Note: Cover -- Frontmatter -- Half Title Page -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Dedication Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Prologue: The Challenge -- Acknowledgments -- Author's Note on Discussion Boxes, Equations, and Concentration Units -- Part I: An Environmental Policy Primer -- 1. Scientific and Engineering Perspectives of Environmental Contaminants -- The Evolution and Progress of Environmental -- What Is a Contaminant? -- Understanding Policy by Understanding Science -- Connections and Interrelationships of Environmental Science -- Environmental Assessment and Intervention -- Introduction to Environmental Policy -- Urban Air Pollution -- Acid Deposition -- Protecting the Ozone Layer -- Water Quality Legislation -- Solid and Hazardous Wastes Laws -- Environmental Product and Consumer Protection Laws -- Notes and Commentary -- Part II: Fundamentals of Environmental Science and Engineering -- Introduction to Part II -- Importance of Physics in Environmental Contamination and Risk -- Importance of Chemistry in Environmental Contamination and Risk -- Importance of Biology in Environmental Contamination and Risk -- Beyond Basic Science -- 2. Fundamentals of Environmental Physics -- Principles and Concepts of Energy and Matter Important to the Environment -- Mass and Work -- Environmental Mechanics -- Notes and Commentary -- 3. Applied Contaminant Physics: Fluid Properties -- Physical Properties of Environmental Fluids -- Velocity -- Discharge and Flow -- Pressure -- Acceleration -- Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration -- Density -- Specific Gravity -- Notes and Commentary -- 4. Environmental Equilibrium, Partitioning, and Balances -- Fundamentals of Environmental Equilibria -- Solubility as a Physical and Chemical Phenomenon -- Intramolecular Bonds, Intermolecular Forces, and Molecular Dipole Moments -- Fluid Solubility/Density Relationships. , Environmental Thermodynamics -- The Environmental Mass Balance Reaction Term -- Notes and Commentary -- 5. Movement of Contaminants in the Environment -- Environmental Chemodymamics Models -- Selecting Units of Mass and Concentrations in Chemodynamics -- Fugacity, Z Values, and Henry's Law -- How Contaminants Move in the Environment -- Overall Effect of the Fluxes, Sinks, and Sources -- Combining Transport and Degradation Processes Using Half-Lives and Rate Constants -- Notes and Commentary -- 6. Fundamentals of Environmental Chemistry -- Basic Concepts of Environmental Chemistry -- Organic Chemistry -- Notes and Commentary -- 7. Chemical Reactions in the Environment -- Environmental Ionic Reactions -- Environmental Acid and Base Chemistry -- Precipitation Reactions in Environmental Engineering -- Oxidation-Reduction Reactions -- Biological Redox Reactions -- Environmental Metal Chemistry -- Notes and Commentary -- 8. Biological Principles of Environmental Contamination -- The Cell -- The "Bio" Terms -- Oxygen-Depleting Contaminants -- Biomarkers of Contaminants -- Accelerated Biodegradation: Bioremediation -- Biocriteria: A New Way to Determine Environmental Quality -- Notes and Commentary -- Part III: Contaminant Risk -- 9. Contaminant Hazards -- Environmental Toxicology -- Toxicity Testing -- Hazardous Waste Characteristics -- Bio-Effective Dose -- Toxicokinetics and Toxicodynamics -- Environmental Epidemiology -- Contaminant Groupings -- Carcinogens -- Chronic Noncancer Health Endpoints -- Environmental Endocrine Disruptors -- Neurotoxins -- Immunotoxins -- Ecological Toxicity -- Notes and Commentary -- 10. Contaminant Exposure and Risk Calculations -- Exposure Assessment -- Calculating Risk -- Applying Cancer Risk Calculations to Cleanup Levels -- Non-Cancer Hazard and Risk Calculations -- Comprehensive Risk Communication -- Notes and Commentary. , Part IV: Interventions to Address Environmental Contamination -- 11. Contaminant Sampling and Analysis -- Environmental Monitoring -- Laboratory Analysis -- Sources of Uncertainty -- Chemiluminescence and Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH): Monitoring the Magnitude of the Risks Associated with Environmental Contamination -- Integration of Monitoring Techniques: Chemiluminescence and Fluorescent In-Situ Hybridization (FISH) -- Notes and Commentary -- 12. Intervention: Managing the Risks of Environmental Contamination -- A Template for Cleaning Up Contaminants -- Characterizing Contaminants in the Environment -- Estimating Contaminant Migration -- Treatability Tests -- Contaminant Treatment and Control Approaches -- Thermal Processing: The Science, Engineering and Technology of Contaminant Destruction -- Microbiological Processing: The Science, Engineering, and Technology of Contaminant Biotreatment -- Hazardous Waste Storage Landfills: Examples of the Science, Engineering, and Technology of Long-Term Storage of Contaminated Media -- Siting -- Ex Situ and In Situ Treatment -- Notes and Commentary -- 13. Environmental Decisions and Professionalism -- Communicating Scientific Information -- Environmental Information Management -- Notes and Commentary -- 14. Epilogue: Benzene Metabolism Revisited -- The Sensitivity Analysis: An Important Step Beyond Stoichiometry -- Interdependencies between a Contaminant and a Substrate -- Notes and Commentary -- Glossary of Environmental Sciences and Engineering Terminology -- Notes and Commentary -- APPENDIX 1: Information Needed to Prepare Environmental Impact Statements -- APPENDIX 2: Safe Drinking Water Act Contaminants and Maximum Contaminant Levels -- National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations -- APPENDIX 3: Toxic Compounds Listed in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments -- APPENDIX 4: Physical Constants. , APPENDIX 5: Universal Constants -- APPENDIX 6: Constants Frequently Applied in the Physical Sciences -- APPENDIX 7: Periodic Table of Elements -- APPENDIX 8: Minimum Risk Levels for Chemicals -- APPENDIX 9: Physical Contaminants -- Notes and Commentary -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Waste: A Handbook for Management -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Contributors -- Authors Biography -- Preface -- Prologue -- Organization -- The Challenge -- References -- Part 1: Introduction -- Chapter 1: Introduction to Waste Management -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Catalyst of Change -- 3. Sustainable Development: The Context for Recycling -- 3.1. The Postwar Period -- 3.2. The Period of Globalization -- 4. Implementation and Progress -- 5. Interpretations -- 6. The Extent of the Problem -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 2: A Systems Approach to Waste Management -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Systems View -- 3. Paradigm Evolution -- 3.1. New Thinking -- 3.2. Traditional Facility Design -- 3.3. Comprehensive Approach -- 4. Life Cycle Assessment -- 4.1. Efficiency -- 4.2. Utility and the Benefit-Cost Analysis -- 5. Sustainability -- 5.1. The Tragedy of the Commons -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 3: Regulation of Wastes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Growth of Environmental Regulations -- 2.1. The National Environmental Policy Act -- 3. Solid and Hazardous Wastes Legislation -- 3.1. Management of Active Hazardous Waste Facilities -- 3.2. Addressing Abandoned Hazardous Wastes -- 4. Clean Air Legislation -- 4.1. Mobile Sources -- 4.2. Hazardous Air Pollutants -- 4.3. Air Pollution Regulations in the UK -- 5. Water Quality Legislation -- 5.1. Drinking Water -- 5.2. Water Pollution Abatement -- 6. Environmental Product and Consumer Protection Laws -- 7. Waste Regulations in United Kingdom -- 7.1. Global Connections -- 8. Conclusions -- A. Appendix -- B. Appendix -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 4: Waste Collection -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Collection Efficiency -- 2. Materials Collected -- 3. Collection Systems -- 3.1. Waste Collection Vehicles -- 4. Modeling Problems and Methods. , 4.1. Siting Collection-Related Facilities -- 4.2. Districting and Privatization -- 4.3. Defining Collection Points -- 4.4. Vehicle Routing and Scheduling -- 5. Data Requirements for Modeling -- 5.1. Waste Volume and Weight -- 5.2. Loading and Unloading Times -- 5.3. Travel Times -- 6. Example Studies -- 6.1. Hampshire, United Kingdom -- 6.2. Taipei City, Taiwan -- 6.3. Porto Alegre, Brazil -- 