Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Questions on Sustainable Development: An Introduction to the Essays -- Population Issues -- The Difficulty in Defining Sustainability -- The Role of Natural Assets in Economic Development -- Using Benefit-Cost Analysis to Prioritize Environmental Problems -- Sustainable Agriculture -- Managing Water for Economic, Environmental, and Human Health -- Energy Transitions -- Climate Variability and Development -- Preserving Biodiversity as a Resource -- Selected Resources for the Future Titles.

Note: Cover -- Preface -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Summary -- Acknowledgments -- Abbreviations -- CHAPTER ONE- Introduction -- Background -- Technical Approach -- Organization of This Report -- CHAPTER TWO- History and Context of Unconventional Fossil-Resource Development -- Past U.S. Efforts to Promote Synfuels -- Energy Information Administration Production Projections -- Potential Sources of Oil-Sand and CTL-Capacity Investment -- Policy Drivers for Unconventional Fossil-Based Fuels: Greenhouse-Gas Emissions and Energy Security -- Concerns About Greenhouse Gases -- Concerns About Energy Security -- CHAPTER THREE- Carbon Capture and Storage for Unconventional Fuels -- Carbon-Dioxide Capture -- Carbon-Dioxide Transport -- Carbon-Dioxide Storage -- Enhanced Oil Recovery -- Geologic Storage -- CHAPTER FOUR- Oil Sands and Synthetic Crude Oil -- Overview of the Resource -- North American Oil Sands -- Resource Base -- Production Projections -- Methods of Extracting and Upgrading Oil Sands -- Mining -- Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage -- Cyclic Steam Stimulation -- Upgrading -- Future Oil-Sand Technologies -- Potential Constraints on Oil-Sand Production -- Environmental Impacts and Water Resources -- Natural-Gas Prices -- Other Market Constraints -- Carbon-Dioxide Production, Capture, and Storage -- Baseline Carbon-Dioxide Emissions from Oil-Sand Production -- Carbon-Dioxide Capture and Storage for Oil Sands -- Unit Costs for Oil-Sand Production -- Current Costs for Oil-Sand Production Without Carbon-Dioxide Management -- Future Production Costs Without Carbon-Dioxide Management: Capital-Cost Uncertainties and Learning-Based Cost Declines -- Cost Sensitivity to the Price of Natural Gas -- Current Carbon Dioxide-Management Costs for Synthetic Crude Oil -- Development and Learning for Carbon-Dioxide Capture -- CHAPTER FIVE- Coal-to-Liquids Production. , The Coal Resource Base Relative to Coal-to-Liquids Production Needs -- Liquid-Fuel Production via Indirect Liquefaction of Coal -- Methanol-to-Gasoline -- Potential Constraints on Production of Coal-to-Liquid Fuels -- Carbon-Dioxide Production and Capture for Coal-to-Liquids -- Baseline Carbon-Dioxide Emissions from Coal-to-Liquids Production -- Mixing Biomass and Coal to Reduce Coal-to-Liquids Carbon-Dioxide Emissions -- Carbon Capture for Coal-to-Liquids -- Potential Future Unit Production Costs for Coal-to-Liquids -- Carbon Dioxide-Management Cost for CTL -- Potential Cost Declines from Learning -- CHAPTER SIX- Competitiveness of Unit Production Costs for Synthetic Crude Oiland Coal-to-Liquids -- Oil Sands -- Cost Comparison for Synthetic Crude Oil Produced by Integrated Mining and Upgrading -- Cost Comparison for Synthetic Crude Oil Produced by Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage and Upgrading -- Coal to Liquids -- Incorporating Energy-Security Costs -- CHAPTER SEVEN- Conclusions -- Synthesis of the Cost-Competitiveness Analysis -- Broader Conclusions and Implications -- References.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- RESOURCES -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures and Tables -- Preface -- Contributors -- 1 Introduction -- PART I BACKGROUND -- 2 The Greenhouse Effect: Its Causes, Possible Impacts, and Associated Uncertainties -- 3 Human Development and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: The Current Picture and the Long-Term Prospects -- 4 Sea-Level Rise: Regional Consequences and Responses -- 5 Climate Change: Problems of Limits and Policy Responses -- 6 Assessing and Managing the Risks of Climate Change -- PART II NATURAL RESOURCE SECTORS -- 7 Adapting Future Agriculture to Changes in Climate -- 8 Climate and Forests -- 9 The Biological Consequences of Climate Changes: An Ecological and Economic Assessment -- 10 Water Resources and Climate Change -- PART III PERSPECTIVES -- 11 Potential Strategies for Adapting to Greenhouse Warming: Perspectives from the Developing World -- 12 Human Dimensions of Global Change: Toward a Research Agenda -- 13 Thoughts on Abatement and Adaptation -- 14 Epilogue.