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  • 1
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    Influence of sea ice on the atmosphere: A study with an Arctic atmospheric regional climate model (2006)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, D16103
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 2
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    On climatological mass, heat and salt transports through the Barents Sea and Fram Strait from a pan-Arctic coupled ice-ocean model simulation. (2004)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of geophysical Research, 109, C03032, pp. 1-16, ISSN: 0148-0227
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Quinobenoxazines: A Class of Novel Antitumor Quinolones and Potent Mammalian DNA Topoisomerase II Catalytic Inhibitors (1994)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Biochemistry 33 (1994), S. 11333-11339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-4995
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bi00203a031
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Numerical investigations of the electromigration boundary value problem (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 1729-1731 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The electromigration diffusion boundary value problem with the perfectly blocking diffusion barrier is numerically investigated. Three possible boundary conditions are identified as physically meaningful and the solutions compared at the blocking barrier. It is seen that the solution of M. Shatzkes and J. R. Lloyd [J. Appl. Phys. 59, 3890 (1986)] is a good approximation for the time to failure if the critical vacancy concentration for failure is not too near a steady-state value. A dimensionless parameter is introduced which may be useful in estimating ultimate electromigration performance.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351204
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Vacancy supersaturation model for electromigration failure under dc and pulsed dc stress (1992)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 71 (1992), S. 4264-4268 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Time-dependent vacancy concentration profiles are calculated numerically as solutions to the electromigration transport equation under dc and pulsed dc current stress conditions. An electromigration failure model based on the time to reach a critical vacancy supersaturation to initiate void formation agrees well with several reported experimental observations. In a line of finite length l carrying a constant current density j the electromigration-induced vacancy concentration buildup at a blocking boundary saturates with time which implies a threshold value of jl is required to initiate failure. The vacancy buildup as a function of time has a j−2 current density dependence below saturation. Under pulsed dc stress the level at which vacancy concentration saturates depends on duty ratio r; hence, there is a threshold value of r required to initiate failure as well. The vacancy buildup with time is found to be proportional to r−2 below saturation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.350807
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Repeated Convulsive Seizures on Brain γ-Aminobutyric Acid Metabolism in Three Sublines of Mice Differing by Their Response to Acoustic Stimulations (1987)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 49 (1987), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The turnover rates and steady-state levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) have been determined in 15 brain areas of three sublines of inbred mice differing in their susceptibility to audiogenic seizures: Rb3, which is seizure resistant; Rb2, which develops clonic seizures; and Rbl, which develops tonic-clonic seizures. In the Rbl subline, GABA steady-state levels are lower than in the Rb3 subline in three of the 15 areas examined (cerebellum, anterior colliculus, and amygdala), whereas in the Rb2 subline, steady-state levels are either higher (posterior colliculus and hippocampus) or lower (amygdala) than in the Rb3 subline. GABA turnover rates differ in three brain areas in Rbl (amygdala, raphe, and hypothalamus) and in a single area (amygdala) in Rb2 when compared with Rb3. Only one area has similar variations of GABA turnover rate and steady-state levels in the two susceptible sublines: the amygdala. After 2 weeks of repeated auditory stimulations (two times a day, 8,000 Hz, 100 dB), additional alterations in GABA metabolism are observed: mainly large increases in GABA turnover rates (from 40% to three-to fourfold). The Rb2 subline displays a greater number of alterations (increases of turnover rates in pons, cerebellum, anterior and posterior colliculus, amygdala, olfactory bulbs and tubercles, striaturn, and frontal cortex) than the Rb1 subline (increases of turnover rates in cerebellum, posterior colliculus, olfactory tubercles, raphe, and frontal cortex and a decrease in hypothalamus). In the Rb3 subline, increases of the turnover rate in amygdala and olfactory tubercles and decreases in olfactory bulbs and hippocampus are observed. After repeated auditory stimulations, some significant changes of the GABAergic system are specific and common to the seizure-susceptible sublines: an increase of turnover rate in the cerebellum, posterior colliculus, and frontal cortex and a decrease of steady-state level in the hippocampus.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1987.tb03418.