6.4. Finland -- 6.5. Life Cycle Analysis -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 5: Waste and Biogeochemical Cycling -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The Hydrologic Cycle -- 2.1. The Hydrosphere -- 3. Scale and Complexity of Matter and Energy Cycles -- 4. Carbon Equilibrium and Cycling -- 5. Nutrient Cycling -- 5.1. The Nitrogen Cycle -- 5.2. Interactions Between Sulfur and Nitrogen -- 5.3. The Sulfur Cycle -- 6. Biogeochemical Cycles and Decision Making -- References -- Part 2: Waste Streams (and Their Treatment) -- Chapter 6: Mine Waste: A Brief Overview of Origins, Quantities, and Methods of Storage* -- 1. Origins and Quantities of Mine Waste -- 2. Waste Characteristics -- 3. Storage of Fine-Grained Wastes -- 4. Water Balances for Mine Waste Storages -- 5. Safety of Mine Waste Storage Structures During Their Operational Lifetime -- 5.1. Overtopping -- 5.2. Slope Instability -- 5.3. Earthquakes -- 5.4. Foundation Failures -- 5.5. Seepage -- 5.6. Structural Failure -- 5.7. Mine Subsidence -- 6. Decommissioning, Closing and Rehabilitating Tailings, and Other Mine Waste Storages -- 7. Summary -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 7: Coal Waste Streams -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Coal Storage -- 3. Ash Handling and Storage -- 4. Coal Mining Wastes -- 4.1. Underground Mining -- 4.2. Surface Mining -- 5. The Future -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 8: Effect of Waste on Ecosystems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ecosystem Assessment. , 2.1. Ecosystem Risk and Sustainability -- 2.2. Predicting and Managing Outcomes -- 3. Ecosystem Stress -- 3.1. Ecosystem Failure Analysis -- 4. Ecosystem Integrity -- 5. Indices and Models of Ecosystem Stress -- 5.1. Integrity -- 5.2. Stressor Loading -- 6. Habitat Loss and Destruction -- 6.1. Resilience, Diversity, Productivity and Sustainability -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 9: Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Wastes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Life Cycle Perspectives -- 2.1. Process Change -- 3. Traditional Oil and Gas Extraction -- 3.1. Oil Spills -- 3.2. Small-Scale Oil and Gas Problems -- 3.3. Well Integrity Breach -- 4. Hydraulic Fracturing Wastes -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 10: Metal Waste -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Scrap Metals -- 2.1. Ferrous Metals -- 2.2. Nonferrous Metals -- 3. Management of Metal Waste -- 4. Metal Containing Raw Materials for Recycling -- 5. Machinery and Processes for Scrap Treatment -- 5.1. Scrap Shears -- 5.2. Shredders and Shredder Plants -- 5.3. Processing of the Shredder Heavy Fraction -- 5.4. Processing of NF Metals From Incinerated Bottom Ash -- 5.5. Sensor-Based Sorting for Metal Recycling -- 6. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Radioactive Waste Management -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. The Dawn of the Commercial Nuclear Power Industry -- 1.2. Radioactive Waste Generation -- 2. Nuclear Waste Treatment and Processing -- 3. Geologic Disposal -- 4. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 12: The Municipal Landfill -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Dumps, Tips, Landfills, and Sanitary Landfills -- 3. The Landfill as a Waste Control System -- 3.1. Phase I: Initial Adjustment -- 3.2. Phase II: Transition -- 3.3. Phase III: Acid Formation -- 3.4. Phase IV: Methane Fermentation -- 3.5. Phase V: Final Maturation and Stabilization. , 4. The Landfill as a Source of Pollution -- 5. Generation and Characteristics of MSW -- 6. The Generation of Gas in Landfilled MSW -- 7. The Generation and Pollution Potential of Leachate -- 8. The Safety and Stability of Dumps and Landfills -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 13: Wastewater -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Treatment Rationales -- 2. Water Pollution -- 2.1. Biological Agents -- 2.2. Inorganic Substances -- 2.3. Organic Substances -- 3. Wastewater Treatment -- 3.1. Solids Removal -- 3.2. Decreasing Oxygen Demand -- 3.3. Free Energy and Wastewater Treatment -- 4. Metabolic Mimicry -- 5. Wastewater Kinetics -- 6. Transport and Transformation -- 7. Environmental Fate -- 8. Wastewater Mechanisms -- 8.1. Monod Equation -- 9. Wastewater Data and Knowledgebases -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 14: Recovered Paper -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. History of Use -- 1.2. Reasons for Use -- 1.3. Industrial Statistics -- 2. Types of Recovered Paper -- 2.1. Recovered Paper Grades -- 2.2. Recovered Paper Collection -- 3. Processing of Recovered Paper -- 3.1. Paper to Paper -- 3.2. Paper to Other Products -- 4. Barriers to Recovered Paper Use -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- Further Reading -- Chapter 15: Glass Waste -- 1. The Glass Industry -- 1.1. Glass Production -- 1.2. Environmental Issues -- 2. Glass Reuse and Recycling -- 2.1. Container Glass Recycling -- 2.2. Flat Glass Recycling -- 2.2.1. Flat Glass Construction and Demolition Waste -- 2.2.2. Flat Glass End-of-Life Motor Vehicle (ELV) Waste -- 2.3. Summary of Glass Waste Streams -- 3. Container Glass Recycling Processes -- 4. The Future for Glass Production and Recycling -- 4.1. Introduction of Container Deposit Schemes -- 4.2. Infrastructure Maintenance and Change -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Annexure: Sources for Data Presented in Table 15.5. , Chapter 16: End-of-Life Textiles -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Technological, Economical, and Ecological Background -- 2.1. Definitions -- 2.2. Fiber Market -- 2.3. Fiber Production -- 2.4. The Textile Processing Chain -- 3. Textile Waste Treatment Scenarios -- 3.1. Overview -- 3.2. Collection -- 3.3. Waste Prevention -- 3.4. Reuse -- 3.5. Recycling -- 3.5.1. Cleaning & -- Wiping Rags -- 3.5.2. Fiber Recovery -- 3.5.3. Respinning -- 3.5.4. Fiber Grinding -- 3.5.5. Feedstock Recycling -- 3.6. Incineration and Landfill -- 4. Discussion -- References -- Chapter 17: Chemicals in Waste: Household Hazardous Waste -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Sources of HHW -- 3. Types and Quantities of HHW -- 4. Collection and Disposal Routes -- 5. Environmental and Health Risks -- 6. Waste Legislation -- 7. Management -- 8. Final Note Relating to UK Issues -- 9. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 18: Reusing Nonhazardous Industrial Waste Across Business Clusters -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Status of NHIW -- 3. Industrial Symbiosis -- 4. The Pattern of Industrial Symbiosis -- References -- Chapter 19: Current and Emerging Construction Waste Management Status, Trends and Approaches -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Concept and Definitions -- 3. Context -- 4. Construction Waste Composition and Quantification -- 5. Construction Waste Source Evaluation -- 6. Construction Waste Management and Minimization Approaches -- 7. Construction Waste Minimization and Management Tools, Methodologies, and Technologies -- 7.1. Preconstruction Stage: Forecasting and Designing Out Waste -- 7.2. Construction Stage: On-Site Construction Waste Management -- 7.3. End-of-Life Waste Recovery, Recycling, and Circularity -- 8. Construction Waste Management Challenges and Incentives -- 9. Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 20: Thermal Pollution -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Cumulative Effects of Thermal Pollution.