Keywords:
Instrument manufacture.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
Unrivalled in its completeness, this guide to the design and construction of scientific apparatus is essential reading for all scientists and students in physical, chemical and biological sciences, and engineering. Detectors, low-temperature measurements, and high-pressure apparatus, updated engineering specifications, are all new to this edition.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (663 pages)
Edition:
4th ed.
ISBN:
9780511579356
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=451909
DDC:
681/.75
Language:
English
Note:
COVER -- HALF-TITLE -- TITLE -- COPYRIGHT -- DEDICATION -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CHAPTER 1 MECHANICAL DESIGN AND FABRICATION -- 1.1 TOOLS AND SHOP PROCESSES -- 1.1.1 Hand Tools -- 1.1.2 Machines for Making Holes -- 1.1.3 The Lathe -- 1.1.4 Milling Machines -- 1.1.5 Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) -- 1.1.6 Grinders -- 1.1.7 Tools for Working Sheet Metal -- 1.1.8 Casting -- 1.1.9 Tolerance and Surface Quality for Shop Processes -- 1.2 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS -- 1.2.1 Parameters to Specify Properties of Materials -- 1.2.2 Heat Treating and Cold Working -- 1.2.3 Effect of Stress Concentration -- 1.3 MATERIALS -- 1.3.1 Iron and Steel -- 1.3.2 Nickel Alloys -- 1.3.3 Copper and Copper Alloys -- 1.3.4 Aluminum Alloys -- 1.3.5 Other Metals -- 1.3.6 Plastics -- 1.3.7 Glasses and Ceramics -- 1.4 JOINING MATERIALS -- 1.4.1 Threaded Fasteners -- 1.4.2 Rivets -- 1.4.3 Pins -- 1.4.4 Retaining Rings -- 1.4.5 Soldering -- 1.4.6 Brazing -- 1.4.7 Welding -- 1.4.8 Adhesives -- 1.4.9 Design of Joints -- 1.4.10 Joints in Piping and Pressure Vessels -- 1.5 MECHANICAL DRAWING -- 1.5.1 Drawing Tools -- 1.5.2 Basic Principles of Mechanical Drawing -- 1.5.3 Dimensions -- 1.5.4 Tolerances -- 1.5.5 From Design to Working Drawings -- 1.6 PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF MECHANICAL DESIGN -- 1.6.1 Bending of a Beam or Shaft -- 1.6.2 Twisting of a Shaft -- 1.6.3 Internal Pressure -- 1.6.4 Vibration of Beams and Shafts -- 1.6.5 Shaft Whirl and Vibration -- 1.7 CONSTRAINED MOTION -- 1.7.1 Kinematic Design -- 1.7.2 Plain Bearings -- 1.7.3 Ball Bearings -- 1.7.4 Linear-Motion Bearings -- 1.7.5 Springs -- 1.7.6 Flexures -- Cited References -- General References -- Design of Moving and Rotating Machinery -- Vibration Analysis -- Mechanical Design Texts -- Mechanical-Drawing Texts -- Mechanical Engineering Handbooks -- Properties of Materials -- Brazing -- Chapter 1 Appendix.
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CHAPTER 2 WORKING WITH GLASS -- 2.1 PROPERTIES OF GLASSES -- 2.1.1 Chemical Composition and Chemical Properties of Some Laboratory Glasses -- 2.1.2 Thermal Properties of Laboratory Glasses -- 2.1.3 Optical Properties of Laboratory Glassware -- 2.1.4 Mechanical Properties of Glass -- 2.2 LABORATORY COMPONENTS AVAILABLE IN GLASS -- 2.2.1 Tubing and Rod -- 2.2.2 Demountable Joints -- 2.2.3 Valves and Stopcocks -- 2.2.4 Graded Glass Seals and Glass-to-Metal Seals -- 2.3 LABORATORY GLASSBLOWING SKILLS -- 2.3.1 The Glassblower's Tools -- 2.3.2 Cutting Glass Tubing -- 2.3.3 Pulling Points -- 2.3.4 Sealing Off a Tube: The Test-Tube End -- 2.3.5 Making a T-Seal -- 2.3.6 Making a Straight Seal -- 2.3.7 Making a Ring Seal -- 2.3.8 Bending Glass Tubing -- 2.3.9 Annealing -- 2.3.10 Sealing Glass to Metal -- 2.3.11 Grinding and Drilling Glass -- Cited References -- General References -- CHAPTER 3 VACUUM TECHNOLOGY -- 3.1 GASES -- 3.1.1 The Nature of the Residual Gases in a Vacuum System -- 3.1.2 Gas Kinetic Theory -- 3.1.3 Surface Collisions -- 3.1.4 Bulk Behavior versus Molecular Behavior -- 3.2 GAS FLOW -- 3.2.1 Parameters for Specifying Gas Flow -- 3.2.2 Network Equations -- 3.2.3 The Master Equation -- 3.2.4 Conductance Formulae -- 3.2.5 Pumpdown Time -- 3.2.6 Outgassing -- 3.3 PRESSURE AND FLOW MEASUREMENT -- 3.3.1 Mechanical Gauges -- 3.3.2 Thermal-Conductivity Gauges -- 3.3.3 Viscous-Drag Gauges -- 3.3.4 Ionization Gauges -- 3.3.5 Mass Spectrometers -- 3.3.6 Flowmeters -- 3.4 VACUUM PUMPS -- 3.4.1 Mechanical Pumps -- 3.4.2 Vapor Diffusion Pumps -- 3.4.3 Entrainment Pumps -- 3.5 VACUUM HARDWARE -- 3.5.1 Materials -- 3.5.2 Demountable Vacuum Connections -- 3.5.3 Valves -- 3.5.4 Mechanical Motion in the Vacuum System -- 3.5.5 Traps and Baffles -- 3.5.6 Molecular Beams and Gas Jets -- 3.5.7 Electronics and Electricity in Vacuo.
