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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The past, present, and future of Z pinches (2000)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 7 (2000), S. 1672-1680 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The Z pinch is enjoying a renaissance as the world's most powerful yet efficient soft x-ray source which can energize large volume hohlraums for indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion. It has the advantages of being efficient and having high energy and power density. Its early history will be traced from the 18th century to the present day. The most notable feature of the Z pinch is its instability. The various regimes of stability analysis will be reviewed, including resistive and finite ion Larmor radius effects. Work in the last 10 years on single fibres, especially of cryogenic deuterium, gave neutrons that were of the same origin, namely, beam–plasma interactions, as reported by Kurchatov. The renaissance has come about through the implosion of arrays of fine wires. Research at Sandia National Laboratory has shown that by using more and finer wires, the x-ray radiation emitted at stagnation increased in power and decreased in pulse width. The understanding of these results has been advanced considerably by theory, simulation and smaller-scale, well diagnosed experiments showing the early uncorrelated m=0 instabilities on each wire, the inward jetting of plasma to the axis, the global Rayleigh–Taylor instability and the mitigating effect of nested arrays. © 2000 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.874047
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Z-pinch discharges in aluminum and tungsten wires (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 2579-2587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A series of experiments on Z-pinch plasmas, driven by a pulsed power generator that delivers 160 kA with a rise time (10%–90%) of 65 ns are reported. Tungsten wires of various diameters were used and results are compared with 15 μm diameter aluminum wire. The expansion of the pinch is studied as a function of wire diameter and material. Schlieren observations show that the coronal plasma of various diameters of tungsten wires expands with the velocity of (9.4±1.0)×103 m/s. The aluminum pinch expands at least a factor of 2 faster. The m=0 perturbations appear at about 8 ns for the aluminum compared with 20 ns for the tungsten pinch. The wavelength and diameter of the perturbations increase with time for both types of wires, and relatively faster for the aluminum pinch. The short wavelength perturbations (∼200 μm) persist for a longer time for larger diameter tungsten wires. Bright spots are seen to appear after 60 ns from the current start for tungsten wires, whereas for aluminum wires, bright spots appear after 40 ns. The decay time of bright spots is 40 ns for the smallest diameter tungsten wire compared with only a few nanoseconds for larger diameter wires. Hard x-ray emission above 6 keV was observed from tungsten wire pinches, but it was not observed from either bright spots or the plasma column for the aluminum pinch. However, hard x-ray emission from the anode due to an electron beam was observed for wires of both materials. © 1999 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873529
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Optical probing of fiber z-pinch plasmas (1998)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 5 (1998), S. 682-691 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An experimental study of optical probing of a dense z-pinch plasma using the MAGPIE (mega-ampere generator for plasma implosion experiments) generator [I. H. Mitchell et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 1533 (1996)] is reported. The generator was operated with a peak current of 1.1 MA rising in 150 ns (10%–90%). The loads were 33 μm diam carbon fibers. Faraday rotation was used to investigate the distribution of the current flowing in the plasma. A measurable Faraday rotation angle was observed only in a time window from 50 to 60 ns after the current start, due to the fact that this effect depends on a combination of the magnetic-field strength and electron number density. A new type of self-referencing cyclic radial shear interferometer was used to evaluate the plasma density profiles which are necessary for the reconstruction of the current distribution. It was calculated that ∼110 kA was flowing in the plasma at 52 ns after the current start. Shadowgraphy was used to study the dynamics of the plasma and to investigate the formation of instabilities. Plasma instabilities were observed at very early times (∼5 ns). These instabilities appeared to be not entirely axi-symmetric implying the existence of m=1 and maybe higher modes as well as m=0. The perturbations increased with time and evolved into density islands (isolated plasma fragments) distributed along the axis at late times (∼70 ns). © 1998 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872778
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Erratum: "Measurements of ultrastrong magnetic fields during relativistic laser–plasma interactions" [Phys. Plasmas 9, 2244 (2002)] (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 9 (2002), S. 3642-3642 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1488144