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Introduction -- 1.1. Mystical, Religious-or Transcendent-Experiences -- 1.2. Consciousness of Consciousness, Not Experience of God -- 1.3. An Interdisciplinary Study -- 1.4. Reliance on a Coherent and Consistent Epistemology: Lonergan -- 1.5. Broader Issues of Interdisciplinary Studies -- 1.6. Attention to Major Thinkers in Neuroscience and Consciousness Studies -- 1.7. Attention to Intelligence, Not Merely to Logic -- 1.8. An Interrelated and Unfolding Presentation -- 1.9. The Centrality of Consciousness -- Chapter 2: Epistemology A Portentous Prolegomenon -- 2.1. Lonergan's Cognitive Theory and Epistemology -- 2.1.1. Evidence on the Mind -- 2.1.2. Argument for a Genuine Science of Consciousness: Penrose -- 2.1.3. Argument for a Genuine Science of Consciousness: Chalmers -- 2.1.4. Argument Against a Genuine Science of Consciousness: Dennett -- 2.1.5. The Makings of a Science of Consciousness -- 2.1.6. Lonergan's Theory of Human Knowing -- 2.2. The Empirical Level of Knowing: Experience -- 2.2.1. Experience and the Initial Givens or Data -- 2.2.2. Knowledge Equated with Experience: Commonsense Realism: Wilber -- 2.2.3. Another Example of Commonsense Realism: Searle -- 2.2.4. Yet Another Example of Commonsense Realism: Chalmers -- 2.2.5. Two Kinds of Knowing: Sensate and Intellectual -- 2.2.6. A Brief History of Western Epistemology -- 2.2.7. Kant's Solution and its Problem -- 2.2.8. Idealism: Halfway From Materialism to Critical Realism -- 2.2.9. Lonergan's Solution to Kant's Problem -- 2.2.10. Summary About Experience -- 2.3. The Intellectual Level of Knowing: Understanding -- 2.3.1. The Occurrence and Effect of Insight -- 2.3.2. The Meaning of Meaning -- 2.3.3. The Unitive Nature of Insight -- 2.3.4. The Intelligible Nature of Being -- 2.3.5. Tentative Explanation Versus Secure Matters of Fact. , 2.3.6. The Flaw in the Conceivability Argument in Consciousness Studies -- 2.3.7. Summary About Understanding -- 2.4. The Rational Level of Knowing: Judgment of Fact -- 2.4.1. The Absoluteness of a Judgment of Fact -- 2.4.2. The Subjective and Objective Dimensions of Knowledge of Being -- 2.4.3. The Need for Reflexive Consistency in a Theory of Knowledge -- 2.5. The Scientific Affinity and Status of This Epistemology -- 2.6. The Accuracy of Human Knowing and the Transcendental Precepts -- 2.6.1. The Precarious Nature of All Human Knowing -- 2.6.2. The Inherent Subjective Requirements of Human Knowing -- 2.6.3. The Criteria of Genuine or Authentic Humanity -- 2.7. Transcendental Method -- 2.7.1. The Inherent Workings of the Human Knowing Process -- 2.7.2. The Invulnerability of This Epistemology -- 2.8. Different Kinds of Realities, Including the Spiritual -- 2.8.1. Equally Real Material and Spiritual Entities -- 2.8.2. The Meaningful-Spiritual-Dimension of Material Things -- 2.8.3. Ontological Pluralism: Different Kinds of Being -- 2.9. The Challenge of Lonergan's Breakthrough -- Chapter 3: Neuroscience The Biological Bases of Transcendent Experiences -- 3.1. Neurophysiological Bases of Transcendent Experiences -- 3.1.1. The Mystical Mind of d'Aquili and Newberg -- 3.1.2. The "Religious Circuit" of Patrick McNamara -- 3.1.3. The Networks of Recent Research on Meditative Practice -- 3.1.4. Regarding the Buddhist Notion of "No Self" -- 3.1.5. A Critical Conclusion About the Neuroscience of Transcendent Experience -- 3.2. A Genetic Basis of Transcendent Experiences: Hamer -- 3.3. A Neurochemical Basis of Transcendent Experiences: "Entheogens" -- 3.4. An Electromagnetic Basis of Transcendent Experiences: Persinger -- 3.5. A Quantum-Physics Theory of Consciousness: Penrose and Hameroff -- 3.6. The Contribution of Neuroscience. , Chapter 4: Psychology The Problem of a Real Body and a Real Mind -- 4.1. The "Reality" of the "Parts" of the Human Being -- 4.1.1. Inconsistencies in Thinking About Body and Mind -- 4.1.2. Thing, an Intelligible Whole -- 4.1.3. Levels of Analysis -- 4.1.4. The Actuality of Mind and Body in Summary -- 4.2. Some Terminological Clarifications -- 4.2.1. Distinctions and Separations -- 4.2.2. Realities and Things -- 4.2.3. Concrete-Operational and Formal-Operational Thinking -- 4.3. The Actual Existence of Mental Realities -- 4.4. The Unity of the Human Being: Dualism -- 4.5. The Unity of the Human Being: Epiphenomenalism -- 4.6. An Excursus on Causality -- 4.6.1. The Focus of Early Modern Science on Aristotle's Efficient Causality -- 4.6.2. Reliance on Perception and Imagined Efficient Causes -- 4.6.3. The Sole Agent, the Person -- 4.6.4. Efficient Versus Formal Causality -- 4.6.5. Formal Cause and Implicit Definition -- 4.6.6. Causality as "An Intelligible Relation of Dependence" -- 4.7. The Unity of the Human Being: Epiphenomenalism Revisited -- 4.8. The Unity of the Human Being: Nonreductive Physicalism -- 4.8.1. Reductionism: Explanatory and Eliminative -- 4.8.2. Properties of the Brain -- 4.8.3. Properties via Emergence -- 4.8.4. The Ideology of Physicalism in Defense of Science -- 4.9. Analogies for Mind as a Property of the Brain: Searle -- 4.9.1. Analogies, Properties, and Features -- 4.9.2. Liquidity in Water and H2O -- 4.9.3. Digestion in the Stomach and in the Organism -- 4.9.4. Felt Solidity and Spacious Molecular Structure -- 4.9.5. The Analogy of the Chinese Room -- 4.10. The "Naturalness" of Consciousness -- 4.10.1. Seemingly Reductive Insistence on Biology -- 4.10.2. Biological Means Non-Supernatural -- 4.11. Multiple Realities in One Thing -- 4.11.1. The Automobile: One Thing Composed of Many Realities. , 4.11.2. Water From Hydrogen and Oxygen -- 4.11.3. Mind From Organism -- 4.12. The Priority of Intelligence Over Perception, Theory Over Common Sense -- 4.12.1. Descriptive Properties Versus Explanatory Properties -- 4.12.2. The Oxymoron, Knower-Independent Knowledge -- 4.12.3. The Explanation of Description -- 4.12.4. The Inadequacy of Commonsensical, or Functionalist, Thinking -- 4.12.5. Hopeful Trends Toward Explanatory Science -- 4.13. A Resolution of the Mind-Body Problem -- 4.14. The Relation of Mind to Body: Emergence -- 4.14.1. The Basic Notion of Emergence -- 4.14.2. A Brief History of Emergence Theory -- 4.14.3. Portrayals of Emergence -- 4.15. The Causality Across Levels of Emergence -- 4.15.1. The Peculiarity of Causality in Emergences -- 4.15.2. Causality Within Closed Systems -- 4.15.3. Causality Across the Gap of Emergence -- 4.15.4. Intelligibility and Ontology, Insight and Emergence -- 4.16. The Impact of Gödel's Theorem on Formal Causality -- 4.16.1. Gödel's Theorem and Its Implications -- 4.16.2. Gödel's Theorem Applied to the Emergence of Mind -- 4.16.3. Nuances of Causality in the Case of Emergence -- 4.16.4. Only Top-Down Coherence Within Emergence -- 4.16.5. The Challenge of Explaining the Higher-Level Emergences -- 4.17. The Coherence of a Dynamic Universe -- 4.17.1. Supplements to Classical Science: Statistical and Genetic Methods -- 4.17.2. The Projection of a Comprehensive Science -- 4.18. The Proposed Distinction Between Weak and Strong Emergence -- 4.18.1. The Usefulness of Comparison With Other Elaborated Positions -- 4.18.2. Emergence as Weak or Strong -- 4.18.3. Of Laws, Truths, and "Facts": Chalmers and Nagel -- 4.18.4. Different But Not Further "Facts" About Elephants -- 4.18.5. Sensate-Modeled Versus Intellectual Epistemologies -- 4.18.6. Bottom-Up Non-Deducibility Versus Unexpectedness. , 4.18.7. Conclusions About Weak and Strong Emergence -- 4.19. Filling in the Gap of Emergence: Dennett -- 4.19.1. The Bold Denial of Consciousness -- 4.19.2. Another Version of a "Functionalist" Interpretation of the Mind -- 4.19.3. Imagining the Brain as a Complex Computer -- 4.19.4. Speculation as a Stepping Stone to Science -- 4.19.5. Multiple Kinds of Matter -- 4.19.6 In Search of Bold Hypotheses -- 4.20. Panpsychic Construal of Emergence: Griffin for Whitehead -- 4.20.1. Emergence as the Aggregation of Lower-Level Bits of a Reality -- 4.20.2. Ubiquitous Experience -- 4.20.3. Something of Consciousness Compounding Through All Levels of Reality -- 4.20.4. Intelligibilities, Not Experiences, and Neither Without Intelligence -- 4.20.5. The Oxymoronic Anthropomorphism of Unconscious Experience -- 4.20.6. The Subjective Form of an Intellectual … Feeling? -- 4.21. Panpsychic Construals of Emergence: Chalmers -- 4.21.1. Consciousness and Matter as Primordial Realities of Nature -- 4.21.2. Ubiquitous Information -- 4.21.3. Information as the Bridge Between Brain and Mind -- 4.21.4. Generalizing From the Uniquely Human Experience of Consciousness -- 4.21.5. Information, Therefore, Consciousness Everywhere -- 4.21.6. Saving Functionally Irrelevant Consciousness by Positing It Everywhere -- 4.21.7. Confounding Technological Information with Human Information -- 4.22. Summary on the Mind-Body Problem -- 4.23. Review and Preview -- Chapter 5: Spiritualogy Consciousness and Transcendent Experiences -- 5.1. A Tripartite Model of the Human: Beyond "Body and Mind" -- 5.1.1. Mind as Both Psyche and Consciousness -- 5.1.2. Consciousness and Other Kinds of Responsiveness -- 5.1.3. The Human as Organism, Psyche, and Spirit -- 5.2. The Mechanism of "Spiritual Growth" -- 5.2.1. The Interaction of Psyche and Spirit. , 5.2.2. The Naturalistic Process of Increasing Spiritual Sensitivity.