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Brain γ-Aminobutyric Acid Turnover Rates After Spontaneous Chronic Ethanol Intake and Withdrawal in Discrete Brain Areas of C57 Mice (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 47 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: The effect of 4 weeks of spontaneous chronic ethanol intake in drinking water and then ethanol withdrawal on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) steady-state levels and turnover rates was investigated in 15 brain areas of C57 B1/6J alcohol-preferring mice. These mice did not display typical ethanol withdrawal convulsions. There was no statistically significant difference in the brain GABA steady-state levels among the control group, chronic ethanol-treated mice, and mice after ethanol withdrawal. In contrast, chronic ethanol treatment induced significant variations in GABA turnover rate, as measured by gabaculine-induced accumulation of GABA, in eight of 15 areas examined versus a decrease in seven brain areas [cerebellum (–29%), amygdala (–28%), olfactory tubercles (–24%), septum (–24%), striatum (–53%), frontal cortex (–21%), and hippocampus (–24%)]; an increase in turnover rate in the posterior colliculus (100%) was observed. At 26 h after ethanol withdrawal, in the seven areas in which GABA turnover rate decreased after spontaneous chronic ethanol intake, a return to the initial control value was observed; in the posterior colliculus, the turnover rate did not change, remaining higher than the control value. This persisting alteration of GABA turnover rate may be related to the absence of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome in the C57 mouse strain.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1986.tb13112.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Age-Dependent Changes in Brain GABA Turnover Rates in Two Inbred Strains of Mice (1985)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Journal of neurochemistry 45 (1985), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1471-4159
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract: γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) steady-state levels and turnover rates have been determined in 15 brain areas of 21-day- and 3-month-old DBA/2J (DBA) and C57B1/6J (C57) mice. These two inbred strains differ by their susceptiblity to audiogenic seizures; moreover, the involvement of GABAergic neurotransmission has been suggested in the control of this behavior. Turnover rates are generally higher at 21 days than at 3 months of age. There are few significant differences in the GABA steady-state levels between 21-day-old seizure-prone DBA mice when compared with seizure-resistant C57 mice. In the DBA mice, the steady-state level is higher in the olfactory bulbs and lower in the posterior colliculus and the olfactory tubercles than in the C57 mice. Although there are some significant differences in GABA turnover rates and steady-state levels, intra or inter strains, it is difficult to correlate directly these differences with seizure susceptibility.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1985.tb05500.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling electromigration-induced stress evolution in confined metal lines (1995)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 78 (1995), S. 900-904 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A model for stress evolution in confined metal interconnects due to electromigration was proposed recently by M. A. Korhonen, P. Borgesen, K. N. Tu, and C.-Y. Li [J. Appl. Phys. 73, 3790 (1993)], in which interconnect failure is associated with the buildup of stress to a critical level. We show that the analytic solution for a semi-infinite line with a blocking boundary given by Korhonen et al. is a good approximation only when the stress buildup is small. This is not usually the case for narrow, encapsulated interconnect lines in which the electromigration-induced stress can be quite high prior to failure. A complete model description and a more accurate analytic solution to the differential equations describing the electromigration-induced stress buildup at a blocking boundary is presented. © 1995 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.360281
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Reliability analysis for encapsulated interconnect lines under dc and pulsed dc current using a continuum electromigration transport model (1997)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 82 (1997), S. 5991-6000 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The origins of two types of electromigration failure models are explored starting with the basic transport differential equations including the effects of electromigration-induced mechanical stress. We compare the results of a nucleation model, in which failure is determined by the time required to build up a critical stress or a critical vacancy concentration at a site of atomic flux divergence, with a void-growth model, in which failure is linked to the growth of a void to a critical size. Two particular applications of the model are investigated, and the results are shown to be in good agreement with available experimental data. In one example, the effect of the presence of a field-free reservoir region extending beyond the current-carrying region of the line is compared to the case without such a field-free extension. In the other, the effects under pulsed dc current stress are examined in comparison to dc current. Possible applications of this model to design verification are also discussed. © 1997 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.366464
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