Note: Intro -- Stress and Brain Health: In Clinical Conditions -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter One: Stress, the brain, and trauma spectrum disorders -- 1. Lasting effects of traumatic stress -- 2. Trauma spectrum disorders -- 3. Psychologic trauma at various levels of development -- 4. A psycho-evolutionary view of stress, the brain, and neuropsychiatric disorders -- 5. Neurohormonal responses to trauma -- 6. The neural circuitry of PTSD -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter Two: Is there neuroinflammation in depression? Understanding the link between the brain and the peripheral immune ... -- 1. The immune pathway to the brain -- 2. Markers of neuroinflammation in depression -- 3. Is there microglia activation in depression? -- 3.1. Preclinical evidence -- 3.2. Post-mortem studies -- 4. Clinical studies -- 5. The importance of human models of the link between peripheral and brain inflammation -- 5.1. New potential measures of neuroinflammation -- 5.1.1. MRI techniques potential -- 6. Clinical implications -- 7. Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- Conflicts of interest -- References -- Chapter Three: Chronic stress, structural exposures and neurobiological mechanisms: A stimulation, discrepancy and depriv ... -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Co-occurrence and convergence of structural exposures -- 1.2. Social drift -- 2. Converging mechanisms impacted by the three structural exposures -- 2.1. HPA dysregulation -- 2.2. Dopamine dysregulation -- 2.3. Glutamate dysregulation -- 2.4. Inflammation -- 2.5. Stimulation discrepancy deprivation model of psychosis -- 3. Stimulation structural exposure -- 3.1. Stimulation definition and relations to psychotic disorder risk -- 3.2. Stimulation intermediary mechanisms -- 3.3. Stimulation exposure neural mechanisms -- 4. Discrepancy structural exposure. , 4.1. Discrepancy definition and relations to psychotic disorder risk -- 4.2. Discrepancy intermediary mechanisms -- 4.3. Discrepancy neural mechanisms -- 5. Deprivation structural exposure -- 5.1. Deprivation definition and relations to psychotic disorder risk -- 5.2. Deprivation intermediary mechanisms -- 5.3. Deprivation neural mechanisms -- 6. Stimulation discrepancy deprivation model of psychosis summary -- 7. Future directions -- References -- Chapter Four: The influence of stress and early life adversity on addiction: Psychobiological mechanisms of risk and resi ... -- 1. Introduction and definitions -- 2. Stress response neurobiological pathways -- 3. Addiction and brain reward pathways -- 4. Stress and ELA as a risk factor for addiction -- 5. Mechanisms mediating effects of stress on addiction -- 5.1. Preclinical evidence on mechanisms mediating ELA and addiction -- 5.2. ELA and HPA blunted response in humans -- 5.3. Stress and mesolimbic DA functions -- 6. Moderators of the effects of stress and ELA on addiction -- 6.1. Genetic and epigenetic factors -- 6.2. Sex differences -- 6.3. Resilience and factors that may buffer effects of stress on addiction -- 7. Discussion and heuristic model -- 8. Future directions -- 9. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Declarations of interest -- References -- Chapter Five: Stress, cortisol and suicide risk -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Stress-diathesis models of suicidal behavior -- 1.2. The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behavior -- 2. Cortisol and suicide risk -- 2.1. The dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and suicide risk -- 2.2. Naturally fluctuating cortisol and suicidal behavior -- 2.3. Cortisol reactivity to laboratory stress and suicide behavior -- 3. Childhood trauma-Cortisol-Suicide risk -- 3.1. Childhood trauma and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. , 4. Possible mechanisms linking stress and suicide risk -- 4.1. Executive function and impulsivity -- 4.2. Family history -- 4.3. Perinatal influences and epigenetics -- 4.4. Sleep -- 5. General conclusion -- References -- Chapter Six: Stress and cortisol in Parkinson´s disease -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Stress as a risk factor for PD -- 3. Neurobiochemical and cortisol changes in relation to stress in PD -- 4. Psychological stress -- 4.1. The phenomenon of paradoxical kinesia in PD -- 5. HPA-axis abnormalities