Note: Front Cover -- TRANSLATING DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA INTORELIABLE INFORMATION -- TRANSLATING DIVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL DATA INTO RELIABLE INFORMATION: HOW TO COORDINATE EVIDENCE FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- I - DATA AND THE ENVIRONMENT -- 1 - Building a New Environmental Knowledgebase -- DATA-INTENSIVE SCIENTIFIC DISCOVERY -- THE ROLE OF DATA IN ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION -- Promise and cautions -- Reality: extending the allegory of the cave -- Addressing uncertainty -- Shifting paradigms -- Applying experimental data -- Metrics for selecting high-quality data and information -- Data precision and accuracy -- Data and evidence -- Variability -- Environmental precaution -- Environmental ontologies -- Modularity and interoperability -- References -- 2 - The Environmental Knowledge Cascade -- KNOWLEDGE-BUILDING AND DECISION-MAKING -- SOUND SCIENCE IN DECISION SPACE -- MULTICRITERIA DECISION ANALYSIS -- THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD -- OBJECTIVITY -- REPRODUCIBILITY -- COHERENCE -- References -- II - ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGEBASES -- 3 - Stressors -- INHERENCY -- Convenience and bias -- Addressing missing data -- Pollutant transport, transformation, and fate -- Receptor types -- Pollutant transformation -- Abiotic transformation -- Biotic transformation -- POLLUTANT TRANSPORT -- Vapor pressure -- Solubility -- Henry's law -- INHERENT PROPERTY DATA -- Chemical structure-activity data -- Environmental partitioning data -- Modeling data -- References -- 4 - Pathways -- STRESSOR COMPLEXITIES -- ADVERSE OUTCOME PATHWAYS -- BIOMONITORING DATA -- TOXICOKINETIC DATA AND MODELS -- References -- 5 - Air -- PROPERTIES OF THE ATMOSPHERE -- THE TROPOSPHERE -- AIR POLLUTION -- AIR POLLUTANT TRANSPORT AND FATE -- TYPES OF AIR QUALITY DATA -- POLLUTANT TRANSPORT TO THE ATMOSPHERE -- EMISSIONS DATA -- AMBIENT AIR QUALITY DATA. , AIR EXPOSURE DATA -- MODELING DATA -- References -- Further Reading -- 6 - Water -- PROPERTIES OF WATER SYSTEMS -- HYDROLOGIC CYCLE -- PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLUIDS -- DISCHARGE AND FLOW AT HYDROLOGIC UNITS -- STREAMFLOW EXAMPLE -- PRESSURE -- ACCELERATION -- WATER POLLUTION -- TYPES OF WATER QUALITY DATA -- EFFLUENT DATA -- STORAGE AND RETRIEVAL AND WATER QUALITY EXCHANGE -- MODELING DATA -- References -- 7 - Contaminant Storage Systems -- SINKS -- UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIALS -- SOLID WASTE -- Phase I: Initial adjustment -- Phase II: Transition -- Phase III: Acid formation -- Phase IV: Methane fermentation -- Phase V: Final maturation and stabilization -- MOVEMENT WITHIN MATRICES -- ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF SOIL -- ACTIVE SEQUESTRATION -- SOLID MATRIX PARTITIONING -- References -- III - MANAGING ENVIRONMENTAL KNOWLEDGE BUILDING -- 8 - Environmental Models -- MODEL DEVELOPMENT -- MODELS TO EXTEND DATA -- TRANSPORT -- Advection -- Dispersion -- Diffusion -- Combined effect of fluxes, sinks, and sources -- Biochemodynamic transport models -- MODELING POLLUTANTS WITHIN AND BETWEEN ECOSYSTEMS -- POLLUTANT MODELING WITHIN THE HUMAN BODY -- MODEL QUALITY -- Exposure and dose models -- References -- 9 - Environmental Data Analysis -- METRICS OF DATA RELIABILITY -- DATA QUALITY AND DECISION MAKING -- APPLYING EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- Data uncertainty -- Toxicity measurement data -- EXTRAPOLATING FROM THE KNOWN TO THE UNKNOWN -- Thresholds -- UNCERTAINTY, SAFETY, AND RISK -- Risk and safety data -- DATA INTERPRETATION -- References -- 10 - Data Interpretation and Presentation -- EVENTS -- EXPRESSIONS OF RISK -- Risk and confounding factors -- CAUSAL LINKS BETWEEN RISK FACTORS AND ADVERSE OUTCOMES -- Strength of association -- Consistency -- Specificity -- Temporality -- Biologic gradient -- Plausibility -- Coherence -- Experimentation -- Analogy. , RARE EVENTS: PERFECT STORMS AND BLACK SWANS -- TOOLS FOR INTERPRETING MINED DATA -- Cluster analysis -- Spatial data mining and analysis -- References -- 11 - Case Studies and Examples -- EXPERT ELICITATION AND MULTIOBJECTIVE DECISION MAKING -- Results -- LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS EXAMPLE -- EMISSION SCENARIOS -- SUSTAINABLE DESIGN -- Exposure to chemicals in building materials -- PHYSIOLOGICAL MODELS -- ENVIRONMENTAL INTEROPERABILITY -- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF HEAT -- DISASTER KNOWLEDGEBASES: A PERSONAL REFLECTION -- Bhopal -- Lac-Mégantic -- KNOWLEDGE -- References -- 1 - Physicochemical Data Sources -- References -- 2 - OECD's Emission Scenario Document Method for Calculating Environmental Releases -- References -- 3 - Key Terms and Notations -- 4 - Default Exposure Factors for Human Health Evaluations Under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensa ... -- References -- Further Reading -- 5: Little Blue District Ground Water Plan-Metadata∗ -- References -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Unraveling Environmental Disasters -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Our Focus -- Reference -- Chapter 1: Failure -- Events -- Disasters as Failures -- Reliability -- Failure Classification -- Types of Failure -- Failure Type 1: Miscalculations -- Failure Type 2: Extraordinary Natural Circumstances -- Failure Type 3: Critical Path -- Failure Type 4: Negligence -- Failure Type 5: Inaccurate Prediction of Contingencies -- Types of Disasters -- Sources of Disaster -- Disasters from a Societal Perspective -- Systems Engineering -- Seveso Plant Disaster -- References and Notes -- Chapter 2: Science -- Scientific Advancement -- Laws of Motion -- Fluid Properties -- Laws of Chemistry and Thermodynamics -- Science in the Public Eye -- References -- Chapter 3: Explosions -- Dust -- The Science of Dust Explosions -- Combustible Material -- Form -- Oxygen -- Ignition Source -- Particle Concentration -- Containment -- Dust Explosion Lessons -- Ammonium Nitrate -- Picric Acid and TNT -- Methyl Isocyanate -- Natural Explosions-Volcanoes -- References -- Chapter 4: Plumes -- Nomenclature -- Early Air Quality Disasters -- Donora -- Poza Rica -- London, England -- New York City -- Toxic Plumes -- Bhopal -- Seveso -- Plume Characterization -- Nuclear Fallout Plumes -- Chernobyl -- Fukushima Plume -- Radiation Dose -- References and Notes -- Chapter 5: Leaks -- Surreptitious Disasters -- Pollutant Transport in Groundwater -- Solubility -- Liquid in Liquid Solubility -- Suspension and Sorption -- Love Canal -- Chester -- Times Beach -- Valley of the Drums -- Stringfellow Acid Pits -- Tar Creek -- The March Continues -- References and Notes -- Chapter 6: Spills -- Disastrous Releases -- Oil Spills -- Deepwater Horizon -- The Exxon Valdez -- Torrey Canyon Tanker Spill -- Santa Barbara Oil Spill -- Prestige Oil Spill9 -- Niger River Delta Oil Spills. , Other Spills -- Indirect Harm -- Partitioning in the Environment -- References and Notes -- Chapter 7: Fires -- Fire Disaster Thermodynamics -- Water -- Foams -- Carbon Dioxide -- BCF (Halon 1211) -- Dry Powders -- Kuwait Oil Fires -- Release of Radioactive Material -- Indonesian Wildfires -- World Trade Center Fire -- The Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami -- Other Major Fires -- Tire Fires -- Coal Mine Fires -- Indirect Effect: Formation of Toxic Substances -- Indirect Impact: Transport -- References and Notes -- Chapter 8: Climate -- Global Climate Change -- Greenhouse Gases -- Radiative Forcing -- Consequences of Global Warming -- Is It a Disaster? -- Responding to Climate Change -- Difficulties with Climate Change Mitigation -- Carbon and