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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A clinical pilot study of the time-dependent composition of tooth bleaching systems (2003)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 30 (2003), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  This pilot study was undertaken to determine the compositional changes in tooth bleaching materials as a function of time in vivo. Ten patients were recruited and two bleaching systems were used – one a paste and the other a gel. Each material was placed in a custom bleaching tray and worn by each patient for each of four times – 15, 30, 60 and 120 min. The material was collected and chemically analysed for water by Karl Fischer titration and titrated for carbamide peroxide by the US Pharmacopoeia method. The paste material contained 18·66% water as supplied, and after 2 h this rose to between 28·6 and 64·4%. The gel material contained 2·85% water as supplied, and after 2 h this was diluted to between 28·5 and 73·4%. There was considerable difference in saliva uptake by the custom tray between patients. Most water uptake usually occurred within the first 30 min. Peroxide concentrations decreased in an approximately linear manner with time. There was a significant difference between the materials from baseline to 30 min and thereafter (P 〈 0·0009). This pilot study is an effective technique for chemical evaluation of bleaching materials. The effect of saliva is an important factor to consider, and is one that has hitherto not always been appropriately emphasized.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2003.01127.x
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological aspects of non-eugenol periodontal dressing materials (1982)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 9 (1982), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Three dressing materials were studied using two different methods of viscometry. The rheological characterizations are discussed with reference to clinical needs, and limitations of the experimental method are also considered. Suggestions are made for desirable rheological properties of future materials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1982.tb01018.x
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical and adhesive properties of a newly developed group of pulp capping and base materials (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 8 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: A new group of dental cements for cavity lining and pulp capping is reported. The mechanical and adhesive properties of the cements, which were designated cement I, II and III, were assessed and compared with a commercially available polycarboxylate cement and calcium hydroxide containing material. The experimental cements were mechanically suitable for use as base materials and proved to be adhesive to dentine, especially cement I which gave adhesive bond values comparable to those of the polycarboxylate cement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1981.tb00497.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rheological properties of polyelectrolyte cements (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 8 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The rheological behaviour of six setting carboxylate cements was studied by capillary techniques in the shear rate of 0.65–65 s−1 and the cements were found to behave as power law fluids. All cements became dilatant as setting progressed and the kinetics of apparent viscosity increase, were found to follow an exponential function of time, exp (mt), with m ⋍ 0.5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1981.tb00475.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The rheological properties of polyelectrolyte cements (1981)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 8 (1981), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The rheological properties of two glass ionomer cements, ASPA and Fuji have been investigated. The viscosities of the liquid components of these systems have been found to be Newtonian up to a shear rate of 140 s−1 with values of 0.80 N m−2 s for ASPA and 1.8 N m−2 for Fuji. Capillary viscometry techniques have been employed to study the rheological changes accompanying setting. Both cements appear to behave as power law fluids, becoming progressively dilatant as setting proceeds. The apparent viscosities of the two systems are approximately equivalent displaying values of the order of 50 N m-2 s, at a shear rate of unity shortly after mixing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1981.tb00476.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Mechanical properties of elastomeric impression materials (1988)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 15 (1988), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Dental elastomeric impression materials of different consistencies, representing addition and condensation silicones, polysulphides and a polyether, were studied to determine their mechanical properties in terms of tearing energy, tensile properties and modulus determined at high strain rates. Whilst the polysulphides had the greatest resistance to tearing, they were more extensible, had lower moduli of elasticity and lower tensile strengths than the silicones. The polyether resembled the silicones in many respects.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1988.tb00761.