in PD and biological stress -- 5.1. Studies in animal models -- 5.2. The effect of HPA-axis abnormalities in PD -- 5.3. Pathophysiology of HPA-axis abnormalities and links with depression -- 5.4. Genetics and epigenetics -- 6. Cortisol as a target for treatment -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter Seven: The effects of stress on cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer´s disease: Physical exercise as a counteract ... -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Stress, cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer´s disease -- 2.1. Adrenal pituitary hypothalamic axis -- 2.2. Autonomic nervous system -- 3. Hypertension -- 4. Diabetes type 2 -- 5. Obesity -- 6. Exercise for stress, cardiovascular health, cognition and AD -- 6.1. Exercise and hypertension -- 6.2. Exercise and diabetes -- 6.3. Exercise and obesity -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter Eight: The intersections of stress, anxiety and epilepsy -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of anxiety -- 3. Overlap of depression and anxiety -- 4. Anxiety as a peri-ictal phenomenon -- 5. Psychogenic nonepileptic events -- 6. Stress and epilepsy -- 6.1. Stress exacerbating epilepsy -- 6.2. New onset epilepsy resulting from stress -- 7. Anxiety and depression comorbidity in epilepsy -- 7.1. Anxiety in epilepsy -- 7.2. Depression in epilepsy -- 8. How the HPA axis contributes to comorbidity. , 9. Treatment strategies -- 9.1. Antidepressants -- 9.2. Benzodiazepines -- 10. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Nine: Stress and the vestibular system -- 1. Basic introduction to the anatomy and physiology of the vestibular system -- 2. The physiology of vestibular compensation -- 3. Stress and the vestibular system -- 4. Vestibular deafferentation activates the stress axis -- 5. Stress axis activation can facilitate or impair vestibular compensation -- 6. Stress and vestibular function in man -- 7. Stress and vestibular compensation in man -- 8. Chronic stress and the poorly compensated patient -- 9. Balance, stress, anxiety and depression -- 10. Individuals factors, stress and balance -- 11. Future directions for research -- 12. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter Ten: Social prescribing for stress related disorders and brain health -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Stress and society -- 3. Social prescribing -- 3.1. Social prescribing and mental wellbeing -- 3.2. ``Green medicine´´ -- 4. Social prescribing: Service users´ perspectives -- 5. Social prescribing: Service providers´ experiences -- 5.1. Link workers -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Further reading.

Note: Intro -- Stress and Brain Health: Across the Life Course -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter One: Salivary cortisol as a non-invasive window on the brain -- 1. Why is cortisol interesting? -- 2. What is cortisol? -- 3. Stress and its measurement -- 4. Salivary cortisol measurement in human studies -- 5. Stress reactivity studies -- 6. Basal pattern of salivary cortisol secretion -- 7. The ultradian pattern of cortisol secretion and the cortisol awakening response -- 8. Alternative strategies to probe brain function using salivary cortisol -- 9. Methodological issues when measuring basal salivary cortisol secretion -- 10. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter Two: Prenatal stress: Effects on fetal and child brain development -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Fetal programming -- 1.2. The fetal brain -- 2. Effects of prenatal stress on fetal brain development -- 2.1. Animal studies -- 2.2. Human studies -- 2.2.1. Structural MRI studies -- 2.2.2. Diffusion MRI studies -- 2.2.3. Functional MRI studies -- 2.3. Different types of stress -- 3. Underlying mechanisms -- 4. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter Three: The development of stress reactivity and regulation during human development -- 1. Anatomy and physiology of the HPA axis and its development -- 1.1. Developmental changes in the HPA axis and its regulation -- 1.1.1. Prenatal -- 1.1.2. Infancy and early childhood -- 1.1.3. Childhood and adolescence -- 1.2. Brain systems regulating stress and their development -- 1.2.1. Amygdala -- 1.2.2. Hippocampus -- 1.2.3. Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) -- 1.2.4. Chronic stress -- 2. Theoretical perspectives on stress and development -- 3. Sensitive periods -- 3.1. The prenatal period -- 3.2. The early postnatal period/infancy -- 3.3. Pubertal recalibration/adolescence -- 4. Social regulation of stress during development -- 4.1. Infancy. , 4.2. Childhood -- 4.3. Adolescence -- 5. Conclusions and future directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter Four: The impact of childhood poverty on brain health: Emerging evidence from neuroimaging across the lifespan -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lifespan perspective -- 3. Prenatal period and infancy -- 4. Childhood -- 5. Adolescence -- 6. Adulthood and late adulthood -- 7. Links to physical health, behavioral outcomes, and mental health -- 8. Risks and protective factors -- 8.1. Cumulative risk -- 8.2. Parenting interventions -- 9. Future directions -- 9.1. Network neuroscience -- 9.2. Population neuroscience -- 9.3. Utilizing multiple neuroimaging modalities -- 9.4. Longitudinal studies and mediation analysis -- 10. Conclusions -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter Five: Psychosocial stress and epigenetic aging -- 1. Chronological versus biological age -- 2. Epigenetic embedding of psychosocial stress -- 3. Exposure to life adversity accelerates epigenetic aging -- 4. Socioeconomic status and epigenetic aging -- 5. Developmental programming of epigenetic age at birth -- 6. Mechanistic insights of stress-mediated accelerated aging -- References -- Chapter Six: Effects of stress on the structure and function of the medial prefrontal cortex: Insights from animal models -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of chronic stress on prefrontally-mediated behaviors -- 3. Effects of chronic stress on structure and function of the prefrontal cortex -- 3.1. Effects of chronic stress on the medial prefrontal cortex: Morphology -- 3.2. Effects of chronic stress on the medial prefrontal cortex: Physiology -- 3.3. Effects of chronic stress on medial prefrontal cortex: Neurochemistry -- 4. Long-term sequelae of chronic stress -- 5. Mechanisms of chronic stress-induced alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex. , 6. Sex differences in the effect of stress on the medial prefrontal cortex -- 7. Conclusions -- Conflict of interest statement -- References -- Chapter Seven: Environment and early life: Decisive factors for stress-resilience and vulnerability -- 1. The influence of early life stress in behavioral plasticity -- 2. A critical role of mother-infant interactions in mental health -- 3. Mechanisms of homeostasis, allostatic load, stress vulnerability, and resilience -- 4. Neuroendocrine systems regulating the stress response -- 5. Influences of differential early-life environment on brain function? -- 6. Environmental control of stress resilience -- 6.1. Maternal separation (MS) -- 6.2. Effects of MS on neuronal plasticity and molecules in the brain -- 6.3. Enriched environment (EE) -- 6.4. Effects of EE on neuronal plasticity and molecules in the brain -- 7. Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter Eight: Stress, the cortisol awakening response and cognitive function -- 1. Stress, cortisol and cognition -- 2. The cortisol awakening response -- 3. The suprachiasmatic nucleus -- 4. The circadian system and psychopathology -- 5. The CAR and cognition -- 6. The CAR and memory functions -- 7. The CAR and executive function -- 8. Recommendations for future research -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter Nine: Effectiveness of stress-relieving strategies in regulating patterns of cortisol secretion and promoting bra ... -- 1. Stress-disease and well-being-health links -- 2. Cortisol: Its role in health -- 3. Cortisol ``a window on the brain´´: A marker of brain health -- 3.1. Cortisol circadian rhythms: Chronic stress exposure -- 3.1.1. The cortisol awakening response (CAR) -- 3.2. The cortisol diurnal profile -- 3.3. Stress/cortisol responding -- 4. Stress-relieving strategies -- 4.1. Positive psychological interventions. , 5. Arts and music therapies -- 5.1. Mindfulness-based interventions -- 5.2. Yoga practice -- 5.3. Physical exercise -- 5.4. Nature and physical activity -- 5.5. The importance of enjoyment and engagement in stress-relieving activities -- 6. Conclusions -- References.