Climate -- Carbon Biogeochemistry -- Potential Warming Disaster -- Geoengineering -- Biological Drivers of Climate Change -- References and Notes -- Chapter 9: Nature -- Hurricanes -- Hurricane Katrina -- Hurricane Andrew -- Floods -- Drought -- Ecosystem Resilience -- References and Notes -- Chapter 10: Minerals -- Inorganic Substances -- Toxic Metals -- Mercury -- Cadmium -- Lead -- Lead Mining Disasters -- Mechanism of Toxicity in Humans -- Arsenic: The Toxic Metalloid -- Asbestos -- Asbestos Disasters -- Naturally Occurring Asbestos -- Libby, Montana -- Cyanide -- Surface Mining -- Value -- References and Notes -- Chapter 11: Recalcitrance -- The Dirty Dozen -- Agent Orange -- Lake Apopka -- James River -- Persistent Wastes -- The Arctic Disaster -- References and Notes -- Chapter 12: Radiation -- Electromagnetic Radiation -- Nuclear Radiation -- Nuclear Plants -- Nuclear Power Plant Failure -- Is Nuclear Power Worth the Risks? -- Meltdown at Chernobyl -- The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster -- Three Mile Island Nuclear Accident -- Radioisotopes and Radiation Poisoning -- Carbon Dating. , Nuclear Waste Disposal -- References and Notes -- Chapter 13: Invasions -- The Worst 100 -- Sensitive Habitats -- Everglades -- Rainforests -- Coral Reefs -- Jellyfish Invasion -- Gene Flow -- Threats to Honey Bees -- Vulnerable Amphibians -- References and Notes -- Chapter 14: Products -- Precaution -- Endocrine Disruptors and Hormonally Active Agents -- Screening to Prevent Hormonal Disasters -- Antibiotics: Superbugs and Cross-Resistance -- Organophosphates -- Chemistry -- Poisoning Action -- Health Risk -- Disasters -- Scientific Principles at Work -- Conformational Isomers -- Configurational Isomers and Chirality -- Configurational Isomers and Double Bonds -- Effect of Shape of Molecules -- Milk and Terrorism -- References and Notes -- Chapter 15: Unsustainability -- Oil -- Phosphates -- Helium -- Platinum Group Metals -- Lithium -- Rare Earth Metals -- Other Metals -- Biomass -- Methane -- Carbon Dioxide -- References and Notes -- Chapter 16: Society -- Justice -- Solid Waste -- Food Supply -- Alar -- Genetically Modified Food -- Fairness -- Vinyl Chloride -- Cancer Alley -- Polyvinyl Chloride -- Food Versus Fuel -- Burning as a Societal Issue -- Risk Trade-Offs -- Cross-Media Transfer -- References and Notes -- Chapter 17: Future -- Recommendations -- Thoughtful Land-Use Decisions -- Information Technology -- Systems Thinking -- Some Good News -- Less Hubris, More Humility -- References and Notes -- Glossary of Terms -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- Chapter One: The Wonder of the Place -- Books to Use -- Activities -- Taking a Nature Walk -- Just Explore -- Nature Art -- Alphabet Books and Counting Books -- Running Lists -- Place Maps -- Maps -- Where Are We? -- Area Maps -- Trip Maps -- Other Maps -- Giving Directions -- Create a Walk -- How Much Do You Know? -- Secret Places/Favorite Places/Special Places -- Scavenger Hunts -- Start a Collection -- Math -- Measuring -- Patterns -- Geographic Features -- Our Climate -- Nature Survey -- One Square Plot -- Mystery Photos -- Top 10 -- Nature Journals -- Free Writing -- Suggested Entries -- Assigned Entries -- Chapter Two: Sensing Our Place -- Introduction -- Books to Use -- Activities -- General Observation Activities -- Touch Activities -- Listening Activities -- Smelling Activities -- Sketching -- Poetry -- Chapter Three: Adapting to the Place -- Introduction -- Books to Use -- Activities -- Habitat -- Adaptations -- Chapter Four: How Does the Place Work? -- Introduction -- Books to Use -- Activities -- Big Picture -- Resources -- One Thing Leads to Another -- Food Cycle -- Predator/Prey -- There Is a Limit -- Food Webs -- Energy in a Bucket -- Candy Energy -- The Food Pyramid -- Biodiversity Blocks -- Measuring Insect Diversity -- Populations -- Life Cycles -- Population Growth -- Carbon Cycle -- Nitrogen Cycle -- Water Cycle Juggling -- Where Does the Water Go? -- Succession -- Flip Books -- Ecological Magic -- Chapter Five: Animals of the Place -- Introduction -- Books to Use -- Activities -- Finding a Totem Animal -- Animal Watch -- Charades and Twenty Questions -- Animal Needs -- Classifying -- Finding Animals and Identifying Animals -- Bird Identification -- Animal Signs -- Observing Animals -- Animal Experiments -- Animal Research -- Animal Art -- Puppet Shows. , Chapter Six: Plants of the Place -- Introduction -- Books to Use -- Activities -- Hug a Tree -- Personal Tree -- Tree Size -- Other Measurements -- Tree Age -- Bark Rubbings -- Dissect a Bud -- Tree Seeds -- Leaf Classification -- Find My Plant -- Tree Identification -- Tree Book -- Tree Tag -- Tic Tac Tree -- Tree Research -- Tree Population -- Tree Map -- Plant Art -- Plant Basics -- Plant Life Cycle -- Photosynthesis -- Plant Stories -- Plant Guide -- Invent a Plant -- Chapter Seven: A Place in History -- Introduction -- Books to Use -- Activities -- General Activities -- Activities Related to Native Americans -- Activities Related to Colonial Times -- Chapter Eight: Protecting the Place -- Introduction -- Books to Use -- Activities -- Cooperative Physical Challenges -- Enough Space -- River Game -- Put It Back Together -- Resource Game -- Environmental Impact Statement -- Town Meeting -- Local Action -- Persuasive Essay -- Education -- Unsung Hero Projects -- School Ground Projects -- Personal Contract -- Field Guides for Children -- Bibliography -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- Y -- Z -- About the Author.

Note: Intro -- Half Title -- River publishers series in standardisation -- Title - GenerationandApplicationsofExtra-TerrestrialEnvironmentsonEarth -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- List of Abbreviations -- Introduction -- 1 - The Space Environment -- Chapter_1-The Space Gravity Environment -- 1.1 Open Space -- 1.2 Satellites and Rockets -- 1.3 Typical Gravity at Some Celestial Objects -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter_2.Cosmos: Violent and Hostile Environment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Beliefs and Truths -- 2.3 Where Space Begins -- 2.4 Satellite Environment -- 2.4.1 Temperature -- 2.4.2 Atmospheric Drag -- 2.4.3 Outgassing -- 2.4.4 Atomic Oxygen Oxidation -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter_3 Radiation, SpaceWeather -- 3.1 Facilities for Space Radiation Simulation -- 3.2 Protons -- 3.3 Neutrons -- 3.4 Heavy Ions -- 3.5 Facilities Planned -- 3.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter_4 Interstellar Chemistry -- References -- Chapter_5 Celestial Bodies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 General Planetary Simulation Facilities -- 5.2.1 The Centre for Astrobiology Research (CAB), Madrid, Spain -- 5.2.2 Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-und Raumfahrt (DLR), Berlin,Germany -- 5.2.3 The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK -- 5.2.4 Mars Environmental Simulation Chamber (MESCH),Aarhus University, Denmark -- 5.2.5 The Planetary Analogues Laboratory for Light, Atmosphereand Surface Simulations (PALLAS), Utrecht University,The Netherlands -- 5.3 Mars Wind Tunnels -- 5.3.1 The Planetary Aeolian Laboratory (PAL), NASA AmesResearch Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA -- 5.3.2 The Arizona State University Vortex Generator (ASUVG),Moffett Field, CA, USA -- 5.3.3 The Aarhus Wind Tunnel Simulator (AWTS), Aarhus,Denmark -- 5.4 Instrument Testing Facilities -- 5.4.1 ChemCam Environmental Chamber. , 5.4.2 SAM Environmental Chamber -- References -- 2 - Facilities to AlterWeight -- Chapter_6 Drop Towers -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Drop Tower Technologies -- 6.3 