virulence be Considered? -- 32.3 Is High Virulence Always Desirable? -- 32.4 Is High Virulence a Stable Trait in Biocontrol Practice? -- 32.5 How Can Virulence be Manipulated in the Field? -- 32.6 Does Mass Rearing Affect Field Virulence?. , 32.7 Pathogen Virulence Toward Herbivores and Their Predators.

Note: Cover -- Adaptive Speciation -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributing Authors -- Acknowledgments -- Notational Standards -- 1: Introduction -- 1.1 A Shift in Focus -- 1.2 Adaptive Speciation -- 1.3 Adaptive Speciation in Context -- 1.4 Species Criteria -- 1.5 Routes of Adaptive Speciation -- 1.6 Pattern and Process in Adaptive Speciation -- 1.7 Structure of this Book -- 2: Speciation in Historical Perspective -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Darwin on Species and Speciation -- Darwin on species -- Darwin on speciation -- 2.3 Mayr on Species and Speciation -- Mayr on species -- Mayr on speciation -- 2.4 Species Now -- 2.5 Speciation Now -- Speciation in cichlids -- North American rat snakes -- This volume -- Part A: Theories of Speciation -- Introduction to Part A -- 3: Genetic Theories of Sympatric Speciation -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sustained Disruptive Selection -- 3.3 Evolution of Divergent Mate Choice -- Evolution of mate preference in the absence of niche divergence -- Assortative mating according to traits under disruptive selection -- Assortative mating according to traits not under disruptive selection -- 3.4 Evolution of Divergent Habitat or Host Preference -- 3.5 Concluding Comments: Synergism Between Processes -- 4: Adaptive Dynamics of Speciation: Ecological Underpinnings -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Invasion Fitness -- 4.3 Phenotypic Evolution by Trait Substitution -- 4.4 The Emergence of Diversity: Evolutionary Branching -- 4.5 Evolutionary Branching and Speciation -- 4.6 Adaptive Dynamics: Alternative Approaches -- 4.7 Concluding Comments -- 5: Adaptive Dynamics of Speciation: Sexual Populations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Adaptive Speciation in Sexual Populations -- The obstructive role of segregation and recombination -- An overview of earlier studies -- Asexual adaptive speciation through resource competition. , No adaptive speciation under random mating -- Adaptive speciation through evolution of assortative mating -- 5.3 Coevolutionary Adaptive Speciation in Sexual Populations -- Adaptive speciation through mutualistic interactions -- Adaptive speciation through predator-prey interactions -- 5.4 Adaptive Speciation through Sexual Selection -- Adaptive speciation through mate competition -- Adaptive speciation through sexual conflict -- 5.5 Concluding Comments -- 6: Genetic Theories of Allopatric and Parapatric Speciation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Modes of Speciation -- Allopatric speciation -- Parapatric speciation -- Sympatric speciation -- 6.3 Adaptive Landscapes -- 6.4 Rugged Adaptive Landscapes -- Stochastic transitions between isolated adaptive peaks -- Shifting-balance theory -- Founder-effect speciation -- Peak shifts by selection -- Divergence driven by selection for local adaptation -- 6.5 Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller Adaptive Landscapes -- Allopatric speciation in the BDM model -- Parapatric speciation in the BDM model -- 6.6 Holey Adaptive Landscapes -- Neutral networks and holey adaptive landscapes -- Multiallele versions of the BDM model -- Multilocus versions of the BDM model -- Models based on quantitative characters -- 6.7 Concluding Comments -- 7: Adaptive Dynamics of Speciation: Spatial Structure -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Classic Models of Parapatric Speciation -- 7.3 Evolutionary Branching in Spatially Structured Populations -- 7.4 Extension to Sexual Populations: Parapatric Speciation -- 7.5 A Note on Species-Area Relationships -- 7.6 Concluding Comments -- Part B: Ecological Mechanisms of Speciation -- Introduction to Part B -- 8: Speciation and Radiation in African Haplochromine Cichlids -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sexual Selection and Speciation in Cichlids -- The breeding system -- Sexual selection and breeding system. , Traits on which sexual selection could operate -- 8.3 Sexual Selection in Pundamilia -- Evidence for female choice based on male coloration -- Field evidence from comparisons between communities -- Intrapopulation variation in preference and color -- 8.4 Sexual Selection in Neochromis omnicaeruleus -- Morphometric differences -- Genetics of color variation -- Phenotype frequencies in nature -- Mate-choice experiments -- Summarizing the evidence -- Modeling speciation in haplochromines with sex reversal -- Field evidence for sympatric speciation in haplochromine cichlids -- 8.5 Pharyngeal Jaw Versatility and Feeding Diversification -- Ecological diversification -- Pharyngeal jaw apparatus in cichlids and other