Note: Cover -- International Review of Neurobiology -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- The Development of the Science of Dreaming -- I. Results -- II. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Dreaming as Inspiration: Evidence from Religion, Philosophy,Literature, and Film -- I. Introduction -- II. Quality of Evidence -- III. Religion -- IV. Philosophy -- V. Literature -- VI. Film -- VII. Conclusion -- References -- Developmental Perspective: Dreaming Across the Lifespanand What This Tells Us -- I. Introduction -- II. Background and Clinical Perspective -- III. Sleep and Speculations about Dreaming in Infancy -- IV. Sleep and Dreaming in Childhoo -- V. Sleep and Dreaming in Adolescence -- VI. Sleep and Dreaming in Adulthood -- VII. Sleep and Dreaming in Older Adulthood -- VIII. Conclusion -- References -- REM and NREM Sleep Mentation -- I. Introduction -- II. Dreams in REM and NREM Sleep -- III. Neurobiologic Correlates of REM and NREM Sleep That AreConsistent with REM and NREM Sleep Processing Specializations -- IV. Specializations in Emotional Processing -- V. REM-NREM Interactions in Processing of Memories across a SingleNight -- VI. Which (If Any) Elements of REM or NREM Sleep Dream Content AreCorrelated with Daytime Mood and Behavioral Variables? -- VII. Summary -- VIII. Significance -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Neuroimaging of Dreaming: State of the Art and Limitations -- I. Introduction -- II. Necessity of and Difficulties in the Assessment of Dream Reports -- III. Basic Assumptions -- IV. Current Data -- V. Conclusions -- References -- Memory Consolidation, The Diurnal Rhythm of Cortisol, andThe Nature of Dreams: A New Hypothesis -- I. Memory Consolidation, the Diurnal Rhythm of Cortisol, and theFormal Features of Dreaming: A New Hypothesis -- II. Sleep and Memory: The Case for Consolidation. , III. Cortisol's Impact on Memory During Wakefulness -- IV. A Clinical View of Memory Under Stress -- V. Tying It All Together: Toward a New Hypothesis of Dreaming -- VI. The Emotional Nature of Dreams -- VII. Concluding Remarks -- References -- Characteristics and Contents of Dreams -- I. Introduction -- II. Definitions and Methodological Issues -- III. Dream Content Analysis -- IV. Phenomenology of Dreams -- V. Factors Influencing Dream Content -- VI. The "Continuity Hypothesis" of Dreaming -- VII. Dreams and Psychopathology -- VIII. Dreams and Sleep Disorders -- IX. Effect of Dreams on Waking Life -- X. Conclusion and Future Directions -- References -- Trait and Neurobiological Correlates of Individual Differencesin Dream Recall and Dream Content -- I. Individual Differences in DRF -- II. Individual Differences in Dream Content -- III. Neurobiology of Individual Difference Variables Relevant to Dreaming -- IV. Conclusions -- References -- Consciousness in Dreams -- I. Introduction -- II. How Does Dream Consciousness Come About? -- III. What Characterizes Dream Consciousness? -- IV. Characteristics of Dreams -- V. Dream Consciousness and the Dream Body -- VI. How Do Dream Consciousness and Lucidity Differ from WakeConsciousness? -- VII. What We Can Learn from Dream Consciousness -- References -- The Underlying Emotion and the Dream: RelatingDream Imagery to the Dreamer's UnderlyingEmotion can Help Elucidate the Nature of Dreaming -- I. Emotion and Dreaming: Introduction -- II. Dreams and Emotional Arousal: Starting with Trauma and Stress -- III. The Contemporary Theory of Dreaming -- IV. The Clinical Literature versus the Research Literature on Dreams:A Hierarchy of Emotional Intensity -- References -- Dreaming, Handedness, and Sleep Architecture: InterhemisphericMechanisms -- I. Hand Preference: Definition, Measurement, and Neurophysiology. , II. Handedness and Sleep -- III. Summary -- References -- To What Extent Do Neurobiological Sleep-Waking ProcessesSupport Psychoanalysis? -- I. Introduction -- II. Result -- III. What Happens during Sleep -- IV. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The Use of Dreams in Modern Psychotherapy -- I. Theories of Dream Work -- II. Empirical Research on the Demographics of Dream Work inPsychotherapy -- III. Empirical Research on Models of Dream Work -- IV. Empirical Research in Other Areas Related to Dreams andPsychotherapy -- V. Future Directions -- References -- Index -- Contents of Recent Volumes.