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of discrete wires on the implosion dynamics of wire array Z pinches (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 3734-3747 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A phenomenological model of wire array Z-pinch implosions, based on the analysis of experimental data obtained on the mega-ampere generator for plasma implosion experiments (MAGPIE) generator [I. H. Mitchell et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 1533 (1996)], is described. The data show that during the first ∼80% of the implosion the wire cores remain stationary in their initial positions, while the coronal plasma is continuously jetting from the wire cores to the array axis. This phase ends by the formation of gaps in the wire cores, which occurs due to the nonuniformity of the ablation rate along the wires. The final phase of the implosion starting at this time occurs as a rapid snowplow-like implosion of the radially distributed precursor plasma, previously injected in the interior of the array. The density distribution of the precursor plasma, being peaked on the array axis, could be a key factor providing stability of the wire array implosions operating in the regime of discrete wires. The modified "initial" conditions for simulations of wire array Z-pinch implosions with one-dimension (1D) and two-dimensions (2D) in the r–z plane, radiation-magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) codes, and a possible scaling to a larger drive current are discussed. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1385373
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fast particle generation and energy transport in laser-solid interactions : The 42nd annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the American Physical Society and the 10th international congress on plasma physics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 2323-2330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The generation of MeV electron and ion beams using lasers with intensities of up to 1020 W cm−2 is reported. Intense ion beams with high energies (up to 40 MeV and to 3×1012 protons 〉5 MeV) are observed. The properties of these particle beams were measured in considerable detail and the results are compared to current theoretical explanations for their generation. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1351824
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of the hole boring velocity from Doppler shifted harmonic emission from solid targets (1996)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 3 (1996), S. 3242-3244 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The fast ignitor scheme for inertial confinement fusion requires forward driving of the critical density surface by light pressure (hole boring) to allow energy deposition close to the dense fuel. The recession velocity of the critical density surface has been observed to be v/c=0.015 at an irradiance of 1.0×1019 W cm−2 at a wavelength of 1.05 micron, in quantitative agreement with modeling. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.871606
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A study of picosecond laser–solid interactions up to 1019 W cm−2 (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 447-457 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The interaction of a 1053 nm picosecond laser pulse with a solid target has been studied for focused intensities of up to 1019 W cm−2. The maximum ion energy cutoff Emax (which is related to the hot electron temperature) is in the range 1.0–12.0 MeV and is shown to scale as Emax(approximate)I1/3. The hot electron temperatures were in the range 70–400 keV for intensities up to 5×1018 W cm−2 with an indication of a high absorption of laser energy. Measurements of x-ray/γ-ray bremsstrahlung emission suggest the existence of at least two electron temperatures. Collimation of the plasma flow has been observed by optical probing techniques. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872103
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Time-resolved energy measurement of electron beams in fiber Z-pinch discharges (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 4 (1997), S. 490-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The emission of hard x rays with energies much greater than the applied anode-cathode voltage is a common feature of Z-pinch plasmas. Here time-resolved measurements of such emission from fiber Z pinches at the mega-ampere current level are reported. The x-ray spectrum measured by an array of detectors is used to calculate the energy of the electron beam producing the emission. Pulses of between 20 and 100 ns duration were observed and electron-beam energy measurements of around 2 MeV obtained. It is thought that these high-energy beams are generated by the plasma becoming resistive at the time of x-ray emission. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.872107
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of current prepulse on wire array Z-pinch implosions (2002)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 9 (2002), S. 375-377 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of a prepulse current on the behavior of wire array Z pinches is investigated. The experiments were performed on the MAGPIE generator (1 MA peak current at 240 ns) [I. Mitchell, J. M. Bayley, J. P. Chittenden et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 67, 1533 (1996)]. A linear ramp current, ∼500-ns long, was used as a prepulse. The array consisted of 32 15-μm aluminum wires, 23-mm long arranged in a 16-mm diameter circle. With a prepulse of 1 kA/wire, a low density precursor plasma column (ne∼2×1017 cm−3) is formed on the array axis before the start of the main current. Later, the soft x-ray emission shows the growth of an m=1 helical instability in the precursor plasma, which indicates the presence of a current. Without a prepulse current, the precursor plasma on axis is uniform and does not show any instability. The x-ray pulse at stagnation on axis is at least 30 times smaller with a prepulse current than without. © 2002 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1417512
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