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Detailed Contents -- Foreword -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Part I Overview -- 1 AN OVERVIEW AND INTERPRETATION -- Relevant Findings for an Approach to Consensus -- Energy Availability and Cost -- Achieving a Consensus -- Energy Consumption in the Future -- Some Critical Issues -- Estimated Levels of Future Consumption -- Domestic Mineral Fuel Resources -- Comparing Energy Supply Alternatives -- Monetary Costs -- Health, Safety, and Environmental Impacts -- Energy Policies -- The Broad Policy Setting -- Specific Supporting Policies -- Part II Energy Consumption -- 2 MEASURING ENERGY FLOWS IN TODAY'S ECONOMY -- Energy Inputs into the Economy -- Distribution of Gross Energy Inputs by Sector and End Use -- Other Dimensions of Energy Flows Through the Economy -- Energy in Nonfuel and Power Uses -- Intermediate" Versus "Final Demand" Energy Deliveries -- The Dollar Value of Energy Inputs into the Economy -- Measures of Effective Energy Use -- 3 THE INTERRELATIONSHIP OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION, ECONOMIC GROWTH, AND CONSERVATION -- The Key Issues -- A Review of Historical Trends -- Composition of National Output -- Trends in Energy Intensity -- The Significance of Changing Energy Forms -- Price Developments -- Pondering the Lessons of History -- The Role of Conservation -- Defining Conservation -- Economic Effects of Energy Constraints -- Conservation and Life-styles -- Intercountry Comparisons of Energy Use -- Conclusion -- 4 HOW WILL THE U.S. ECONOMY DEVELOP? -- Analyzing Energy Demand Within an Economic Perspective -- The Procedure for Projecting the GNP -- Population, Labor Force and Employment -- Population -- Labor Force and Employment -- Productivity and the Total GNP -- Distribution of National Expenditures -- Conclusions. , 5 THE TECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH TO ENERGY CONSERVATION-PROSPECTS IN THREE MAJOR END USES -- How Much Energy Can Technology Save? -- Residential Comfort Heating -- The Current State of Affairs -- Technology -- Performance and Economic Analysis -- Barriers to Implementation -- Public Policy Options to Foster Implementation -- Projection of Energy Consumption and Conservation Potential -- Automotive Transport -- The Present Situation -- Technology -- Economics -- Barriers to Improving Automotive Fuel Performance -- Public Policies to Enhance Fuel Saving -- Projections of Energy Consumption -- Industrial Process Steam-With Particular Emphasis on Cogeneration -- The Basics of Cogeneration -- Technical Aspects -- Economic Aspects -- Public Policy and Implementation -- Projections of Industrial Process Steam Use and Associated Cogeneration -- 6 WHAT CAN WE SAY ABOUT FUTURE ENERGY CONSUMPTION? -- A Brief Review of Some Recent Energy Projections -- What Emerges from These and Other Studies? -- Long-Term Outlook for Aggregate Energy Use -- Recapitulation -- Commercial Sector -- Freight and Airline Transport -- Industry -- Residential Sector -- An Aggregate Projection for the Year 2000 -- Alternative Levels of Projected Energy Use -- Consumption of Different Energy Forms -- Total Energy Demand Beyond the Year 2000 -- Energy and the Changing Structure of Final Demand -- Will Energy Constraints Dampen Economic Growth? -- Concluding Remarks -- Appendix: A Review of Selected Recent Energy Projections -- Institute for Energy Analysis (lEA) -- Report of the Committee on Nuclear and Alternative Energy Systems (CONAES) Demand-Conservation Panel -- U.S. Department of Energy Market Oriented Program Planning Study (MOPPS) -- Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI)-Demand 77 -- Resources for the Future-National