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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Body proportions, body composition and pubertal development of children in competitive sports (2001)
    Copenhagen : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 11 (2001), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The aim of this study was primarily to investigate anthropometric variables, body composition and pubertal development in children aged 9–13 participating in competitive sports. Secondly, the influence of age, sport, training hours and pubertal development/maternal menarcheal age on body composition and pubertal development was explored. A total of 183 (96 girls, 87 boys) children performing swimming (Sw), tennis (Te), European team handball (TH), and gymnastics (Gy) took part in the study. Anthropometric measurements and pubertal development were determined. The participants completed a questionnaire regarding hours of training per week and maternal menarcheal age. Significant differences in stature (z-scores) were found in both boys (Sw=0.06; Te=0.04; TH=0.05; Gy=−0.66, P〈0.004) and girls (Sw=0.12; Te=0.19; TH=0.25; Gy=−0.96, P〈0.004). In girls, sum of skinfolds in millimetres (Sw=33.4; Te=33.3; TH=41.0; Gy=27.2, P〈0.02) and body mass index z-scores (SW=0.00; Te=−0.27; TH=0.35; Gy=−0.25, P〈0.001) were different between the sports. A regression analysis revealed that in girls, age and maternal menarcheal age were significantly associated with pubertal development (P〈0.005 and P〈0.01), respectively, and sport was associated with the sum of skinfolds (P〈0.05). In boys, only age was significantly associated with pubertal development (P〈0.005). In conclusion, anthropometric and body composition differences exist in athletes of both sexes from different sports but are more evident in females. Most importantly, we did not find any effect of training on body composition or pubertal development, confirming previous data that children in competitive sports are selected due to constitutional factors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.011001054.x
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic power and muscle strength characteristics of 11 years old elite and non-elite boys and girls from gymnastics, team handball, tennis and swimming (2002)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 12 (2002), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: The aim of the present investigation was to study the possible effects of specificity of training on muscle strength and anaerobic power in children from different sports and at different performance levels in relation to growth and maturation status. Hundred and eighty-four children of both gender participating either in swimming, tennis, team handball or gymnastics were recruited from the best clubs in Denmark. Within each sport, the coach had divided the children into an elite (E) and non-elite (NE) group according to performance level and talent. Tanner stage assessment and body weight and height measurements were performed by a physician. The anaerobic performances were assessed by Wingate tests and jumping performance in squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) from two heights. Most of the differences between groups in Wingate performance disappeared when the data were normalised to body mass. The gymnasts were the best jumpers and their superiority were increased in the more complex motor coordination tasks like DJ. The results may indicate some influence of training specificity, especially on the more complex motor tasks as DJ and there may be an effect of training before puberty. The performance in the less complex motor tasks like cycling and SJ and CMJ may also be influenced by specific training, but not to the same extent, and heritance may be an important factor for performance in these anaerobic tasks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2002.01128.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The influence of intermittent altitude exposure to 4100 m on exercise capacity and blood variables (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Munksgaard International Publishers
    Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports 15 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1600-0838
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine , Sports Science
    Notes: This study was performed to investigate the effects of intermittent hypoxic exposure on blood and exercise parameters. Eight sea level residents were exposed to 2 h daily stimulus to 4100 m altitude in a hypobaric chamber for a total of 14 days. Exercise performance was evaluated at sea level before and after the hypoxic stimulation. Blood samples were obtained before, during, and at time points up to 14 days after the hypoxic exposure. No changes were observed in haemoglobin, haematocrit, reticulocytes, serum transferrin receptors, or EPO levels in the blood. Submaximal cycle (150 W) ergometer exercise corresponded to a oxygen uptake of 1.9±0.1 and 1.9±0.1 L min−1 before and after the intermittent altitude exposure, respectively. At maximal exercise the workloads attained were 343±17 and 354±27 W before and after the exposure, with corresponding oxygen uptakes of 4.0±0.2 and 4.2±0.2 L min−1. It is concluded that intermittent hypoxic exposure to 4100 m altitude for 2 h daily and a total of 14 days does not affect exercise capacity.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2004.405.x
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  • 4
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    Leg oxygen uptake in the initial phase of intense exercise is slowed by a marked reduction in oxygen delivery (2013)
    The American Physiological Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-02
    Description: The present study examined whether a marked reduction in oxygen delivery, unlike findings in moderate-intensity exercise, would slow leg oxygen uptake (V o 2 ) kinetics during intense exercise (86 ± 3% of incremental test peak power). Seven healthy males (26 ± 1 years, means ± SE) performed one-legged knee-extensor exercise (60 ± 3 W) for 4 min in a control setting (CON) and with arterial infusion of N G -monomethyl- l -arginine and indomethacin in the working leg to reduce blood flow by inhibiting formation of nitric oxide and prostanoids (double blockade; DB). In DB leg blood flow (LBF) and oxygen delivery during the first minute of exercise were 25–50% lower ( P 〈 0.01) compared with CON (LBF after 10 s: 1.1 ± 0.2 vs. 2.5 ± 0.3 l/min and 45 s: 2.7 ± 0.2 vs. 3.8 ± 0.4 l/min) and 15% lower ( P 〈 0.05) after 2 min of exercise. Leg V o 2 in DB was attenuated ( P 〈 0.05) during the first 2 min of exercise (10 s: 161 ± 26 vs. 288 ± 34 ml/min and 45 s: 459 ± 48 vs. 566 ± 81 ml/min) despite a higher ( P 〈 0.01) oxygen extraction in DB. Net leg lactate release was the same in DB and CON. The present study shows that a marked reduction in oxygen delivery can limit the rise in V o 2 during the initial part of intense exercise. This is in contrast to previous observations during moderate-intensity exercise using the same DB procedure, which suggests that fast-twitch muscle fibers are more sensitive to a reduction in oxygen delivery than slow-twitch fibers.
    Print ISSN: 0363-6119
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-1490
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by The American Physiological Society (APS)
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