Vacuum (or Drop) Tubes -- 6.4 Experiment Inside Capsule (Drag Shield) -- 6.5 Drop Tower Systems -- 6.5.1 Guided Motion -- 6.6 Enhanced Technologies -- 6.6.1 Free Flyer System -- 6.6.2 Catapult System -- 6.6.3 Next-Generation Drop Towers -- 6.6.3.1 Ground-based facility's typical operational parameters -- 6.7 Research in Ground-Based Reduced Gravity Facilities -- 6.7.1 Cold Atoms -- 6.7.2 Combustion -- 6.7.3 Fluid Mechanics/Dynamics -- 6.7.4 Astrophysics -- 6.7.5 Material Sciences -- 6.7.6 Biology -- 6.7.7 Technology Tests -- References -- Chapter_7 Parabolic Flights -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Objectives of Parabolic Flights -- 7.3 Parabolic Flight Maneuvers -- 7.4 Large Airplanes Used for Parabolic Flights -- 7.4.1 Europe: CNES' Caravelle and CNES-ESA's Airbus A300ZERO-G -- 7.4.2 USA: NASA's KC-135, DC-9 and Zero-G Corporation -- 7.4.3 Russia: Ilyushin IL-76 MDK -- 7.5 Medium-Sized Airplanes Used for Parabolic Flights -- 7.5.1 Europe: TU Delft-NLR Cessna Citation II -- 7.5.2 Canada: CSA Falcon 20 -- 7.5.3 Japan: MU-300 and Gulfstream-II -- 7.5.4 Other Aircraft -- 7.6 Small Airplanes and Jets Used for Parabolic Flights -- 7.6.1 Switzerland: Swiss Air Force Jet Fighter F-5E -- 7.6.2 Other Aircraft -- 7.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter_8 Magnetic Levitation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Static Magnetic Forces in a Continuous Medium -- 8.2.1 Magnetic Forces and Gravity, Magneto-GravitationalPotential -- 8.2.2 Magnetic Compensation Homogeneity -- 8.3 Axisymmetric Levitation Facilities -- 8.3.1 Single Solenoids -- 8.3.2 Improvement of Axisymmetric Device Performance -- 8.3.2.1 Ferromagnetic inserts -- 8.3.2.2 Multiple solenoid devices and special windings design. , 8.4 Magnetic Gravity Compensation in Fluids -- 8.5 Magnetic Gravity Compensation in Biology -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter_9 Electric Fields -- 9.1 Convection Analog in Microgravity -- 9.1.1 Conditions of DEP Force Domination -- 9.1.2 Equations Governing DEP-Driven TEHD Convection -- 9.2 Electric Gravity in the Conductive State for SimpleCapacitors -- 9.2.1 Linear Stability Equations and Kinetic Energy Equation -- 9.3 Results from Stability Analysis -- 9.3.1 Plane Capacitor -- 9.3.2 Cylindrical Capacitor -- 9.3.3 Spherical Shell -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter_10 The Plateau Method -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Principle -- 10.3 Temperature Constraint -- 10.4 Other Constraints -- 10.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter_11 Centrifuges -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Artifacts -- 11.2.1 Coriolis -- 11.2.2 Inertial Shear Force -- 11.2.3 Gravity Gradient -- 11.3 The Reduced Gravity Paradigm (RGP -- References -- 3 - Facilities to Mimic Micro-GravityEffects -- Chapter_12 Animals: Unloading, Casting -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Hindlimb Unloading Methodology -- 12.3 Recommendations for Conducting HindlimbUnloading Study -- 12.4 Casting, Bandaging, and Denervation -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter_13 Human: Bed Rest/Head-Down-Tilt/Hypokinesia -- References -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Experimental Models to MimicWeightlessness -- 13.2.1 Bed Rest or Head-Down Bed Rest? -- 13.2.2 Immersion and Dry Immersion -- 13.3 Overall Design of the Studies -- 13.3.1 Duration of the Studies -- 13.3.2 Design of the Bed-Rest Studies -- 13.3.3 Number of Volunteers -- 13.3.4 Number of Protocols -- 13.3.5 Selection Criteria -- 13.4 Directives for Bed Rest (Start and End of Bed Rest,Conditions During Bed Rest) -- 13.4.1 Respect and Control of HDT Position -- 13.4.2 Activity Monitoring of Test Subjects. , 13.4.3 First Day of Bed Rest -- 13.4.4 Physiotherapy -- 13.5 Operational/Environmental Conditions -- 13.5.1 Housing Conditions and Social Environment -- 13.5.2 Sunlight Exposure, Sleep/Wake Cycles -- 13.5.3 Diet -- 13.5.4 Testing Conditions -- 13.5.5 Medications -- References -- Chapter_14 Clinostats and Other RotatingSystems-Design, Function, and Limitations -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Traditional Use of Clinostats -- 14.3 Direction of Rotation -- 14.4 Rate of Rotation -- 14.5 Fast- and Slow-Rotating Clinostats -- 14.6 The Clinostat Dimension -- 14.7 Configurations of Axes -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter_15 Vibrations -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Thermovibrational Convections -- 15.3 Crystal Growth -- 15.4 Dynamic Interface Equilibrium -- References -- 4 - Other Environmental Parameters -- Chapter_16 Earth Analogues -- 16.1 Planetary Analogues -- 16.1.1 The Moon -- 16.1.2 Mars -- 16.1.3 Europa and Enceladus -- 16.1.4 Titan -- 16.2 Semipermanent Field-Testing Bases -- 16.3 Field-Testing Campaigns -- References -- Chapter_17 Isolated and Confined Environments -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 5 - Current Research in Physical Sciences -- Chapter_18 Fundamental Physics -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 The Topics -- 18.3 Fundamental Physics in Space -- 18.3.1 Fundamental Issues in Soft Matter and Granular Physics -- References -- Chapter_19 Fluid Physics -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Supercritical Fluids and Critical Point Phenomena -- 19.2.1 Testing Universality -- 19.2.3 New Process of Thermalization -- 19.2.4 Supercritical Properties -- 19.2.2 Dynamics of Phase Transition -- 19.3 Heat Transfer, Boiling and Two-Phase Flow -- 19.3.1 Two-Phase Flows -- 19.3.2 Boiling and Boiling Crisis -- 19.4 Interfaces -- 19.4.1 Liquid Bridges -- 19.4.2 Marangoni Thermo-Solutal-Capillary Flows -- 19.4.3 Interfacial Transport -- 19.4.4 Foams. , 19.4.5 Emulsions -- 19.4.6 Giant Fluctuations of Dissolving Interfaces -- 19.5 Measurements of Diffusion Properties -- 19.6 Vibrational and Transient Effects -- 19.6.1 Transient and Sloshing Motions -- 19.6.2 Vibrational Effects -- 19.7 Biofluids: Microfluidics of Biological Materials -- References -- Chapter_20 Combustion -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Why Combustion Is Affected by Gravity? -- 20.3 Reduced Gravity Environment for CombustionStudies -- 20.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter_21 Materials Science -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Scientific Challenges -- 21.3 Specifics of Low-Gravity Platforms and Facilitiesfor Materials Science -- 21.3.1 Parabolic Flights -- 21.3.2 TEXUS Sounding Rocket Processing -- 21.3.3 Long-Duration Microgravity Experiments on ISS -- 21.4 Materials Alloy Selection -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 - Current Research in Life Sciences -- Chapter_22 Microbiology/Astrobiology -- 22.1 Radiation Environment -- 22.2 Change in Gravity Environment -- 22.3 Space Flight Experiments and Related GroundSimulations -- References -- Chapter_23 Gravitational Cell Biology -- 23.1 Gravitational Cell Biology -- 23.2 Studies Under Simulated Microgravity -- 23.3 Effects of Simulated Microgravity on Algae,Plant Cells, and Whole Plants -- 23.4 Mammalian Cells in Simulated Microgravity -- References -- Chapter_24 Growing Plants under GeneratedExtra-Terrestrial Environments: Effectsof Altered Gravity and Radiation -- 24.1 Introduction: Plants and Space Exploration -- 24.2 Cellular and Molecular Aspects of the GravityPerception and Response in Real and SimulatedMicrogravity -- 24.2.1 Gravity Perception in Plant Roots: Gravitropism -- 24.2.2 Effects on Cell Growth and Proliferation -- 24.2.3 Effects of Gravity Alteration on Gene Expression -- 24.3 Morpho-Functional Aspects of the Plant Responseto Real and Simulated Microgravity Environments. , 24.3.1 From Cell Metabolism to Organogenesis.