Institutes of Health (RFF-NIH) Study -- Part III Energy Supply. , 7 MINERAL FUEL RESOURCES -- Terminology and Concepts -- U.S. Reserves and Resources -- Coal -- Conventional Oil and Gas -- Unconventional Oil and Gas -- Oil and Gas Reserves and Production in Recent Years -- Uranium -- World Reserves and Resources -- Coal -- Oil and Gas -- Uranium -- Appendix: Measuring the Heat Content of Uranium-Some Simplified Calculations -- 8 SYNTHETIC LIQUID AND GASEOUS FUELS -- The Range of Choices -- Technology for Utilizing Oil Shale -- Resources -- Economics -- Evaluation -- Sources of Synthetic Oil and Gas -- Technologies -- Resources -- Economics -- Evaluation -- 9 CENTRAL-STATION ELECTRICITY FROM COAL AND NUCLEAR FUELS -- Significance of the Coal-Nuclear Comparison -- Overall System Descriptions -- Coal -- Nuclear -- Coal-Nuclear Comparisons -- Advanced Coal and Nuclear Technologies -- New Coal-Based Processes -- New Nuclear Technologies -- Effects of Advanced Systems on Comparisons of Fossil and Nuclear-Based Systems -- Appendix: Other Electricity Cost Factors -- Transmission and Distribution Costs -- Reliability -- Service Interruption from Terrorism or War -- 10 CENTRAL-STATION ELECTRICITY FROM RENEWABLE SOURCES -- Direct Solar -- Satellite Solar -- Wind Energy -- Waves -- Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) -- Small-Scale Hydroelectric Power -- Biomass Technology -- Tidal Power -- Geothermal Technology -- Comparisons -- 11 SOLAR HEATING AND OTHER DECENTRALIZED ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES -- Passive Solar Heating -- Active Solar Heating -- Decentralized Photovoltaics -- Other Sources -- Neighborhood and Industrial Applications -- Comparisons -- Appendix: Cost of Units of Energy Delivered to Home Space Heating Uses by Gas, Oil, Solar, and Electric Sources -- Part IV Health, Safety, and Environmental Impacts -- 12 HEALTH IMPACTS OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES -- Air Pollution -- Coal-Fired Power Plants. , Newer Coal-Using Technologies for the Generation of Electricity -- Shale Oil -- Other Sources -- Comparative Air Pollution Effects -- Radiation Risks -- Routine Radiation -- Long-Lived Radioactive Elements -- Nuclear Wastes -- Nuclear Reactor Accidents -- The Breeder Reactor -- Comparative Radiation Impacts -- Other Safety Impacts on the General Public -- Occupational Illnesses and Accidents -- Standard Technologies -- Newer Technologies -- Comparative Occupational Impacts -- Overall Health Comparisons -- 13 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES -- Impacts on Land Use -- Use of Land for Energy Production and Waste Disposal -- Indirect Land Use Effects -- Impacts on Water -- Water Quality -- Water Consumption -- Impacts on Air -- Comparative Impacts on Land, Water, and Air -- 14 CATASTROPHIC THREATS ASSOCIATED WITH ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES -- Climate Modification -- Acid Precipitation -- War and Terrorism -- Reactor Accidents -- The Special Status of Catastrophes -- Comparisons Between Energy Technologies -- Part V The Process of Making Energy Choices -- 15 CONFLICTING PERCEPTIONS OF ENERGY'S FUTURE ROLE -- The Expansionist View -- The "Limited World" View -- The Weight of Evidence -- 16 THE WORLD ENERGY SETTING AND U.S. POLICY -- Energy Consumption by World Sector -- Energy Production by World Sector -- Energy Trade -- Petroleum Imports-The International Energy Connection -- Import Demand and World Oil Prices -- Levels of Imports-Why Do They Matter? -- Import Demand-The International Dimension -- Policy Responses to the Global Situation -- Reducing Energy Consumption -- Enhancing Energy Production -- Prospects for Energy Trade -- Policies to Lessen the Risk of Energy Imports -- Assessing the Risks -- Policy Options -- Paying for Lower Risks-A Political Question -- Natural Gas Imports-Special Considerations. , 17 FORMULATING ENERGY POLICY-THE COMPLEXITIES AND UNCERTAINTIES -- Energy Pricing -- The Need for Pricing Reform -- The Substance of Energy Pricing Reform -- Problems in Implementing Energy Pricing Reform -- Reform of Environmental, Health, and Safety Regulation -- Identification of Goals -- Reform of