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  • 1
    Book
    Book
    Seabirds : feeding ecology and role in marine ecosystems (1987)
    Cambridge [u.a.] : Cambridge Univ. Pr.
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Sea birds Food ; Sea birds Ecology ; Birds Food ; Birds Ecology ; Aufsatzsammlung ; Meeresvögel ; Nahrung ; Ökologie ; Meeresvögel ; Ökosystem
    Type of Medium: Book
    Pages: VIII, 408 S. , graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 0521301785
    URL: http://www.loc.gov/catdir/description/cam032/86008236.html
    URL: https://external.dandelon.com/download/attachments/dandelon/ids/DE0069DA6267B4F3F25B6C1257A36004570B0.pdf
    DDC: 598.4
    RVK:
    WS 1026
    Language: English
    Note: Literaturangaben
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    ENTANGLEMENT IN MAN-MADE DEBRIS OF ANTARCTIC FUR SEALS AT BIRD ISLAND, SOUTH GEORGIA (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Marine mammal science 6 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1748-7692
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Neck collars of man-made marine debris were seen on 208 Antarctic fur seals (and removed from 170) during the 142 days of the 1988–1989 pup-rearing season at Bird Island, South Georgia. This represents at least 0.1% of the total Bird Island population and a minimum of 0.4% of animals in the best covered areas; a maximum value might approach 1%. Polypropylene straps (packaging bands) formed 59% of collars, nylon string (16%), fishing net (13%) and six other materials comprised the rest. Males accounted for 71% of entanglements, 88% of which were of young (1–4 yr old) animals; females accounted for 64% of animals older than this. Obvious physical injury was being caused to 30% of animals and only on 19% of animals was the collar loose enough potentially to come off. The magnitude of the problem at South Georgia is similar to that with northern fur seals at the Pribilof Islands, where a significant population decline has occurred concurrently. Antarctic fur seals are still increasing in numbers but stricter controls on the jettisoning of debris into the Southern Ocean ate needed if the entanglement problem is not to increase beyond the level of a potential threat.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1990.tb00246.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of antarctic penguin populations in relation to inter-annual variability in sea ice distribution (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To investigate the role of sea ice cover on penguin populations we used principal component analysis to compare population variables of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) penguins breeding on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands with local (from direct observations) and regional (from remote sensing data) sea ice variables. Throughout the study period, the Adélie penguin population size remained stable, whereas that of chinstrap penguins decreased slightly. For neither species were there significant relationships between population size and breeding success, except for an apparent inverse density-dependent relationship between the number of Adélie breeding pairs and the number of eggs hatching. For both species, no general relationship was found between either population size or breeding success and the local sea ice conditions. However, the regional sea ice extent at a particular time prior to the start of the breeding season was related to the number of birds that arrived to breed. For both species, this period occurred before the sea ice reached its maximum extent and was slightly earlier for Adélie than for chinstrap penguins. These results suggest that sea ice conditions outside the breeding season may play an important role in penguin population processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02342178
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fish prey of the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans at South Georgia (1988)
    Springer
    Polar biology 9 (1988), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The fish diet (45% of total diet by weight) of Wandering Albatrosses rearing chicks at South Georgia during the austral winters of 1983 and 1984 was investigated using otoliths retrieved from regurgitations. These provide the first quantitative data for this species and for any albatross. By number of identified otoliths (32% could be identified only as ?Macrouridae and ?Moridae), Pseudochaenichthys georgianus (35%), Muraenolepis microps (33%) and Chaenocephalus aceratus (20%) predominated, with Notothenia gibberifrons, Pagothenia hansoni and Champsocephalus gunnari (together 12%) also present. Composition by weight (estimated from otolith length) of the main species was Pseudochaenichthys 51%, Muraenolepis 14%, Chaenocephalus 27%; if digestion and wear had reduced otoliths by 10% the values would be Pseudochaenichthys 54%, Chaenocephalus 25%, Muraenolepis 13%. Composition by weight (actual or corrected values) was almost identical between years but epipelagic fish were significantly more abundant in 1983 than 1984. All identified fish eaten by Wandering Albatrosses are common on the South Georgia continental shelf and most of them are caught in the commercial fishery there. However, two of the three main target species of this fishery in 1983–1984, Notothenia rossii and Champsocephalus were not, or rarely, caught by Wandering Albatrosses. It seems unlikely, therefore, that the albatrosses depend greatly on the fishery for acquisition of fish prey but how they catch several species, including Muraenolepis, which are mainly benthic in habit is unknown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00441760
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Factors affecting weaning weight in Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella at South Georgia (1989)
    Springer
    Polar biology 9 (1989), S. 155-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Relationships between size, body condition, age and feeding-attendance patterns during pup rearing of female Antacrtic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella and their effects on the timing of birth and weaning, pup weight, growth and condition were studied at South Georgia in 1981–1982. Twenty-seven (6 male, 21 female) mother-pup pairs were followed from birth to weaning. The analysis of maternal effects was limited to female pups because of the small sample size of male weaners. High weaning weight was associated with those female pups whose mothers spent more time ashore attending their offspring. Weaning weight showed no relationship with perinatal duration, number of feeding trips to sea, days at sea or date of weaning. A further 63 mother-pup pairs were analysed for the effects of maternal body condition (weight/length), age and timing of birth on offspring body weight and condition. Pup weight and condition were weakly correlated with maternal age in female pups. Male pups born earlier in the season were heavier and in better condition. Maternal and offspring body weight and condition were unrelated. For the Antarctic fur seal population at South Georgia where the food supply was apparently not limiting in summer, maternal condition and foraging time were subordinate to maternal care on land (as expressed by attendance duration) in determining offspring weight at weaning.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00297170
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of cloacal sexing techniques in mark-recapture estimates of breeding population size in Wilson's stormpetrel Oceanites oceanicus at South Georgia (1988)
    Springer
    Polar biology 8 (1988), S. 271-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Many stormpetrel species breed in habitats where their populations cannot be estimated by direct counts of burrows or birds; mark-recapture experiments have been confounded by the presence of many wandering non-breeders. With a population of Wilson's Stormpetrel Oceanites oceanicus at Bird Island, South Georgia, we tried to estimate the proportion of breeding females in samples obtained during a mark-recapture experiment. These were identified by measurements of the cloaca, which greatly enlarges at egg-laying. A concurrent experiment with individually marked birds determined that breeding females could be discriminated from males and non-breeders for c 30 days after laying. The technique is probably applicable to other petrels, though it will work best with those that lay most synchronously. The overall population estimate was 4841–5515 birds (SE 856–1417); estimates of breeding females gave a population of 2300 paris early in the incubation period and 1400 pairs near hatching.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00263175
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dynamics of Antarctic penguin populations in relation to inter-annual variability in sea ice distribution (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 16 (1996), S. 321-330 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  To investigate the role of sea ice cover on penguin populations we used principal component analysis to compare population variables of Adélie (Pygoscelis adeliae) and chinstrap (Pygoscelis antarctica) penguins breeding on Signy Island, South Orkney Islands with local (from direct observations) and regional (from remote sensing data) sea ice variables. Throughout the study period, the Adélie penguin population size remained stable, whereas that of chinstrap penguins decreased slightly. For neither species were there significant relationships between population size and breeding success, except for an apparent inverse density-dependent relationship between the number of Adélie breeding pairs and the number of eggs hatching. For both species, no general relationship was found between either population size or breeding success and the local sea ice conditions. However, the regional sea ice extent at a particular time prior to the start of the breeding season was related to the number of birds that arrived to breed. For both species, this period occurred before the sea ice reached its maximum extent and was slightly earlier for Adélie than for chinstrap penguins. These results suggest that sea ice conditions outside the breeding season may play an important role in penguin population processes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050059
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Predicting changes in the Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba, population at South Georgia (1999)
    Springer
    Marine biology 135 (1999), S. 647-652 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1793
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Variability in the Southern Ocean is frequently reflected in changes in the abundance of Antarctic krill Euphausia superba and subsequent effects on dependent predators. However, the nature and consequences of changes in krill population dynamics that accompany fluctuations in its abundance are essentially unknown. A conceptual model, developed from quantitative measures of krill length in the diet of predators at South Georgia from 1991 to 1997, allowed predictions to be made about the abundance and population structure of krill in 1998 and the consequences for predators. Consistent with model predictions, in 1998 there was a serial change in krill population structure, low krill biomass and low reproductive performance of predators. The change in the modal size of krill, from 56 mm in December to 42 mm in March, was apparently a result of the transport of krill into the region. This is the first occasion when the future status and structure of the krill population at South Georgia has been successfully predicted. By representing local krill population dynamics, which may also reflect large-scale physical and biological processes, predators have a potential key role as indicators of environmental variation in the Southern Ocean at a range of spatial scales.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002270050665
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diet and feeding ecology of the diving petrels Pelecanoides georgicus and P. urinatrix at South Georgia (1996)
    Springer
    Polar biology 17 (1996), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract  The diet of the diving petrels Pelecanoides georgicus and P. urinatrix was studied during 1986 (P. georgicus) and 1987 (both species) by lavaging adults as they returned to feed chicks on Bird Island, South Georgia. The diet of both species was dominated by crustaceans, in particular euphausiids (mainly Euphausia superba and some Thysanoessa), which contributed 47–76% of the biomass of crustaceans in the diet of P. georgicus, and copepods, which contributed 71% of the biomass of crustaceans in the diet of P. urinatrix. Calanoides acutus was the most numerous copepod in the diet of both species; however, Rhincalanus gigas was more common in P. urinatrix than in P. georgicus. The dominant amphipod in the diet of P. georgicus, Primno macropa, was absent from the diet of Pelecanoides urinatrix, in which Themisto gaudichaudii (rare in Pelecanoides georgicus) dominated. Dietary differences were maintained in the period (2 weeks of a total of 10 weeks) when both species were simultaneously rearing chicks. Knowledge of the prey species and of the diving abilities and foraging habits of diving petrels suggests that at South Georgia Pelecanoides urinatrix feeds closer inshore and dives deeper than Pelecarnoides georgicus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003000050100
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Water flux and estimated metabolism of free-ranging gentoo and macaroni penguins at South Georgia (1983)
    Springer
    Polar biology 2 (1983), S. 41-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2056
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Water turnover rates were measured in gentoo and macaroni penguins breeding sympatrically on South Georgia Island. At the time of this study, adult male macaronis were attending the nest while female macaronis and both sexes of adult gentoos were making regular foraging trips to sea and returning to feed their chicks. Both species feed principally on krill, Euphausia superba, although gentoos also feed on fish. The average water turnover rate in 2 fasting male macaronis was 12.5 ml·kg-1·day-1 with a half-time for water turnover of 36 days. The mean water flux rate in feeding birds was 155 ml·kg-1·day-1 in gentoos and 184 ml·kg-1·day-1 in macaronis. The half-times for water turnover were 2.8 days, and 2.6 days, respectively. The average metabolic rate of fasting macaronis calculated from water turnover rates was 5.6 W·kg-1 or 1.8 x the standard metabolic rate (SMR). In order to calculate prey consumption and average daily metabolic rate (ADMR) from water flux rates in feeding birds, it was assumed that a) the only sources of water are from metabolism and performed water in the diet and b) the composition of the diet is known. Based on the type of prey consumed, the calculated ADMR was 7.1 W·kg-1 or 2.6×SMR (n=5) for gentoos and 9.1 W·kg-1 or 2.9×SMR (n=3) for macaronis. The ADMR of female macaronis making regular trips to sea was 1.6 x greater than the fasting metabolism of males brooding the chick.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00258284
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