Note: Front Cover -- Environmental Biotechnology: A Biosystems Approach -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- BIOTECHNOLOGY AT THE INTERSECTION OF DISCIPLINES -- THE SYSTEMS APPROACH -- SEMINAR DISCUSSIONS -- REDUCTIONISM VERSUS THE SYSTEMS APPROACH -- STRUCTURE AND PEDAGOGY -- CHANGES FROM THE FIRST EDITION -- THE CHALLENGE CONTINUES -- REFERENCES -- 1 - Environmental Biotechnology: An Overview -- EMERGENCE AND BIOCHEMODYNAMICS -- ASSESSING BIOTECHNOLOGICAL IMPACTS -- BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BIOENGINEERING -- ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY AS A DISCIPLINE -- BIOTECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY -- RISKS AND RELIABILITY OF NEW BIOTECHNOLOGIES -- BEYOND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS -- Terminology -- Eureka! -- Oh No! -- THE SCIENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY -- BOXES AND ENVELOPES: PUSHING THE BOUNDARIES, CONTAINING THE RISKS -- RESPONSIBLE BIOENGINEERING -- Acceptable Risk -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 2 - A Question of Balance: Using versus Abusing Biological Systems -- LESSONS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS -- ENVIRONMENTAL BIOMIMICRY -- ENGINEERED SYSTEMS INSPIRED BY BIOLOGY -- ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY -- ENVIRONMENTAL BIOCHEMODYNAMICS -- BIOPHILE CYCLING -- CARBON BIOGEOCHEMISTRY -- Greenhouse Gases -- Sequestration -- Carbon Sequestration in Soil -- Active Sequestration -- NITROGEN AND SULFUR BIOCHEMODYNAMICS -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Environmental Biochemodynamic Processes -- CELLULAR THERMODYNAMICS -- Importance of Free Energy in Microbial Metabolism -- Dissolution -- Polarity -- Phase Partitioning -- THERMODYNAMICS IN ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC SYSTEMS -- Volatility/Solubility/Density Relationships -- Environmental Balances -- Fugacity -- Sorption -- Volatilization -- Bioavailability -- Persistent Bioaccumulating Toxic Substances -- Biochemodynamic Persistence and Half-Life -- Kinetics versus Equilibrium. , Fugacity, Z Values, and Henry's Law -- BIOCHEMODYNAMIC TRANSPORT -- Models -- Loading -- Total Maximum Daily Loading -- Advection -- Dispersion -- Aerodynamic and Hydrodynamic Dispersion -- Diffusion -- Overall Effect of the Fluxes, Sinks, and Sources -- Biochemodynamic Transport Models -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Systems -- GWAS MEET EWAS -- BIOTECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- PUTTING BIOLOGY TO WORK -- TRANSFORMING DATA INTO INFORMATION: INDICES -- TRANSFORMING DATA INTO INFORMATION: TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE -- CONCENTRATION-BASED MASS BALANCE MODELING [13] -- Contaminant Input -- Partitioning Between Compartments -- Outflow -- Reaction -- Sedimentation -- Vaporization -- Combined Process Rates -- FUGACITY, Z VALUES, AND HENRY'S LAW -- FUGACITY-BASED MASS BALANCE MODELING [17] -- Sedimentation -- Vaporization -- Overall Mass Balance -- BIOLOGY MEETS CHEMISTRY -- IMPORTANCE OF SCALE IN BIOSYSTEMS -- SYSTEMS SYNERGIES: BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS -- USING BIOINDICATORS -- BIOSENSORS -- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GREEN ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 5 - Environmental Risks of Biotechnologies -- ESTIMATING BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RISKS -- Biotechnological Hazard Identification -- Dose-Response -- EXPOSURE ESTIMATION -- DIRECT BIOENGINEERING RISK CALCULATIONS -- RISK-BASED CLEANUP STANDARDS -- System Risks -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES AND NOTES -- 6 - Reducing Biotechnological Risks -- RISK QUOTIENT METHOD AND LEVELS OF CONCERN [5] -- Biosystematic Intervention -- CHEMICAL INDICATORS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTS -- RISK AND CAUSALITY -- FAILURE: HUMAN FACTORS ENGINEERING -- Utility as a Measure of Success -- Failure Type 1: Mistakes and Miscalculations -- Failure Type 2: Extraordinary Natural Circumstances -- Failure Type 3: Critical Path -- Failure Type 4: Negligence -- Failure Type 5: Lack of Imagination. , BIOTERRORISM: BAD BIOTECHNOLOGY -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES AND NOTES -- 7 - Applied Ecology -- BIOREMEDIATION -- READY BIODEGRADABILITY TESTING -- SYSTEMATIC VIEW OF OXYGEN -- APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS -- BIODEGRADATION AND BIOREMEDIATION -- BIOCHEMODYNAMICS OF BIOREMEDIATION -- OFF-SITE TREATMENT -- DIGESTION -- BIOSORPTION -- AEROBIC BIODEGRADATION -- TRICKLING FILTER -- ACTIVATED SLUDGE -- AERATION PONDS AND LAGOONS -- TREATMENT OPTIMIZATION -- ANAEROBIC BIODEGRADATION -- MULTIMEDIA-MULTIPHASE BIOREMEDIATION -- PHYTOREMEDIATION -- BIOMARKERS -- GENETIC ENGINEERING BASICS -- CONVENTIONAL BREEDING APPROACHES -- MODIFICATION OF ORGANISMS WITHOUT INTRODUCING FOREIGN DNA -- MODIFICATION OF ORGANISMS BY INTRODUCING FOREIGN DNA -- Transfected DNA -- Vector-Borne DNA -- ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF CISGENIC AND TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS -- BIOENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS FOR GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS -- WASTEWATER TREATMENT OVERVIEW -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES AND NOTES -- 8 - Biotechnological Implications: A Systems Approach -- ENVIRONMENTAL HARM WITH PURSUING OTHER SOCIAL OBJECTIVES -- SYSTEMATIC VIEW OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL RISKS -- PREDICTING ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS -- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF ENGINEERING ORGANISMS -- CHEMINFORMATICS AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE -- INTERPOLATION SPACE AND DESCRIPTOR SELECTION -- RISKS POSED BY FOREIGN DNA IN PLANTS -- MUTAGENICITY AND CANCER -- BIOCHEMODYNAMIC FLOW OF MODIFIED GENETIC MATERIAL -- MODELING BIOLOGICAL AGENT TRANSPORT: EXAMPLES -- RISK RECOMMENDATIONS -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES AND NOTES -- 9 - Environmental Risks of Biotechnologies: Economic Sector Perspectives -- INDUSTRIAL BIOTECHNOLOGY -- PRODUCTION OF ENZYMES [18] -- The Organism -- Health and Safety Regulations -- Environmental Implications -- MEDICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY -- Biouptake and Bioaccumulation -- Environmental Implications. , ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY -- AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY -- Gene Flow -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 10 - Addressing Biotechnological Pollutants -- CLEANING UP BIOTECHNOLOGICAL OPERATIONS -- INTERVENTION AT THE SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION -- INTERVENTION AT THE POINT OF RELEASE -- INTERVENTION DURING TRANSPORT -- INTERVENTION TO CONTROL THE EXPOSURE -- INTERVENTION AT THE POINT OF RESPONSE -- Thermal Treatment of Biotechnological Wastes -- Calculating Destruction Removal -- Other Thermal Strategies -- Nitrogen and Sulfur Problems -- SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS -- Environmental Monitoring -- Siting an Environmental Monitoring Study: An Example -- Sampling Approaches -- Laboratory Analysis -- Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH): An Environmental Monitoring Biotechnology -- SOURCES OF UNCERTAINTY -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 11 - Nanotechnology and Emerging Sciences -- BIOTECHNOLOGY AT THE NANOSCALE -- Engineered Nanomaterials -- Nanoparticles in the Environment -- Environmental Impacts of Nanomaterials -- Nanoparticle Exposure -- Toxicokinetics -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 12 - Mechanisms and Outcomes -- BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY -- EXOGENOUS AOPS -- BIOTECHNOLOGY IMPLICATIONS -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 13 - Analyzing the Environmental Implications of Emerging Technologies -- PREDICTING AND MANAGING OUTCOMES -- Cumulative Environmental Impacts -- Assessment Uncertainties and Complexities -- Risk Tradeoffs -- REVISITING FAILURE AND BLAME -- APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND GAINING WISDOM -- ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING -- SCIENCE AS A SOCIAL ENTERPRISE -- ENVIRONMENTAL ACCOUNTABILITY -- LIFE CYCLE AS AN ANALYTICAL METHODOLOGY -- LIFE CYCLE APPLICATIONS [12] -- UTILITY AND THE BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS -- PREDICTING ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE -- Analysis of Biotechnological Implications -- Step 1: Scenario Description -- Step 2: Deductive Arguments. , Step 3: Problem-Solving Analysis -- Step 3a: Application of Hill's Criteria -- Step 3b: Force Fields -- Step 3c: Net Goodness Analysis -- Step 3d: Line Drawing -- Step 3e: Flow Charting -- Step 3f: Event Trees -- Step 4: Synthesis -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES AND NOTES -- 14 - Responsible Management of Biotechnologies -- BIOENGINEERING PERSPECTIVES -- CODES OF CONDUCT -- ETHICS AND DECISIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY -- UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES -- SYSTEMATIC BIOTECHNOLOGY AND THE STATUS QUO -- A FEW WORDS ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS -- BIOTECHNOLOGY DECISION TOOLS -- CHARACTERIZING SUCCESS AND FAILURE -- Accountability -- Value -- Informing Decisions -- Biotechnological Net Goodness Analysis -- GREEN ENGINEERING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY -- BIOENGINEERING SAFETY -- RELIABILITY OF BIOTECHNOLOGIES -- APPLYING RELIABILITY ENGINEERING TO BIOTECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS -- RISK HOMEOSTASIS AND THE THEORY OF OFFSETTING BEHAVIOR -- CHAOS AND ARTIFACTS -- REVIEW QUESTIONS -- REFERENCES -- 1 - Background Information on Environmental Impact Statements -- COMMON CATEGORIES OF FEDERAL ACTIONS SUBJECT TO NEPA COMPLIANCE -- REFERENCES -- 2 - Cancer Potency Factors -- EXTRAPOLATION METHODS -- CANCER SLOPE FACTORS -- Unit Risks -- Drinking Water Unit Risks -- Inhalation Unit Risks -- Dermal Risks -- REFERENCES -- 3 - Verification Method for Rapid Polymerase Chain Reaction Systems to Detect Biological Agents -- REFERENCES -- 4 - Summary of Persistent and Toxic Organic Compounds in North America, Identified by the United Nations as Highes ... -- 5 - Sample Retrieval from ECOTOX Database for Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Exposed to DDT and its Metabolit ... -- Glossary -- SOURCES -- Index -- A -- B -- C -- D -- E -- F -- G -- H -- I -- J -- K -- L -- M -- N -- O -- P -- Q -- R -- S -- T -- U -- V -- W -- X -- Y -- Z -- Back Cover.