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3.6 VACUUM-SYSTEM DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION -- 3.6.1 Some Typical Vacuum Systems -- 3.6.2 Differential Pumping -- 3.6.3 The Construction of Metal Vacuum Apparatus -- 3.6.4 Surface Preparation -- 3.6.5 Leak Detection -- 3.6.6 Ultrahigh Vacuum -- Cited References -- General References -- Comprehensive Texts on Vacuum Technology -- Detailed Calculation of Gas Flow -- Design of Vacuum Systems -- Outgassing Data -- Properties of Materials Used in Vacuum Systems -- Sealing Ceramics and Glass to Metal, Heat-Treating, Cleaning, Building Joints, and Feedthroughs -- Ultrahigh Vacuum -- CHAPTER 4 OPTICAL SYSTEMS -- 4.1 OPTICAL TERMINOLOGY -- 4.2 CHARACTERIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL SYSTEMS -- 4.2.1 Simple Reflection and Refraction Analysis -- 4.2.2 Paraxial-Ray Analysis -- 4.2.3 Nonimaging Light Collectors -- 4.2.4 Imaging Systems -- 4.2.5 Exact Ray Tracing and Aberrations -- 4.2.6 The Use of Impedances in Optics -- 4.2.7 Gaussian Beams -- 4.3 OPTICAL COMPONENTS -- 4.3.1 Mirrors -- 4.3.2 Windows -- 4.3.3 Lenses and Lens Systems -- 4.3.4 Prisms -- 4.3.5 Diffraction Gratings -- 4.3.6 Polarizers -- 4.3.7 Optical Isolators -- 4.3.8 Filters -- 4.3.9 Fiber Optics -- 4.3.10 Precision Mechanical Movement Systems -- 4.3.11 Devices for Positional and Orientational Adjustment of Optical Components -- 4.3.12 Optical Tables and Vibration Isolation -- 4.3.13 Alignment of Optical Systems -- 4.3.14 Mounting Optical Components -- 4.3.15 Cleaning Optical Components -- 4.4 OPTICAL MATERIALS -- 4.4.1 Materials for Windows, Lenses, and Prisms -- 4.4.2 Materials for Mirrors and Diffraction Gratings -- 4.5 OPTICAL SOURCES -- 4.5.1 Coherence -- 4.5.2 Radiometry: Units and Definitions -- 4.5.3 Photometry -- 4.5.4 Line Sources -- 4.5.5 Continuum Sources -- 4.6 LASERS -- 4.6.1 General Principles of Laser Operation -- 4.6.2 General Features of Laser Design.