Procedure -- Reform of Regulatory Instruments -- Reform of Regulatory Administration -- The Question of Fairness in Energy Policy -- Energy Costs and the Shrinking Pie -- Failure of General Equity Instruments -- Interest Group Orientation -- Toward Resolving Equity Issues -- Intergovernmental Issues in Energy Choices -- Price-Cost Uncertainty in Energy Production and Conservation -- Sources and Effects of Price Uncertainty -- Shifting Uncertainty: An International Instrument -- Shifting Uncertainty: Some Domestic Instruments -- Reducing Uncertainty: Reforming Government Action -- Market Limitations in Allocating Resources for Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration -- The Sources of Market Failure in Energy RD& -- D -- Limits to the Role of the Public Sector -- Principles to Guide Intervention -- 18 TRANSLATING NEW POLICIES FOR ENERGY SOURCES INTO ACTION-COAL AND NUCLEAR POWER -- A Sampling of Options -- Expanding Coal Production -- Labor Supply and Productivity -- Financial Limitations -- Transportation -- Access to Coal Reserves -- Maintaining the Nuclear Enterprise -- Expanding LWR Acceptability -- Putting Safety Foremost -- Commercializing the Breeder Reactor -- 19 TRANSLATING NEW POLICIES FOR ENERGY SOURCES INTO ACTION-CONSERVATION, SYNTHETICS, AND SOLAR ENERGY -- Synthetic Liquids and Gases from Coal or Oil Shale -- Impediments to Commercial Production -- Required Financial Support -- Other Policy Support -- Implementing Synthetics Programs -- Increased Use of Solar Energy for Space and Water Heating. , Removing Institutional Barriers to Solar Use.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Original Title -- Original Copyright -- Contents -- Preface and Acknowledgments -- Nonlinearities and Surprises in Climate Change: An Introduction and Overview -- Facts and Uncertainties of Climate Change -- Nonlinearities and Surprises in the Links of Farming to Climate or Weather -- What Are Nonlinear Responses at the Biome Level? -- The Importance of Nonlinearities in Global Warming Damage Costs -- Sorting Out Facts and Uncertainties in Economic Response to the Physical Effects of Global Climate Change -- Assessing Climate Change Risks: Valuation of Effects -- List of Contributors -- List of Workshop Participants.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Original Title Page -- Original Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Tables -- Figures -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 Guide to the Study and Major Findings -- Introduction: Why a Study of Household Spending Patterns and Energy? -- The Plan of the Study -- An Overview of the Methods of Expenditure Analysis and the Role of Energy -- Major Findings -- Some Cautions on Methodology and Interpretation -- Chapter 2 Dynamic Estimation of Consumer Demand -- Introduction -- Criteria for Classification of PCE Categories -- The Dynamie PCE Demand Speeification -- PCE Demand Estimates -- Demand in Fuels Disruption Period -- Chapter 3 The Systems Method of Estimating Personal Consumption Expenditure -- Introduction -- The Structure of a Systems Demand Model -- Assessing the Systems Estimates -- Chapter 4 A Cross-Sectional Approach to the Analysis of Consumer Expenditures -- Introduction -- Basic Data Sources and Problems -- Estimation of Demographie, Income, and Regional Demand Effeets -- Projecting Changes in Household Characteristics -- Chapter 5 Personal Consumption Expenditures in 2000 -- Introduction -- PCE Projections: The H-T and Systems Results -- Nonbudget and Other Demand Effects: Integration and Construction of Year 2000 Projections -- What the Projections Show -- Comparison of Results with Other Studies -- Chapter 6 Energy Implications of the PCE Projections -- Introduction -- Methodological Issues and Problems -- Principal Findings -- Discussion -- Implications for Overall U.S. Energy Consumption -- Appendix A Estimation of Dynamic Model -- Appendix B Systems Model Estimation -- Appendix C Dynasim -- Appendix D Sevelopment of Final Projections -- Appendix E Input-Output Determinants of Energy Use From Final Demand -- Appendix F Bridging Matrix -- References.

Note: Auch in: Resources ; 1992, special winter issue