Note: Intro -- Table of Contents -- Preface and Introduction -- Structure and Emphasis -- Quality Control -- Acknowledgments -- Notes and Commentary -- Part I: New Science and New Paradigms -- CHAPTER 1: Lessons Learned: A Case Approach to Environmental Problems -- MTBE and Cross-Media Transfer -- The Incremental Effect -- Failure and Blame -- A Lesson from the Medical Community -- Professional Accountability -- Villain and Victim Status -- Other Lessons: Risk and Reliability -- Environmental Ethics and a New Environmental Ethic -- Sensitivity -- Notes and Commentary -- CHAPTER 2: Pollution Revisited -- DDT versus Eco-Colonialism: Trading Risks -- Reliability -- Characterizing Pollutants -- Partitioning to Solids-Sorption -- Partitioning to the Liquid Phase-Dissolution -- Partitioning to the Gas Phase-Volatilization -- Solubility as a Physical and Chemical Phenomenon -- Partitioning to Organic Tissue -- Emissions, Effluents, Releases, Leaks, and Spills -- Notes and Commentary -- Part II: Key Environmental Events by Media -- Fluids in the Environment: A Brief Introduction -- Three Major Media -- CHAPTER 3: Something in the Air -- London Air Pollution and the Industrial Revolution -- Contaminants of Concern: Sulfur and Nitrogen Compounds -- Notorious Air Pollution Cases of the Twentieth Century -- The Meuse Valley Acid Fog -- Contaminants of Concern: Particulate Matter -- Donora, Pennsylvania -- Poza Rica, Mexico -- Contaminant of Concern: Hydrogen Sulfide -- London, England -- New York City -- Toxic Clouds -- The Bhopal Tragedy -- Preparing for Intentional Toxic Clouds -- Airshed in the Developing World: Mexico City -- Lessons Learned -- Contaminant of Concern: Photochemical Oxidant Smog -- Notes and Commentary -- CHAPTER 4: Watershed Events -- The Death of Lake Erie: The Price of Progress? -- Eutrophication -- Cuyahoga River Fire. , Lesson Learned: The Need for Regional Environmental Planning -- Spills: Immediate Problem with Long-Term Consequences -- Solubility -- Torrey Canyon Tanker Spill -- Santa Barbara Oil Spill -- Exxon Valdez Spill: Disaster Experienced and Disaster Avoided -- Prestige Oil Spill -- Lessons Learned: Two-Edged Swords -- Pfiesteria piscicida: Nature Out of Sync -- Lesson Being Learned -- Notes and Commentary -- CHAPTER 5: Landmark Cases -- Love Canal, New York -- Hazardous Waste Cleanup -- A Fire That Sparked Controversy: Chester, Pennsylvania -- Dioxin Contamination of Times Beach -- A Terrifying Discovery: Valley of the Drums -- Stringfellow Acid Pits -- The March Continues -- Lessons Learned -- Failure to Grasp the Land Ethic -- Disasters: Real and Perceived -- "Cancer Alley" and Vinyl Chloride -- Bioaccumulation and Its Influence on Risk -- The Kepone Tragedy -- Biological Response -- Organic versus Inorganic Toxicants -- Pesticides and Sterility -- Jersey City Chromium -- Radioisotopes -- Radiation Poisoning in Goiania, Brazil -- Factors of Safety -- Small Numbers and Rare Events -- Exposure Estimation -- Risk-Based Cleanup Standards -- The Drake Chemical Company Superfund Site: A Risk-Based Case -- Risk Assessment: The First Step -- Notes and Commentary -- CHAPTER 6: By Way of Introduction -- Asian Shore Crab -- Zebra Mussel Invasion of the Great Lakes -- Lesson Learned: Need for Meaningful Ecological Risk Assessments -- Notes and Commentary -- CHAPTER 7: Environmental Swords of Damocles -- The Tragedy of the Commons -- Global Climate Change -- The Greenhouse Effect -- Persistent, Bioaccumulating Toxicants -- The Inuit and Persistent Organic Pollutants -- Extrinsic Factors -- Persistence -- Endocrine Disrupting Compounds -- Lake Apopka: A Natural Experiment -- Genetic Engineering -- Nuclear Fission -- Meltdown at Chernobyl -- Terrorism. , Ecosystem Habitat Destruction -- Lessons Learned -- The Butterfly Effect -- Notes and Commentary -- Part III: Other Paradigms -- CHAPTER 8: Dropping Acid and Heavy Metal Reactions -- Case of the Negative pH: Iron Mountain, California -- Acid Mine Drainage -- Acid Precipitation -- Lead: The Ubiquitous Element -- Coeur d'Alene Valley and the Bunker Hill Lead Smelter -- Mercury: Lessons from Minamata -- Arsenic Tragedy in Bangledesh -- Asbestos in Australia -- Notes and Commentary -- CHAPTER 9: Spaceship Earth -- Changes in the Global Climate -- Carbon Dioxide -- Methane -- Nitrous Oxide -- Halocarbons and Other Gases -- Land Use and Forestry -- Threats to the Stratospheric Ozone Layer -- Coral Reef Destruction -- Syllogisms for Coral Reef Destruction -- Notes and Commentary -- CHAPTER 10: Myths and Ideology: Perception versus Reality -- Solid Waste: Is It Taking over the Planet? -- Alar and Apples -- Parent versus Progeny -- Agent Orange: Important If True -- The Snail Darter: A Threat to the Endangered Species Act? -- Seveso Plant Disaster -- Poverty and Pollution -- Notes and Commentary -- CHAPTER 11: Just Environmental Decisions, Please -- Environmental Justice -- How Can Engineers Best Manage Risks in a Changing Environment? -- Optimization in Environmental Risk Management -- Precautionary Principle and Factors of Safety in Risk Management -- Market versus Nonmarket Valuation: Uncle Joe the Junk Man -- The Warren County, North Carolina, PCB Landfill -- The Orange County, North Carolina, Landfill -- If It Does Occur, It Is Not Bad -- If It Does Occur and It Is Bad, It Is Not Racially Motivated -- Is Environmentalism a Middle-Class Value? -- Habitat for Humanity -- Carver Terrace, Texas -- West Dallas Lead Smelter -- Lessons Applied: The Environmental Justice Movement -- Environmental Justice and the Catalytic Converter -- Notes and Commentary. , Part IV: What Is Next? -- CHAPTER 12: Bottom Lines and Top of the Head Guesses -- The Future of Environmental Science and Engineering -- The Systematic Approach -- New Thinking -- The Morning Shows the Day -- Notes and Commentary -- APPENDIX 1: Equilibrium -- APPENDIX 2: Government Reorganizations Creating the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the National Oceanic and -- APPENDIX 3: Reliability in Environmental Decision Making -- APPENDIX 4: Principles of Environmental Persistence -- APPENDIX 5: Cancer Slope Factors -- APPENDIX 6: Equations for Calculating Lifetime Average Daily Dose (LADD) for Various Routes of Exposure -- APPENDIX 7: Characterizing Environmental Risk -- APPENDIX 8: Risk-Based Contaminant Cleanup Example -- APPENDIX 9: Shannon-Weiner Index Example -- APPENDIX 10: Useful Conversions in Atmospheric Chemistry -- Index.