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4.6.3 Specific Laser Systems -- 4.6.4 Laser Radiation -- 4.6.5 Coupling Light from a Source to an Aperture -- 4.6.6 Optical Modulators -- 4.6.7 How to Work Safely with Light Sources -- 4.7 OPTICAL DISPERSING INSTRUMENTS -- 4.7.1 Comparison of Prism and Grating Spectrometers -- 4.7.2 Design of Spectrometers and Spectrographs -- 4.7.3 Calibration of Spectrometers and Spectrographs -- 4.7.4 Fabry-Perot Interferometers and Etalons -- 4.7.5 Design Considerations for Fabry-Perot Systems -- 4.7.6 Double-Beam Interferometers -- Endnotes -- Cited References -- General References -- Comprehensive (General) Optics Texts -- Applied Optics -- Lens Design -- Electro-Optic Devices -- Far-Infrared Techniques -- Fiber Optics -- Filters -- Fourier Transform Spectroscopy -- Incoherent Light Sources -- Photometry -- Infrared Technology -- Interferometers and Interferometry -- Fourier Optics and Holography -- Lasers -- Nonlinear Optics -- Optical Component and Instrument Design -- Optical Detectors -- Optical Materials -- Optical Safety -- Polarized Light and Crystal Optics -- Spectrometers -- Spectroscopy -- Submillimeter Wave Techniques -- Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants -- Tables of Spectral and Laser Lines -- Ultraviolet and Vacuum-Ultraviolet Technology -- Suppliers of Optical Windows -- CHAPTER 5 CHARGED-PARTICLE OPTICS -- 5.1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHARGED-PARTICLE OPTICS -- 5.1.1 Brightness -- 5.1.2 Snell's Law -- 5.1.3 The Helmholtz-Lagrange Law -- 5.1.4 Vignetting -- 5.2 ELECTROSTATIC LENSES -- 5.2.1 Geometrical Optics of Thick Lenses -- 5.2.2 Cylinder Lenses -- 5.2.3 Aperture Lenses -- 5.2.4 Matrix Methods -- 5.2.5 Aberrations -- 5.2.6 Lens Design Example -- 5.2.7 Computer Simulations -- 5.3 CHARGED-PARTICLE SOURCES -- 5.3.1 Electron Guns -- 5.3.2 Electron-Gun Design Example -- 5.3.3 Ion Sources -- 5.4 ENERGY ANALYZERS -- 5.4.1 Parallel-Plate Analyzers.
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5.4.2 Cylindrical Analyzers -- 5.4.3 Spherical Analyzers -- 5.4.4 Preretardation -- 5.4.5 The Energy-Add Lens -- 5.4.6 Fringing-Field Correction -- 5.4.7 Magnetic Energy Analyzers -- 5.5 MASS ANALYZERS -- 5.5.1 Magnetic Sector Mass Analyzers -- 5.5.2 Wien Filter -- 5.5.3 Dynamic Mass Spectrometers -- 5.6 ELECTRON- AND ION-BEAM DEVICES: CONSTRUCTION -- 5.6.1 Vacuum Requirements -- 5.6.2 Materials -- 5.6.3 Lens and Lens-Mount Design -- 5.6.4 Charged-Particle Detection -- 5.6.5 Magnetic-Field Control -- Cited References -- CHAPTER 6 ELECTRONICS -- 6.1 PRELIMINARIES -- 6.1.1 Circuit Theory -- Laws -- Theorems -- Superposition, Circuits with Multiple Sources -- 6.1.2 Circuit Analysis -- 6.1.3 High-Pass and Low-Pass Circuits -- 6.1.4 Resonant Circuits -- 6.1.5 The Laplace-Transform Method -- 6.1.6 RLC Circuits -- 6.1.7 Transient Response of Resonant Circuits -- 6.1.8 Transformers and Mutual Inductance -- 6.1.9 Compensation -- 6.1.10 Filters -- 6.1.11 Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis -- 6.2 PASSIVE COMPONENTS -- 6.2.1 Fixed Resistors and Capacitors -- 6.2.2 Variable Resistors -- 6.2.3 Transmission Lines -- 6.2.4 Coaxial Connectors -- 6.2.5 Relays -- 6.3 ACTIVE COMPONENTS -- 6.3.1 Diodes -- 6.3.2 Transistors -- 6.3.3 Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers -- 6.3.4 Unijunction Transistors -- 6.3.5 Thyratrons -- 6.4 AMPLIFIERS AND PULSE ELECTRONICS -- 6.4.1 Definition of Terms -- 6.4.2 General Transistor-Amplifier Operating Principles -- 6.4.3 Operational-Amplifier Circuit Analysis -- 6.4.4 Instrumentation and Isolation Amplifiers -- 6.4.5 Stability and Oscillators -- 6.4.6 Detecting and Processing Pulses -- 6.5 POWER SUPPLIES -- 6.5.1 Power-Supply Specifications -- 6.5.2 Regulator Circuits and Programmable Power Supplies -- 6.5.3 Bridges -- 6.6 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS -- 6.6.1 Binary Counting -- 6.6.2 Elementary Functions -- 6.6.3 Boolean Algebra -- 6.6.4 Arithmetic Units.
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6.6.5 Data Units.
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