Anmerkung: Intro -- Introduction: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Habitability -- References -- The Geology and Habitability of Terrestrial Planets: Fundamental Requirements for Life -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Lessons from Earth-Contemporary Systems -- Physical and Chemical Conditions -- Assimilation (Biomass Forming) Reactions -- Dissimilatory (Energy Generating) Reactions -- The Hadean-Archaean Environment -- The Hadean-Archaean Lithosphere -- The Hadean-Archaean Hydrosphere -- The Hadean-Archaean Atmosphere -- Life on the (Hadean-?) Archaean Earth … -- Geology and Habitability -- The Effect of Life on Archaean Environmental Chemistry -- Evolution -- Life and the Terrestrial Planets -- Mercury -- Venus -- Mars -- Europa -- Conclusions -- Key Questions and Needed Observations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Emergence of a Habitable Planet -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Hadean Today -- Defining the Hadean -- Astrophysical Context -- The Interstellar Environment -- The Faint Young Sun -- The Active Young Sun -- The Age of the Earth and Solar System -- Planetary Accretion -- Tungsten Isotopic Tests for Earth Formation Models -- Comparisons with Other Objects -- Core Formation, Accretion and the Early Earth -- The Age of Heroes -- Origin of the Atmosphere -- Escape and the Noble Gases -- Water -- After the Moon-Forming Impact -- A Fog of Rock Vapor -- Steam Atmospheres and Magma Oceans -- Tidal Heating -- History of the Lunar Orbit -- Hot Water -- Hadean Geography and Geodynamics -- Zircons -- Continental Crust -- Ocean Volume and Depth -- Hadean Atmosphere and Climate -- Ice -- Doubts -- The Late Bombardment -- The Lunar Record -- Other Sources of Data -- Theorists Prefer Cataclysms -- Transient Environmental Effects of Impacts -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , Creating Habitable Zones, at all Scales, from Planets to Mud Micro-Habitats, on Earth and on Mars -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Planetary Scale: Creating Habitability -- Making a Habitable Zone: The Planetary Skin in the Hadean -- Hadean Surface Temperature: The Cool Early Earth -- The Lively Interior: The Contribution from Volcanism -- Impact Modeling-Tilling the Surface: Processing the Habitability Zone -- Adding Components of Habitability to the Planetary Skin: The Impact Heritage on the Surface Inventory -- Impact-Produced Gases -- Redox State of Impact-Induced Gases -- Formation of Organics During an Impact -- Impact-Generated Silicate Vapor -- Habitability Zones on the Surface: The Volume of the Oceans, the Emergence of Land -- The Small Scale-From the Volcano to the Ion: Supply of Key Components for Biochemistry -- The Small Muddy Doorway of Habitability -- Exploiting the Muds: Widening the Habitability of the Earliest Archean Ecosphere -- Habitability of Highly Mineralizing Environments -- Sub-Surface Habitability -- The Intangible Air, Connector of Habitability: The Methane Greenhouse -- Reworking the Habitable Mud: Anoxygenic and Oxygenic Photosynthesis, and Burrowing Metazoa -- Habitability of Another World-Is There a Rock Cycle on Mars that Can Sustain Life? -- Martian Volcanism -- Water-Rich Environments on Mars -- Crustal Geothermal Processes on Mars -- The Evidence that Habitability Was Achieved: Early Life and Its Signatures -- Sustaining Habitability: The Long Term Scale-Is There an Outlook? -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Conversations on the Habitability of Worlds: The Importance of Volatiles -- Abstract -- The Origin of Earth's Water -- Planetary Inventories of H2O -- Evolution of Planetary Volatiles -- The History of Water and Climate on Mars -- Stability of Liquid Water -- Outflow Channels -- Valley Networks. , Gullies -- Lakes and Oceans -- Surface Observations -- Hydrologic and Climatic Change on Mars -- Volatile Reservoirs and Exchange Processes on Earth and Mars -- Biogeochemical Cycling of Volatiles on Earth -- Changes in Biogeochemical Cycling over Time -- The Geochemistry of Volatiles on Mars -- Volatiles and Life on Ancient Mars -- Co-evolution of the Atmosphere and Life on Earth -- Evolution of the Atmosphere and the Evolution of Life -- The Impact of Life on the Atmosphere -- Feedbacks and Planetary Homeostasis -- Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Water, Life, and Planetary Geodynamical Evolution -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Origins, Inventories and Cycles -- Earth's Volatile Inventories -- Volatile Inventories of Mars and Venus -- Origin and Survival of the Volatile Inventories -- Earth Volatile Cycles -- Volatile Fluxes -- Non-steady State Contributions -- Flux Balances -- Volatiles and the Oxidation State of Earth's Mantle and Surface -- Mechanisms and Feedbacks -- Geodynamical Regimes -- Overview -- Role of Volatiles in the Operation of Geodynamic Regimes -- Regime Transitions -- Magnetic Field Generation, Requirements and Effects -- Interior Atmosphere Interaction -- Mars -- Venus -- Life, CO2 Fixation and Climate -- Diversity of Factors Affecting Silicate Weathering -- Life as an Enhancer or Inhibitor of Silicate Weathering -- Impact of Vascular Plants -- Impact of Life on Carbonate Precipitation -- Microbial Urey Reaction at a Much Shorter Time Scale? -- Modeling of the Quantitative Effect of Life on Climate Regulation -- Planetary Evolution -- Thermal Evolution Time Scales -- Thermal and Dynamical Evolution of Earth -- Thermal and Dynamical Evolution of Mars and Venus -- Volcanism -- Thermal and Dynamical Evolution -- Discussion and Important Open Questions -- Discussion -- Important Open Questions -- Acknowledgements. , References -- Introduction to Chapter 6: Planetary/Sun Interactions -- Reference -- A Comparative Study of the Influence of the Active Young Sun on the Early Atmospheres of Earth, Venus, and Mars -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Thermospheric Heat Balance and Composition Modelling -- Comparative Study of the Evolution of the Upper Atmospheres of Terrestrial Planets -- Early Earth -- Present and Early Venus -- Present and Early Mars -- Non-Thermal Atmospheric Loss Processes From Non- or Weakly Magnetized Planets -- Photochemically Produced ``Hot'' Neutrals and Planetary Coronae -- Solar Wind Induced Ion Pick up -- Atmospheric Sputtering -- Viscous Processes -- Atmospheric Loss over Venus' History -- Atmospheric Escape from Present Venus -- Solar Wind Induced Atmosphere Erosion and Water Loss over Venus' History -- Atmospheric Loss over the Mars' History -- Atmospheric and Water Loss During the Past 3.5 Gyr -- Magnetic Field Protection of the Early Martian Atmosphere -- Loss of CO2 and Change in Surface Pressure -- Why Has the Earth Evolved Differently from Venus and Mars? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Planetary Magnetic Fields and Solar Forcing: Implications for Atmospheric Evolution -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Variability of the Solar Radiation and Plasma Environment -- Short-Time Solar Variability -- Temporal Variation of the Sun's Total Luminosity -- Evolution of Solar X-Rays and EUV Radiation -- The Solar Wind of the Young Sun -- External and Internal Forcing -- The Solar Output-Internal Forcing -- External Forcing-Direct and Indirect -- Magnetic Shielding -- Energy and Momentum Transfer -- Solar Radiative and Particle Forcing of the Earth-Like Planets -- The Present Loss of Volatiles from the Earth-Like Planets -- Earth -- Mars -- Venus -- Atmospheric Loss from Earth. , Atmospheric Loss from Present MARS-Phobos-2, Mars Express -- Atmospheric Loss from Present Venus -- Amplified Particle Outflow -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Planetary Magnetic Dynamo Effect on Atmospheric Protection of Early Earth and Mars -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Rotation of Early Earth-Moon System (Faster than Today) and Mars -- Obliquity, Insolation and Atmosphere -- Rotational Effect on Magnetic Dynamo-Expected Stronger Magnetic Field -- Magnetic Field Conditions -- Existence of a Magnetic Field for Mars -- Strength of a Magnetic Field Related to Rotation -- Theoretical Computation of the Strength of the Magnetic Field for Mars and the Earth -- Strength of a Magnetic Field from Other Phenomena -- Observed Strength of the Past Martian Magnetic Field -- Thermal Evolution, Mars Interior, and Mars Magnetic Field -- Early Solar Wind (min-max)-Effect on Magnetopause Distances (Atmosphere Protection) -- Effect of the Early Martian Magnetic Field on the Atmospheric Loss -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Epilogue: The Origins of Life in the Solar System and Future Exploration -- References.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- List of Contributing Authors -- Scientific Organizing Committee and Acknowledgment of Reviewers -- Introductory Statement -- Preface -- Part 1. Earth - Lessons Learned from an Inhabited Terrestrial Planet -- Creation of a Habitable Planet-K. J. Zahnle and R. W. Carlson -- Life's Requirements, Habitability, and Biological Potential-T. M. Hoehler, W. Bains, A. Davila, M. N. Parenteau, and A. Pohorille -- The Environmental Roots of the Origin of Life-J. A. Baross, R. E. Anderson, and E. E. Stüeken -- Life as a Planetary Process-E. E. Stüeken, G. P. Fournier, and A. E. Eyster -- Detecting Life on Earth and the Limits of Analogy-S. S. Johnson, H. V. Graham, D. J. Des Marais, and R. M. Hazen -- Part 2. Astrobiology in Our Solar System -- Planetary Astrobiology: Early Mars-E. S. Amador and B. L. Ehlmann -- The Biological Potential of Present-Day Mars-A. Davila, M. A. Kahre, R. Quinn, and D. J. Des Marais -- The Astrobiology of Europa and the Jovian System-B. E. Schmidt -- Enceladus-M. L. Cable, M. Neveu, H.-W. Hsu, and T. M. Hoehler -- The Astrobiology of Titan-J. I. Lunine, M. L. Cable, S. M. Hörst, and M. Rahm -- Planetary Protection in Planetary Exploration Missions-J. D. Rummel -- Part 3. The Solar Ssystem - Exoplanet Synergy -- Solar System Formation in the Context of Extrasolar Planets-S. N. Raymond, A. Izidoro, and A. Morbidelli -- Origin of Earth's Water: Sources and Constraints-K. Meech and S. N. Raymond -- Venus as an Analog for Hot Earths-G. N. Arney and S. Kane -- Earth as an Exoplanet-T. D. Robinson and C. T. Reinhard -- Part 4. Synthesis -- The Inner Solar System's Habitability Through Time-A. D. Del Genio, D. Brain, L. Noack, and L. Schaefer -- Characterizing Exoplanet Habitability-R. K. Kopparapu, E. T. Wolf, and V. S. Meadows. , Probabilistic Frameworks for Life Detection-S. I. Walker, L. Cronin, A. Drew, S. Domagal-Goldman, T. Fisher, M. Line, and C. Millsaps -- Unifying Themes and Future Work in Planetary Astrobiology-V. S. Meadows, G. N. Arney, D. J. Des Marais, and B. E. Schmidt -- Index -- Color Section.