labroids -- 8.6 Concluding Comments -- 9: Natural Selection and Ecological Speciation in Sticklebacks -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Natural History of the Sympatric Sticklebacks -- 9.3 Parallel Speciation of Limnetics and Benthics -- 9.4 Premating Isolation Strengthened in Sympatry -- 9.5 Concluding Comments -- 10: Adaptive Speciation in Northern Freshwater Fishes -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Ecological Factors that Promote Diversification -- 10.3 Factors that Facilitate Assortative Mating -- 10.4 Nature and Basis of Phenotypic Variation -- 10.5 Ecological Determinants of Diversity Patterns -- 10.6 Concluding Comments -- 11: Sympatric Speciation in Insects -- 11.1 Insect Diversity, Body Size, Specialization, and Speciation -- 11.2 Cospeciation -- 11.3 Allopatric Speciation on the Same Host -- 11.4 Allopatric Speciation with a Host Shift -- 11.5 Sympatric Speciation with a Host Shift -- 11.6 Conditions Needed for Sympatric Shifts -- Problem of crossing the gap -- Problem of maintaining multiple-niche polymorphism -- Problem of negative trade-offs -- Problem of simultaneous evolution of preference and performance -- Problem of reinforcement. , 11.7 Concluding Comments -- 12: Adaptive Speciation in Agricultural Pests -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Crops as Ecological Niches -- 12.3 Adaptive Learning of Host Preference -- Absence of induced preference and performance, pea aphids -- Induced preference and fixed performance, apple maggot flies -- Induced preference and performance, spider mites -- Adaptive learning and speciation -- 12.4 Adaptive Mate Choice -- Mate choice as a by-product of food choice, pea aphids -- Condition-dependent mate choice, spider mites -- Context-dependent mate choice, soil predatory mites -- Adaptive mate choice and speciation -- 12.5 Symbiont-induced Reproductive Incompatibility -- Arguments against Wolbachia-induced adaptive speciation -- A scenario for Wolbachia-induced adaptive speciation -- 12.6 Concluding Comments -- 13: Ecological Speciation in Flowering Plants -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Ecological Speciation Driven by Animal Pollinators -- 13.3 Adaptation and Speciation in Different Environments -- 13.4 Combined Speciation Mechanisms -- 13.5 Concluding Comments -- 14: Experiments on Adaptation and Divergence in Bacterial Populations -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Allopatric Divergence -- The repeatability of adaptive evolution -- Effects of chance, history, and adaptation -- Genotype-by-environment interactions -- 14.3 Sympatric Divergence -- Resource partitioning -- Spatial heterogeneity -- More complex situations -- 14.4 Concluding Comments -- Part C: Patterns of Speciation -- Introduction to Part C -- 15: Phylogeography and Patterns of Incipient Speciation -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Molecules, Morphology, and Time Frames -- 15.3 Assortative Mating and Patterns of Subdivision -- 15.4 Natural Populations -- Phase 1 populations -- Phase 2 populations -- Phase 3 populations -- Phase 4 populations -- 15.5 Concluding Comments. , 16: Evolutionary Diversification of Caribbean Anolis Lizards -- 16.1 Introduction -- Speciation and adaptation in anoles -- The anole radiations -- 16.2 Adaptation and Speciation in Lesser Antillean Anoles -- Evidence for adaptation by natural selection -- Evidence for speciation -- Has adaptive speciation occurred? -- 16.3 Adaptation and Speciation in Greater Antillean Anoles -- Evidence for speciation -- Evidence for adaptation -- Has adaptive speciation occurred? -- 16.4 Concluding Comments -- 17: Adaptive Radiation of African Montane Plants -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Vegetation Zones on African Mountains -- 17.3 The Giant Senecios and Giant Lobelias -- 17.4 Phylogenetic Patterns and Biogeographic Interpretation -- The giant senecios -- The giant lobelias -- 17.5 Adaptive Speciation -- Dispersal and diversification -- Convergent evolution -- 17.6 Concluding Comments -- 18: Diversity and Speciation of Semionotid Fishes in Mesozoic Rift Lakes -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Semionotid Fishes -- 18.3 Newark Lake Paleolimnology -- 18.4 Semionotus Radiations in the Newark Supergroup -- 18.5 Ecological Context of Evolutionary Novelty and Speciation -- Evolutionary novelty in Semionotus -- Timing of speciation in Semionotus relative to lake formation -- 18.6 Time Required for Speciation -- Colonization, endemism, and time for speciation in P4 Semionotus -- Times to speciation in Semionotus and other species flocks -- 18.7 Concluding Comments -- 19: Epilogue -- 19.1 The Allopatric Dogma -- 19.2 Adaptive Speciation -- 19.3 Diversity of Speciation Processes -- 19.4 Empirical Studies of Speciation -- 19.5 Continuous Splitting and Radiations -- 19.6 Future Directions -- References -- Index -- The International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis.