Note: Intro -- Electropolymerization -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- 1 Electropolymerized Films of π-Conjugated Polymers. A Tool for Surface Functionalization: a Brief Historical Evolution and Recent Trends -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Electropolymerization: Epistemological Analysis within the ICP Saga -- 1.3 Electropolymerization: from Pristine Heterocyclic to Sophisticated Functional and Conjugated Architectures -- 1.3.1 Electropolymerization of Pristine Aromatic Heterocycles -- 1.3.2 Electropolymerization of Substituted Heterocycles -- 1.3.3 Electropolymerization as a Tool to Elaborate Functional Conjugated Architectures -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mechanisms of Electropolymerization and Redox Activity: Fundamental Aspects -- 2.1 Electropolymerization: General Aspects -- 2.2 Redox Activity of Polymer Films -- 2.3 Effect of Polymerization Parameters on Properties of Deposited Polymer Films -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) for Polymer Characterization -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Experimental Arrangements -- 3.3 Impedance Spectra of Polymer Films -- 3.3.1 Effect of the Film Thickness and Thickness Distribution of Polymer Films -- 3.3.2 Characteristic Quantities for Modified Electrodes -- 3.3.3 Impedance Associated with Polymer Films in Contact with Media Allowing both Ionic and Electronic Interfacial Exchange -- 3.4 Analysis of the Impedance Spectra -- 3.5 Models of Polymeric Layers -- 3.5.1 ''Homogeneous'' or ''Uniform'' Models -- 3.5.2 ''Heterogeneous'' or ''Porous Layer'' Model -- 3.5.3 Theories Dealing with Two or Three Charge Carriers -- 3.5.4 Brush Model -- 3.6 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 4 Recent Trends in Polypyrrole Electrochemistry, Nanostructuration, and Applications 77 -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Advances in Synthetic Procedures - New Polymers. , 4.2.1 New Monomers and Polymers -- 4.2.2 Fundamental Research -- 4.2.3 New Polymerization Methods -- 4.3 Nanostructuration of Polypyrrole -- 4.3.1 Nanostructuration of Polypyrrole -- 4.3.2 Polypyrrole Nanocomposites -- 4.4 Applications -- 4.4.1 Batteries and Supercapacitors -- 4.4.2 Actuators -- 4.4.3 Anticorrosion -- 4.4.4 Miscellaneous -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Electropolymerized Azines: a New Group of Electroactive Polymers -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Electropolymerized Azines as a New Group of Electroactive Polymers -- 5.2.1 Electropolymerization of Azines -- 5.2.2 Hypothesis of Polyazine Structure -- 5.3 Polyazines in Electroanalysis -- 5.3.1 Electrocatalysis by Polyazines -- 5.3.2 Electropolymerized Azines as Advanced Electrocatalysts for NAD+|NADH Regeneration -- 5.3.2.1 Dehydrogenase Enzymes and Electrocatalysis of NAD+|NADH Regeneration -- 5.3.2.2 Mimetics of Enzyme Catalysis -- 5.3.2.3 Electropolymerized Azines as NADH Transducers -- 5.3.2.4 Electroreduction of NAD+ to Enzymatically Active NADH at Poly(Neutral Red)-Modi.ed Electrodes -- 5.3.2.5 Observation of the Equilibrium NAD+|NADH Potential at Poly(Neutral Red) Electrodes -- 5.4 Electropolymerized Azines as Promoters for Bioelectrocatalysis -- 5.4.1 Attempts to Involve Glucose Oxidase in Mediator Free Bioelectrocatalysis -- 5.4.1.1 Bioelectrocatalysis by Hydrogenase and Peroxidase -- 5.4.2 Bioelectrocatalysis by Cellobiose Dehydrogenase on Polyazines -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Electropolymerization of Phthalocyanines -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Immobilization of Transition-Metal Phthalocyanines on Conducting and Nonconducting Substrates -- 6.2.1 Phthalocyanines in Electron-Conducting Polymers -- 6.2.2 Phthalocyanines in Matrices of Artificial Lipids -- 6.2.3 Composites of Ultrathin Layers of Oppositely Charged Ions -- 6.3 Electropolymerization of Phthalocyanines. , 6.3.1 Electropolymerization of Phthalocyanines with Ligands Bonded to Radicals of Electron-Conducting Polymer Precursors -- 6.3.2 Electropolymerization of Tetra-Amino-Substituted Phthalocyanines -- 6.3.3 Electrochemical Modification of Electrodes with Nickel Tetra-Sulfonated Phthalocyanine -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Imprinted Polymers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 What is Molecular Imprinting? -- 7.2 Molecular Imprinting in Conjugated Polymers -- 7.3 Solgel Imprinted Films Prepared by Electropolymerization -- 7.4 Integration of MIPs with the Surface of Transducers -- 7.5 Nanostructured Materials -- 7.6 Other MIP-Based Sensors -- 7.6.1 Piezoelectric Sensors -- 7.6.2 Capacitive Sensors -- 7.6.3 Amperometric and Voltammetric/Potentiometric Sensors -- 7.6.4 Miscellaneous Sensing Systems -- 7.7 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Gas Sensing with Conducting Polymers -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Electronic Properties of Conducting Polymers -- 8.3 Preparation of Polymer Gas-Sensing Layers -- 8.3.1 Solvent Casting -- 8.3.2 In situ Electrochemical Deposition -- 8.3.3 Tuning of Electronic Properties of Conducting Polymers -- 8.3.3.1 Effect of Primary Doping on Work Function -- 8.3.3.2 Electrochemical Work Function Tuning -- 8.4 Mechanism of Gas/Polymer Interactions -- 8.4.1 Secondary Doping by Donor/Acceptor Interactions -- 8.4.2 Work Function Modulation - Modulation of Carrier Density -- 8.4.3 Bulk Resistance Changes -- 8.4.4 Contact Resistance Changes (Schottky Barrier) -- 8.5 Types of Conducting Polymer-Based Gas Sensors -- 8.5.1 Potentiometric (Zero-Current) Sensors -- 8.5.1.1 Kelvin Probe -- 8.5.1.2 CHEMFET -- 8.5.1.3 Examples of Kelvin Probe and CHEMFET Gas Sensors -- 8.5.2 Conductometric (Nonzero-Current) Sensors -- 8.5.2.1 Chemiresistors - Bulk Resistance Modulation -- 8.5.2.2 Schottky Barrier Diodes - Contact Resistance Modulation. , 8.5.2.3 OFETs - Field-Modulated Chemiresistors -- 8.5.2.4 Examples of Conductometric Gas Sensors -- 8.5.2.5 Examples of Polymer Schottky Diode Gas Sensors -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Chemical Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Electrochemical Signal Transduction -- 9.2.1 Potentiometric Sensors -- 9.2.2 Amperometric and Voltammetric Sensors -- 9.2.3 Conductimetric Sensors -- 9.2.4 Chemically Sensitive Transistors -- 9.3 Optical Signal Transduction -- 9.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Biosensors Based on Electropolymerized Films -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Chronological Evolution of the Concept of Biosensors Based on Electropolymerized Films: Principal Stages -- 10.3 Formation of Polymer Films by Direct Electropolymerization of the Biomolecule -- 10.4 Adsorption on Electrogenerated Polymers -- 10.5 Mechanical Entrapment within Electropolymerized Films -- 10.6 Covalent Binding at the Surface of Electropolymerized Films -- 10.7 Noncovalent Binding by Affinity Interactions with the Electropolymerized Films -- 10.8 Outlook -- References -- 11 Inherently Conducting Polymers via Electropolymerization for Energy Conversion and Storage -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Electrochemical Techniques -- 11.1.2 Substrates -- 11.1.3 The Electrolyte -- 11.2 Energy Conversion -- 11.2.1 Polythiophenes via Electropolymerization of Simple Precursors -- 11.2.2 Polythiophenes via Electropolymerization of Precursors Functionalized with Electron Accepting/Withdrawing Moieties -- 11.2.3 Polythiophenes via Electropolymerization of Precursors Functionalized with Light-Harvesting Moieties -- 11.3 Energy Storage -- 11.3.1 Application of Inherently Conducting Polymers in Rechargeable Batteries -- 11.3.2 Application of Conducting Polymers in Supercapacitors. , 11.4 Electropolymerization to Form Electrodes for Energy Storage Applications -- 11.4.1 PPy -- 11.4.2 PANi -- 11.4.3 PTh and Derivatives -- 11.5 Nanostructured Conducting Polymers -- 11.5.1 Template-Assisted Electropolymerization -- 11.5.2 Direct Electropolymerization -- 11.6 Conducting Polymer Composites -- 11.7 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Electrochemomechanical Devices: Artificial Muscles -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Conducting Polymers as Reactive Materials: Electrochemical Reactions -- 12.2.1 Oxidation -- 12.2.1.1 Prevailing Anion Interchange -- 12.2.1.2 Prevailing Cation Interchange -- 12.2.2 Reduction of Neutral Chains -- 12.2.3 Complex Actual Ionic Interchanges and Polymeric Structure -- 12.2.4 Giant Nonstoichiometry -- 12.3 Electrochemical Properties: Multifunctionality and Biomimetism -- 12.3.1 Electrochemomechanical Properties and Artificial Muscles -- 12.3.2 Basic Molecular Motor -- 12.4 Macroscopic Dimensional Changes and Mechanical Properties -- 12.5 Anisotropy Obtained from Isotropic Changes: Macroscopic Devices -- 12.5.1 Electrochemical Transducer -- 12.5.2 Efficiency -- 12.5.3 Bending Structures -- 12.5.3.1 Asymmetrical Monolayers -- 12.5.3.2 Bilayers -- 12.5.3.3 Triple Layers -- 12.5.4 Structures Giving Lineal Movements -- 12.5.4.1 Fibers and Films -- 12.5.4.2 Tubes and Films with Metal Support -- 12.5.5 Combination of Bending Structures -- 12.5.6 Microdevices and Microtools -- 12.6 Electrochemical Characterization -- 12.7 Sensing Capabilities of Artificial Muscles -- 12.8 Tactile Sensitivity -- 12.9 Intelligent Devices -- 12.10 Muscles Working in Air -- 12.11 Advantages, Limitations, and Challenges -- 12.12 Artificial Muscles as Products -- References -- Index.