Description: The Antarctic region has profoundly affected the global climates of the past 50 million years, influencing sea levels, atmospheric composition and dynamics, and ocean circulation. A greater understanding of this region and the Antarctic cryosphere is crucial to a broader understanding of the global climates and palaeoceanography at all scales. Much of the information obtained during the last two decades derives from studies of sedimentary sequences drilled in and around Antarctica. Eight Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) legs have contributed significantly to the understanding of this evolution. These legs include Leg 113 in the Weddell Sea (Barker et al., 1988, 1990), Leg 114 in the Subantarctic South Atlantic (Ciesielski et al., 1988, 1991), Leg 119 in Prydz Bay and on Kerguelen Plateau (Barron et al., 1989, 1991), Leg 120 on Kerguelen Plateau (Schlich et al., 1989; Wise et al., 1992), Leg 177 in the southeast Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean (Gersonde et al., 1999), Leg 178 on the Antarctic Peninsula (Barker et al., 2002), Leg 188 in Prydz Bay (O’Brien et al., 2001), and Leg 189 in the Tasmanian region (Exon et al., 2001). More recently, a series of three holes were drilled in McMurdo Sound, Ross Sea, as part of the Cape Roberts Project (CRP; Cape Roberts Science Team, 1998 1999, 2000; Hambrey et al., 1998; Barrett et al., 2000, 2001). In spite of these efforts, which have significantly advanced our understanding of the Cenozoic tectonics and palaeoenvironments of the Antarctic region, important questions and problems remain unresolved. Chief amongst these are the timing of the onset of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), the causes of the cooling events at around 24 and 14 Ma, and the warming events of the mid-Pliocene and Marine Isotope Stages 31 (1.07 Ma) and 11 (0.36 Ma) (Shackleton et al., 1995).

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Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente

Description: JCR Journal

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Description: Antarctic Climate Evolution: geological records from the margin and modelling SCAR conference on bAntarctica and the Southern Ocean in the Global SystemQ Bremen, Germany, 26–28 July 2004 International Geological Congress, session entitled bCenozoic Antarctic glacial historyQ Florence, Italy, 20 August 2004 Under sponsorship of: New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology. Marsden Fund, Royal Society of New Zealand. Italian National Antarctic Research Programme (PNRA). Instituto Nazionale Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV). U.S. National Science Foundation Office of Polar programmes, Antarctic Climate Evolution (ACE) Programme, Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR).

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Description: JCR Journal

Description: reserved

Description: This special issue on "Antarctic Climate Evolution — view from the margin" presents results from modelling studies and reports on geoscience data aimed at improving our understanding of the behaviour of the Antarctic ice sheet and the climate of the region. This research field is of interest because of the sensitivity of the polar regions to global warming, and because of the influence of the Antarctic ice sheet on global sea level and climate through most if not all of the Cenozoic Era. The Antarctic ice sheet both responds to and forces changes on global climate and sea level. We need to be aware of the scale and frequency of these changes if we are to understand past patterns of environmental change elsewhere on earth. It was only three decades ago that we discovered from strata drilled in shelf basins on the Antarctic margin that the Antarctic ice sheet had a history that predated the Quaternary ice ages by over 20 million years (Hayes et al., 1975). Later that year the first interpretation of Antarctic glacial history through the Cenozoic Era from oxygen isotopes, recorded in foraminifera from deep-sea sediment cores, was published (Shackleton and Kennett, 1975). Revisions with a more extensive database have modified the story a little (Miller et al., 1987; Zachos et al., 2001), and there have been recent attempts to resolve the temperature–ice volume ambiguity (Lear et al., 2000). However, reports on strata drilled on the Antarctic margin have unambiguously shown the character of this huge ice sheet, which was oscillating in the Oligocene (Barrett et al., 1987; Barrett, 1999) with a period and magnitude comparable with the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets of the Quaternary (Naish et al., 2001a,b). In this issue we present further research on the history of the Antarctic ice sheet from Oligocene to recent times, most of them from the Antarctic margin, but with some on the nature of the deep-sea isotope record, and others using recently developed modeling techniques to investigate the influence of atmosphere, ocean and biosphere on past Antarctic climate. This special issue is the third in three years on the theme of Antarctic Climate Evolution. The first followed a workshop in Erice, Sicily, in 2001 to report on results from ANTOSTRAT, a SCAR-sponsored project for gathering and analysing circum-Antarctic seismic data for planning and promoting offshore drilling for climate history. The introduction to that issue (Florindo et al., 2003) provides a review of the recent history of circum-Antarctic drilling by the Ocean Drilling Program (Legs 113, 114, 119, 120, 177, 178, 188 and 189) and the Cape Roberts Project. For a more comprehensive review of earlier drilling in the Ross Sea region (Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 28, Dry Valley Drilling Project, McMurdo Sound Sediment and Tectonic Studies, Cenozoic Investigations in the western Ross Sea) see Hambrey and Barrett (1993). The first of these issues (Florindo et al., 2003) featured a global plate reconstruction of the Southern Hemisphere through Cenozoic time with emphasis on evolution of Cenozoic seaways (Lawver and Gahagan, 2003) along with a study of the inception and early evolution of the EAIS using a new coupled global climate (GCM)– dynamic ice sheet model (DeConto and Pollard, 2003b), as well as data from recent drilling around the margin covering time period from Cretaceous to the present. A second special issue on the same theme (Florindo et al., 2005) also featured a mix of modelling and data papers with a focus on the Eocene–Oligocene boundary and the initiation of ice sheet growth, including a pioneering attempt to evaluate the relative influence of fluvial versus glacial processes in shaping the landscape of the Prydz Bay sector of Antarctica (Jamieson et al., 2005). The remainder of the issue comprised further papers on seismic stratigraphy and reports from drilling around the margin. The papers to be found in this special issue, like the previous two, maintain the mix of modelling- and data-oriented papers that reflect the range of this research.

Description: Published

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Description: 3.8. Geofisica per l'ambiente

Description: JCR Journal

Description: reserved

Description: The climate record of glacially-transported sediments in prograded wedges around the Antarctic outer continental shelf, and theirderivatives in continental rise drifts, may be combined to produce an Antarctic glacial history, using numerical models of ice sheetresponse to temperature and sea-level change. Examination of published models suggest several preliminary conclusions about ice sheethistory. The ice sheet's present high sensitivity to sea-level change at short (orbital) periods was developed gradually as its size increased,replacing a declining sensitivity to temperature. Models suggest that the ice sheet grew abruptly to 40% (or possibly more) of its presentsize at the Eocene-Oligocene boundary, mainly as a result of its own temperature sensitivity. A large but more gradual mid-Miocenechange was externally driven, probably by development of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) and Polar Front, provided that a fewmillion years' delay can be explained. The Oligocene ice sheet varied considerably in size and areal extent, but the late Miocene ice sheetwas more stable, though significantly warmer than today's. This difference probably relates to the confining effect of the Antarcticcontinental margin. Present-day numerical models of ice sheet development are sufficient to guide current sampling plans, but sea-iceformation, polar wander, basal topography and ice streaming can be identified as factors meriting additional modelling effort in the future.