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of washing water on bonding to etched enamel (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 31 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  There is current concern about bacterial contamination of dental unit waterlines. This research hypothesized that the presence of increasing concentrations of bacteria in water used to wash etched enamel would result in a corresponding decrease in both shear bond strength (SBS) and critical surface tension (γC) of enamel. A further hypothesis was made that there is a correlation between SBS and γC. The effect of 3ḃ5 ppm iodine in the water as a bacteriostatic agent was also assessed. Five groups of 10 samples of bovine enamel were etched, washed, and a resin composite bonded to them. The control group was washed with distilled water. Another group was washed with the dilute iodine solution. The remaining three groups used a different concentration of Escherichia coli DH5α as follows (in cfu mL−1): group 1: 102; group 2: 104; group 3: 106. Shear bond strength data were measured on an Instron testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm min−1. Adhesion data were (MPa): control: 24ḃ6 ± 6ḃ0; with iodine: 20ḃ8 ± 2ḃ7; group 1: 19ḃ8 ± 2ḃ7; group 2: 13ḃ5 ± 3ḃ0; group 3: 13ḃ9 ± 3ḃ6. The F-test yielded a highly significant difference between control group, iodine group and group 1, compared with groups 2 and 3 (P 〈 0ḃ0001). Tukey's Studentized Range Test was used for pairwise comparison testing between groups. Using a Cahn dynamic contact angle analyzer and linear regression analysis, the plots of surface tension versus cosθ were extrapolated to cosθ = 1 to give γC data for the control group and groups 1–3. In all cases reasonable linearity was observed (r2 ≥ 0ḃ87). Data (mN m−1) were: control group: 50ḃ8; group 1: 45ḃ; group 2: 43ḃ2; group 3: 39ḃ5. The SBS and γC were then plotted against each other and linear regression analysis performed. It was concluded that increasing concentrations of bacteria in wash water decreased both SBS and γC and that a linear correlation (R2 = 0ḃ84) was found between the values of these two parameters.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0305-182X.2003.01205.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of artificial saliva on the rheological properties of tooth whitening systems (2004)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 31 (2004), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: summary  This work was undertaken to explore the effect of saliva addition on the rheological properties of two contrasting tooth bleaching systems, one of which was a paste (Colgate Platinum) and the other a gel (Zaris, 3M ESPE). Using a dynamic stress rheometer with cone and plate geometry, it was shown that addition of artificial saliva reduced the apparent viscosity of each material. However, in some cases this was accompanied by an increase in elasticity. It is suggested that saliva may not have a deleterious effect on the ability of the materials to remain in the bleaching tray.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2004.01358.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Capillary rheology of two composite resin systems (1980)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 7 (1980), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: The rheological properties of two commercial resin systems, Isopast and Cosmic, were studied in the shear rate range 0.65-65 s−1 by capillary techniques. Isopast represents a low inorganic filled composite, whereas Cosmic is a conventionally filled system whose resin matrix resembles that of Isopast. All components of both systems obeyed power law dependence of shear stress as a function of shear rate according to the relation In τ= In K + n In γ; values of n for Cosmic catalyst and paste and Isopast paste were of the order of 0.6 whereas Isopast catalyst was of the order of 0.3. Setting systems obeyed a power law relationship during the working time with an exponent n≃0.7-1.0. Accordingly the systems appear pseudoplastic in component form and slightly pseudoplastic to near Newtonian after mixing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.1980.tb00467.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rheological characteristics of tooth bleaching materials (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Journal of oral rehabilitation 27 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2842
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Tooth bleaching materials need to flow easily on insertion but should have high viscosity at low stresses to stay in place on the teeth. Some degree of elasticity may also aid retention on the teeth thereby maximizing efficacy. The present work was undertaken to study the comparative rheology of three tooth bleaching systems: two gels (Opalescence®, Ultradent; Perfecta Trio®, American Dental Hygienics) and a paste (Colgate Platinum®, Colgate). A dynamic stress rheometer (Rheometrics Scientific) with cone and plate geometry was used, with the materials maintained at 37·0±0·1 °C with a vapour hood to minimize volatilization. Stress creep and recovery experiments were carried out. Steady shear viscosity for all three systems was high (〉106 Pa s−1) for stresses 〈20 Pa. Between 100 and 200 Pa stress, all three materials showed a large drop in viscosity and flowed readily. The recovery portion of the data showed a marked difference where the elasticity of the gels was nearly two orders of magnitude higher than that of the paste. It was concluded that all materials would flow readily on insertion into the mouth and all have desirable high viscosity at low stress, but the paste material had the lowest elasticity. The effect of elasticity on performance needs to be determined clinically.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2000.00647.x
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